Recent advances and innovations in the design and fabrication of wearable flexible biosensors and human health monitoring systems based on conjugated polymers

Wearable biosensors have received great interest as patient-friendly diagnostic technologies because of their high flexibility and conformability.The growing research and utilization of novel materials in designing wearable biosensors have accelerated the development of point-of-care sensing platforms and implantable biomedical devices in human health care.Among numerous potential materials,conjugated polymers(CPs)are emerging as ideal choices for constructing high-performance wearable biosensors because of their outstanding conductive and mechanical properties.Recently,CPs have been extensively incorporated into various wearable biosensors to monitor a range of target biomolecules.However,fabricating highly reliable CP-based wearable biosensors for practical applications remains a significant challenge,necessitating novel developmental strategies for enhancing the viability of such biosensors.Accordingly,this review aims to provide consolidated scientific evidence by summarizing and evaluating recent studies focused on designing and fabricating CP-based wearable biosensors,thereby facilitating future research.Emphasizing the superior properties and benefits of CPs,this review aims to clarify their potential applicability within this field.Furthermore,the fundamentals and main components of CP-based wearable biosensors and their sensing mechanisms are discussed in detail.The recent advancements in CP nanostructures and hybridizations for improved sensing performance,along with recent innovations in next-generation wearable biosensors are highlighted.CPbased wearable biosensors have been—and will continue to be—an ideal platform for developing effective and user-friendly diagnostic technologies for human health monitoring.

Overview of novel nanobiosensors for electrochemical and optical diagnosis of leukemia:Challenge and opportunity

Leukemia is one of the ten types of cancer that causes the biggest death in the world.Compared to other types of cancer,leukemia has a low life expectancy,so an early diagnosis of the cancer is necessary.A new strategy has been developed to identify various leukemia biomarkers by making blood cancer biosensors,especially by developing nanomaterial applications so that they can improve the performance of the biosensor.Although many biosensors have been developed,the detection of leukemia by using nanomaterials with electrochemical and optical methods is still less carried out compare to other types of cancer biosensors.Even the acoustic and calorimetric testing methods for the detection of leukemia by utilizing nanomaterials have not yet been carried out.Most of the reviewed works reported the use of gold nanoparticles and electrochemical characterization methods for leukemia detection with the object of study being conventional cancer cells.In order to be used clinically by the community,future research must be carried out with a lot of patient blood objects,develop non-invasive leukemia detection,and be able to detect all types of blood cancer specifically with one biosensor.This can lead to a fast and accurate diagnosis thus allowing for early treatment and easy periodic condition monitoring for various types of leukemia based on its biomarker and future design controlable via internet of things(IoT)so that why would be monitoring real times.

Nanomaterial-assisted wearable glucose biosensors for noninvasive real-time monitoring:Pioneering point-of-care and beyond

This review explores glucose monitoring and management strategies,emphasizing the need for reliable and userfriendly wearable sensors that are the next generation of sensors for continuous glucose detection.In addition,examines key strategies for designing glucose sensors that are multi-functional,reliable,and cost-effective in a variety of contexts.The unique features of effective diabetes management technology are highlighted,with a focus on using nano/biosensor devices that can quickly and accurately detect glucose levels in the blood,improving patient treatment and control of potential diabetes-related infections.The potential of next-generation wearable and touch-sensitive nano biomedical sensor engineering designs for providing full control in assessing implantable,continuous glucose monitoring is also explored.The challenges of standardizing drug or insulin delivery doses,low-cost,real-time detection of increased blood sugar levels in diabetics,and early digital health awareness controls for the adverse effects of injectable medication are identified as unmet needs.Also,the market for biosensors is expected to expand significantly due to the rising need for portable diagnostic equipment and an ever-increasing diabetic population.The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for further research and development of glucose biosensors to meet the stringent requirements for sensitivity and specificity imposed by clinical diagnostics while being cost-effective,stable,and durable.

Construction of Electrochemical Biosensors Based on the CRISPR/Cas12 System for Applications

The current major issue in improving detection sensitivity and selectivity is to design an electrochemical sensor that does not require PCR amplification for nucleic acid identification and measurement. Because of their great sensitivity, precision, and simplicity of downsizing, electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of nucleic acid detection. The CRISPR/Cas12 system has emerged as a potent tool for nucleic acid detection due to its powerful cleavage activity and selectivity. Specific electrode changes combined with the CRISPR/Cas12 system can greatly improve the performance of electrochemical biosensors. In this study, the design concepts of electrochemical biosensors based on the CRISPR/Cas12 system and their application advancements in nucleic acid detection are discussed.

Wearable sweat biosensors on textiles for health monitoring

With the rapid technological innovation in materials engineering and device integration,a wide variety of textilebased wearable biosensors have emerged as promising platforms for personalized healthcare,exercise monitoring,and pre-diagnostics.This paper reviews the recent progress in sweat biosensors and sensing systems integrated into textiles for wearable body status monitoring.The mechanisms of biosensors that are commonly adopted for biomarkers analysis are first introduced.The classification,fabrication methods,and applications of textile conductors in different configurations and dimensions are then summarized.Afterward,innovative strategies to achieve efficient sweat collection with textile-based sensing patches are presented,followed by an in-depth discussion on nanoengineering and system integration approaches for the enhancement of sensing performance.Finally,the challenges of textile-based sweat sensing devices associated with the device reusability,washability,stability,and fabrication reproducibility are discussed from the perspective of their practical applications in wearable healthcare.

Application and prospect of semiconductor biosensors in detection of viral zoonoses

The rapid spread of viral zoonoses can cause severe consequences,including huge economic loss,public health problems or even global crisis of society.Clinical detection technology plays a very important role in the prevention and control of such zoonoses.The rapid and accurate detection of the pathogens of the diseases can directly lead to the early report and early successful control of the diseases.With the advantages of being easy to use,fast,portable,multiplexing and cost-effective,semiconductor biosensors are kinds of detection devices that play an important role in preventing epidemics,and thus have become one of the research hotspots.Here,we summarized the advances of semiconductor biosensors in viral zoonoses detection.By discussing the major principles and applications of each method for different pathogens,this review proposed the directions of designing semiconductor biosensors for clinical application and put forward perspectives in diagnostic of viral zoonoses.

A brief review of novel nucleic acid test biosensors and their application prospects for salmonids viral diseases detection

Viral diseases represent one of the major threats for salmonids aquaculture.Early detection and identification of viral pathogens is the main prerequisite prior to undertaking effective prevention and control measures.Rapid,sensitive,efficient and portable detection method is highly essential for fish viral diseases detection.Biosensor strategies are highly prevalent and fulfill the expanding demands of on-site detection with fast response,cost-effectiveness,high sensitivity,and selectivity.With the development of material science,the nucleic acid biosensors fabricated by semiconductor have shown great potential in rapid and early detection or screening for diseases at salmonids fisheries.This paper reviews the current detection development of salmonids viral diseases.The present limitations and challenges of salmonids virus diseases surveillance and early detection are presented.Novel nucleic acid semiconductor biosensors are briefly reviewed.The perspective and potential application of biosensors in the on-site detection of salmonids diseases are discussed.

Biosensors for waterborne virus detection: Challenges and strategies

Waterborne viruses that can be harmful to human health pose significant challenges globally,affecting health care systems and the economy.Identifying these waterborne pathogens is essential for preventing diseases and protecting public health.However,handling complex samples such as human and wastewater can be challenging due to their dynamic and complex composition and the ultralow concentration of target analytes.This review presents a comprehensive overview of the latest breakthroughs in waterborne virus biosensors.It begins by highlighting several promising strategies that enhance the sensing performance of optical and electrochemical biosensors in human samples.These strategies include optimizing bioreceptor selection,transduction elements,signal amplification,and integrated sensing systems.Furthermore,the insights gained from biosensing waterborne viruses in human samples are applied to improve biosensing in wastewater,with a particular focus on sampling and sample pretreatment due to the dispersion characteristics of waterborne viruses in wastewater.This review suggests that implementing a comprehensive system that integrates the entire waterborne virus detection process with high-accuracy analysis could enhance virus monitoring.These findings provide valuable insights for improving the effectiveness of waterborne virus detection,which could have significant implications for public health and environmental management.

Recent progress in microbial cell surface display systems and their application on biosensors

Microbial cell surface display technology is a recombinant technology to express target proteins on the cell membrane,which can be used to redesign the cell surface with functional proteins and peptides.Bacterial and yeast surface display systems are the most common cell surface display systems of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins,that are widely applied as the core elements in the field of biosensors due to their advantages,including enhanced stability,high yield,good safety,expression of larger and more complex proteins.To further promote the performance of biosensors,the biomineralized microbial surface display technology was proposed.This review summarized the different microbial surface display systems and the biomineralized surface display systems,where the mechanisms of surface display and biomineralization were introduced.Then we described the recent progress of their applications on biosensors for different types of detection targets.Finally,the outlooks and tendencies were discussed and forecasted with the expectation to provide some general functions and enlightenments to this aspect of research.

Potential Power of the Pyramidal Structure VII: Effects of Pyramid Power and Bio-Entanglement on the Circadian Rhythm of Biosensors

We have demonstrated the existence of a pyramid power and have revealed its characteristics by strictly scientific experiments using biosensors. We also revealed the existence of a Bio-Entanglement, an entangled relationship between biosensors. A parallel study of biosensors (edible cucumber slices) had also been conducted, and we found that the circadian rhythm of gas concentrations emitted from biosensors changes seasonally. The pyramid power and Bio-Entanglement did not change the number of cycles in the periodic approximation curve representing circadian rhythm. Therefore, in this paper we analyzed the influence of the pyramid power and Bio-Entanglement, i.e., their influence on the phase, amplitude, and correlation coefficient of the periodic approximation curve representing the circadian rhythm of emitted gas concentrations. The main results are as follows. 1) The pyramid power shifted the phase of the periodic approximation curve representing the circadian rhythm by 43 minutes. 2) The amplitude of the periodic approximation curve changed with the pyramid power and the Bio-Entanglement. The effect on the lower and upper sections of the biosensors stacked in two layers was different, with a tendency to increase the amplitude of the lower layer and decrease the amplitude of the upper layer. 3) The pyramid power and the Bio-Entanglement affected the correlation coefficient between gas concentration and the periodic approximation curve representing the circadian rhythm of gas concentration. The effect on the lower and upper layers of the biosensors was different, with a tendency for the lower layer correlation coefficient to be larger and the upper layer correlation coefficient to be smaller. Previously we demonstrated that the pyramid power and the Bio-Entanglement affect the ratio of gas concentration, i.e., psi index Ψ. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time that the pyramid power and the Bio-Entanglement affect time, i.e., phase difference.

电致化学发光传感技术的种类及在食品分析中的研究进展

电致化学发光传感技术(Electrochemiluminescence,ECL)是一种结合了电化学和光化学的分析方法,因其可控性强、灵敏度高和响应速度快等优势在食品分析领域引起了广泛关注。ECL是通过改变发射物或共反应物的浓度,使其信号强度发生变化,从而实现对目标物质的灵敏检测。首先,该文总结了经典ECL检测体系及基于新型发射物和共反应物的检测体系,并重点介绍了新型发射物中金属纳米团簇和量子点的最新进展,举例阐述其ECL传感器的结构和检测原理。其次,综述了ECL传感器在食品分析领域中的研究进展。最后对ECL传感技术的未来发展趋势进行了展望,为食品中营养成分和污染物的检测提供参考,同时也促进该技术的进一步研究,助力未来食品检测发展。

电化学检测技术与生物识别元件联用在食品安全检测中的应用进展

食品安全与国民健康息息相关,如何实现对食品中有害物质的精准及快速检出仍然是科研工作者研究的热点问题。电化学传感技术由于其检测快速、灵敏度高及化学稳定性良好在食品检测领域被越来越广泛地应用。本文对电化学检测与多种生物识别元件的联用技术及其对食品中有害物质的检测进行了综述,并对其存在的问题和进一步的发展进行了探讨。

基于链置换扩增的电化学适配体生物传感器检测食品中的赭曲霉毒素A

为构建一种基于链置换扩增技术(SDA)和电化学适配体传感器技术检测食品中赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的方法,根据OTA特异性适配体设计发卡结构,并在发卡结构的茎部设置SDA反应识别位点,进行SDA扩增。将扩增产物与修饰二茂铁(Fc)的电化学探针进行杂交,使电信号发生变化,从而建立电化学适配体传感器检测OTA的方法。通过对7组不同毒素的测定评价该方法的特异性,测定其灵敏度和检出限,并与赭曲霉毒素A酶联免疫分析方法(ELISA)国家标准(GB 5009.96-2016)进行对比试验。结果表明:最优条件下,电化学适配体传感器灵敏度线性范围为0.1 pg/mL~10 ng/mL,检出限(LOD)为0.05 pg/mL。当OTA存在时,检测结果为阳性,当OTA不存在时,检测为阴性,说明该方法特异性良好。在人工加标试验中,该电化学适配体传感器的加标回收率为96.60%~99.04%,ELISA(国家标准)的加标回收率为94.00%~98.50%,该方法的加标回收率优于国家标准。结论:该方法能够快速检测食品中的OTA,具有实用应用价值。

基于电化学生物传感器的重金属离子检测研究进展

电化学生物传感器是基于抗原抗体、酶、核酸适配体、蛋白质、细胞等各种生物成分建立的电化学方法,由于这些生物成分具有强的特异性,决定了电化学生物传感器具有高选择性。同时该方法还具有便捷快速、灵敏、操作简单等优点,已经被广泛应用于污染物重金属离子的检测,并具有良好的应用前景。本文综述了近年来基于各种生物成分的电化学生物传感器在重金属离子检测中的应用,并对该领域未来的发展趋势做了展望。

适配体生物传感器检测细菌毒素的研究进展

细菌毒素是细菌产生的次生代谢产物,是人类健康的主要威胁之一。食品中细菌毒素的污染已成为人们迫切关注的主要食品安全问题之一。因此,开发出简便、快速、灵敏检测食品中细菌毒素的方法具有重要意义。核酸适体是体外筛选的单链寡核苷酸序列,能特异性识别靶标。具有易合成、易标记、易修饰、高灵敏度、高特异性和低分子量等优点,被广泛用于生物传感器中。本文简要介绍了细菌毒素的分类及危害,重点综述了基于光学和电化学技术的适配体生物传感器在细菌毒素检测和定量方面的最新进展及应用,以期为细菌毒素的检测提供研究基础。

双栅GaN HEMT生物传感器仿真研究

GaN HEMT因具有优异的高灵敏度、快速响应特性、电学特性和生物相容性,其在生物传感领域具有广泛的应用潜力。为提升GaN HEMT生物传感器直接检测生物分子的灵敏度,提出了一种双栅结构分析模型,并使用Silvaco TCAD工具研究了其电学特性。从漏极电流、阈值电压和电势方面分析了单栅和双栅器件的结构特性,比较了其灵敏度。研究表明,在特定生物分子(尿酸酶、链霉亲和素、蛋白质和胆固醇氧化酶)的检测中,双栅GaN HEMT生物传感器的灵敏度分别比单栅器件高1.55%,2.18%,1.07%和3.3%。其中,增加空腔长度可以为生物分子与生物功能化层(AlGaN)的相互作用提供更多的面积,从而使传感器的灵敏度增加。因此,双栅和较大空腔的GaN HEMT生物传感器器件更适用于高灵敏度的应用。

基于多交叉置换扩增和纳米生物传感技术快速检测肺炎支原体方法的建立

目的建立一种简单、灵敏、快速的肺炎支原体(MP)检测方法,并对其应用性进行验证和评价。方法利用多交叉置换扩增(MCDA)技术对肺炎支原体特异基因CARDS毒素基因进行扩增,利用侧流免疫层析生物传感(LFB)技术读取扩增结果,命名该方法为MP-MCDA-LFB。分析扩增反应在60~67℃(间隔1℃)的扩增效率,筛选最适反应温度;分析分别扩增10、20、30、40 min时能够检测到的最低核酸浓度,筛选最佳反应时间。利用10倍系列稀释的肺炎支原体核酸分析MP-MCDA-LFB方法的灵敏度和检测限,利用35株非肺炎支原体菌株分析MP-MCDA-LFB方法的特异性。利用MP-MCDA-LFB方法检测80份疑似MP感染的临床样本,并与RT-PCR法检测结果进行比较,分析MP-MCDA-LFB方法的临床应用性。结果MP-MCDA-LFB能够实现对肺炎支原体CARDS毒素基因的快速检测。其最佳反应温度为63℃,最短反应时间为40 min,整个检测过程可在1 h内。MP-MCDA-LFB方法具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,其检测限低至45 ng/L,与其他临床表现相似的病原体无交叉反应,特异性为100%。MP-MCDA-LFB方法从80份临床样本中检出45份阳性样本(56.3%),检出率与RT-PCR方法一致。结论本研究建立的以CARDS毒素基因为靶标的MP-MCDA-LFB检测方法具有简单、快速、灵敏度高、特异性强的优点,在基层医疗机构和现场检测具有较好的应用潜力。

经络信息系统穴位及传导区结构特征的理论模型

目的:现代科学技术实验初步证明了经络的客观存在,但无法得到明确专一的经络生物组织结构支持,经络需要更多的深入研究。本研究从理论上分析经络的特征结构。方法:基于符合物理化学原理和生物遗传变异信息原理的经络信息产生传导方程,及经络通过的生理组织特性进行研究。结果:理论表明经络必须存在穴位和信息传导区,经典经络理论中的感传一体为感传交替过程。经络穴位之间的传导区域大小主要决定于经络物质信息在经络组织侧面渗漏率。相同或相似生理组织区域,经络穴位间距相近。而不同生理组织区域,经络穴位之间的尺度变化明显。经络中的生物信息传感器高密度集中于穴位的近点状区域,而传导线上的密度极低。结论:本研究首次从理论上证明了经络结构的基本特征。同时建立了穴位之间尺度的定量变化规律。证明及修正了传统的经络信息产生传导假说。这也从理论上证明了经络的客观存在。

聚噻吩衍生物/银纳米线结合分子印迹法检测葡萄糖

通过在银纳米线上沉积3氟苯硼酸接枝的3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩(EDOT-FPBA)和葡萄糖,制备了一种基于表面分子印迹(MIP)法的葡萄糖生物传感器。在玻碳电极(GCE)表面依次沉积银纳米线(AgNWs)、EDOT-FPBA和葡萄糖,然后洗脱葡萄糖模板后得到分子印迹葡萄糖生物传感器。采用电化学阻抗法检测葡萄糖,在0.05~20.00 mmol/L范围内,葡萄糖浓度与电荷转移电阻呈线性关系,检测限低至0.03 mmol/L(R2=0.9905)。此外,该传感器具有良好的特异性、稳定性、可重复使用性和存储稳定性,并且可在生理pH下对葡萄糖进行灵敏检测。

国际创新竞赛对大学生创新能力培养模式的启示——以国际大学生生物传感器设计大赛为例

创新人才是国家的战略性资源,高校在创新人才培养中肩负着重要使命。创新人才的核心能力是创新能力,包括创新思维能力、创新人格特质和创新实践能力。当代大学生存在创新思维能力薄弱、创新人格特质缺乏、创新实践能力不足等问题,鼓励大学生参加国际创新竞赛有助于其创新能力的提升。以国际大学生生物传感器设计大赛(SensUs)为例,介绍其创办目的、参赛要求、激励机制以及浙江大学参赛队伍的情况,分析大赛对大学生创新能力培养的作用,以期为高校完善培养创新人才模式提供参考。