Upregulation of the glycine-rich protein-encoding gene GhGRPL enhances plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stressors by promoting secondary cell wall development

Abiotic and biotic stressors adversely affect plant survival,biomass generation,and crop yields.As the global availability of arable land declines and the impacts of global warming intensify,such stressors may have increasingly pronounced effects on agricultural productivity.Currently,researchers face the overarching challenge of comprehensively enhancing plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stressors.The secondary cell wall plays a crucial role in bolstering the stress resistance of plants.To increase plant resistance to stress through genetic manipulation of the secondary cell wall,we cloned a cell wall protein designated glycine-rich protein-like(GhGRPL)from cotton fibers,and found that it is specifically expressed during the period of secondary cell wall biosynthesis.Notably,this protein differs from its Arabidopsis homolog,AtGRP,since its glycine-rich domain is deficient in glycine residues.GhGRPL is involved in secondary cell wall deposition.Upregulation of GhGRPL enhances lignin accumulation and,consequently,the thickness of the secondary cell walls,thereby increasing the plant’s resistance to abiotic stressors,such as drought and salinity,and biotic threats,including Verticillium dahliae infection.Conversely,interference with GhGRPL expression in cotton reduces lignin accumulation and compromises that resistance.Taken together,our findings elucidate the role of GhGRPL in regulating secondary cell wall development through its influence on lignin deposition,which,in turn,reinforces cell wall robustness and impermeability.These findings highlight the promising near-future prospect of adopting GhGRPL as a viable,effective approach for enhancing plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stress factors.

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Controlling Grain Aroma along Value Chain of Fragrant Rice:A Review

The aroma of fragrant rice is one of the grain quality attributes that significantly influenceconsumer preferences and prices in world markets. The volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) isrecognized as a key component of the aroma in fragrant rice. The variation in grain 2AP content amongvarious fragrant rice varieties is associated with the expression of the badh2 gene, with 19 alleles havingbeen identified so far. The grain 2AP content is strongly influenced by environmental and managementfactors during cultivation as well as post-harvest conditions. This review pinpointed the major abiotic andbiotic factors that control grain 2AP content. Abiotic factors refer to water, temperature, light quality,fertilizer application (both macro- and micro-nutrients), and soil properties, including salinity, while bioticfactors include microorganisms that produce aromatic compounds, thus influencing the grain aroma infragrant rice. Post-harvest management, including storage and drying conditions, can significantly impactthe grain 2AP content, and proper post-harvest conditions can intensify the grain aroma. This reviewsuggests that there are rice varieties that can serve as potential sources of genetic material for breedingrice varieties with high grain aroma content. It offers an overview of recent research on the major factorsaffecting the aroma content in fragrant rice. This knowledge will facilitate further research on theproduction of high-quality rice to meet the demands of farmers and consumers.

The Prebiotic Effect of Triple Biotic Technology on Skin Health

Objective: Pre-, pro- and postbiotics are becoming more prevalent as ingredients in cosmetic and personal care products. A novel triple biotic technology has been developed and investigated for its impact on skin flora and skin barrier properties. Methods: Growth inhibition/promotion assay was performed to determine the effect on skin bacteria growth, using Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium striatum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A skin penetration assay and skin barrier biomarker measurements were performed using an ex vivo human skin explant model. The triple-biotic complex of inulin, 2-butyloctanol, and a biomimic blend of postbiotics was tested individually as well as part of cosmetic formulations. Results: The triple-biotic technology, either as individual components or in a cosmetic formulation, inhibited the growth of undesirable bacteria, in most cases. On the other hand, the growth of desirable bacteria was either promoted or maintained. The cosmetic formulations with the triple-biotic technology demonstrated an enhanced skin barrier and an increase in skin barrier biomarkers. Conclusion: A novel triple-biotic technology has been developed and shown to deliver a strong prebiotic effect with demonstrable benefits on bacterial growth, skin barrier properties, and the production of skin barrier biomarkers. This study indicates that triple-biotic technology can be used as a desirable prebiotic ingredient in personal care products to provide skin health benefits.

Dual function of Arabidopsis A TAF1 in abiotic and biotic stress responses

NAC family genes encode plant-specific transcription factors involved in diverse biological processes. In this study, the Arabidopsis NAC gene ATAF1 was found to be induced by drought, high-salinity, abscisic acid （ABA）, methyl jasmonate, mechanical wounding, and Botrytis cinerea infection. Significant induction of ATAF1 was found in an ABA-deficient mutant aba2 subjected to drought or high salinity, revealing an ABA-independent mechanism of expression. Arabidopsis ATAFl-overexpression lines displayed many altered phenotypes, including dwarfism and short primary roots. Furthermore, in vivo experiments indicate that ATAF1 is a bonafide regulator modulating plant responses to many abiotic stresses and necrotrophic-pathogen infection. Overexpression of ATAF1 in Arabidopsis increased plant sensitivity to ABA, salt, and oxidative stresses. Especially, ATAF1 overexpression plants, but not mutant lines, showed remarkably enhanced plant tolerance to drought. Additionally, ATAF1 overexpression enhanced plant susceptibility to the necrotrophic pathogen B. cinerea, but did not alter disease symptoms caused by avirulent or virulent strains of P. syringae pv tomato DC3000. Transgenic plants overexpressing ATAF1 were hypersensitive to oxidative stress, suggesting that reactive oxygen intermediates may be related to ATAFl-mediated signaling in response to both pathogen and abiotic stresses.

Abiotic and biotic drivers of species diversity in understory layers of cold temperate coniferous forests in North China

Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystems and play a crucial role in regulating community structures,function realization,and community succession.However,little is known about how abiotic and biotic drivers affect the diversity of understory species in cold temperate coniferous forests in the semiarid climate region of North China.We hypothesized that(1)topographic factors are important environmental factors affecting the distribution and variation of understory strata,and(2)different understory strata respond differently to environmental factors;shrubs may be significantly affected by the overstory stratum,and herbs may be more affected by surface soil conditions.To test these hypotheses,we used the boosted regression tree method to analyze abiotic and biotic environmental factors that influence understory species diversity,using data from 280 subplots across 56 sites in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.Elevation and slope aspect were the dominant and indirect abiotic drivers affecting understory species diversity,and individual tree size inequality(DBH variation)was the dominant biotic driver of understory species diversity;soil water content was the main edaphic factors affecting herb layers.Elevation,slope aspect,and DBH variation accounted for 36.4,14.5,and 12.1%,respectively,of shrub stratum diversity.Shrub diversity decreased with elevation within the range of altitude of this study,but increased with DBH variation;shrub diversity was highest on north-oriented slopes.The strongest factor affecting herb stratum species diversity was slope aspect,accounting for 25.9%of the diversity,followed by elevation(15.7%),slope(12.2%),and soil water content(10.3%).The highest herb diversity was found on southeast-oriented slopes and the lowest on northeast-oriented slopes;herb diversity decreased with elevation and soil water content,but increased with slope.The results of the study provide a reference for scientific management and biodiversity protection in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.

Isolation and Expression Patterns of Rice WRKY82 Transcription Factor Gene Responsive to Both Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

WRKY transcription factors are involved in the regulation of response to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. A full-length cDNA clone of rice WRKY82 gene （OsWRKY82） was isolated from a cDNA library generated from leaves infected by Magnaporthe grisea. OsWRKY82 contained an entire open reading frame in length of 1 701 bp, and was predicted to encode a polypeptide of 566 amino acid residues consisting of two WRKY domains, each with a zinc finger motif of C2H2, belonging to the WRKY subgroup I. OsWRKY82 shared high identity at the amino acid level with those from Sorghum bicolor, Hordeum vulgare, and Zea mays. The transcript level of OsWRKY82 was relatively higher in stems, leaves, and flowers, and less abundant in grains. It was induced by inoculation with M. grisea and Rhizoctonia solani. However, the inducible expression in incompatible rice-M. grisea interactions was earlier and greater than that in compatible interactions. The expression of OsWRKY82 was up-regulated by methyl jasmonate and ethephon, whereas salicylic acid exerted no effects on its expression. Moreover, OsWRKY82 exhibited transcriptional activation ability in yeast. Additionally, OsWRKY82 transcripts could be induced by wounding and heat shocking, but not by abscisic acid, cold, high salinity and dehydration. By contrast, gibberellin suppressed the expression of OsWRKY82. These indicate that OsWRKY82 is a multiply stress-inducible gene responding to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and may be involved in the regulation of defense response to pathogens and tolerance against abiotic stresses by jasmonic acid/ethylene-dependent signaling pathway.

Abiotic contribution to total soil CO_2 flux across a broad range of land-cover types in a desert region

As an important component of ecosystem carbon（C） budgets, soil carbon dioxide（CO2） flux is determined by a combination of a series of biotic and abiotic processes. Although there is evidence showing that the abiotic component can be important in total soil CO2 flux（R（total））, its relative importance has never been systematically assessed. In this study, after comparative measurements of CO2 fluxes on sterilized and natural soils, the R（total） was partitioned into biotic flux（R（biotic）） and abiotic flux（R（abiotic）） across a broad range of land-cover types（including eight sampling sites： cotton field, hops field, halophyte garden, alkaline land, reservoir edge, native saline desert, dune crest and interdune lowland） in Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. The relative contribution of R（abiotic） to R（total）, as well as the temperature dependency and predominant factors for R（total）, R（biotic） and R（abiotic）, were analyzed. Results showed that R（abiotic） always contributed to R（total） for all of the eight sampling sites, but the degree or magnitude of contribution varied greatly. Specifically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） was very low in cotton field and hops field and very high in alkaline land and dune crest. Statistically, the ratio of R（abiotic） to R（total） logarithmically increased with decreasing R（biotic）, suggesting that R（abiotic） strongly affected R（total） when R（biotic） was low. This pattern confirms that soil CO2 flux is predominated by biotic processes in most soils, but abiotic processes can also be dominant when biotic processes are weak. On a diurnal basis, R（abiotic） cannot result in net gain or net loss of CO2, but its effect on transient CO2 flux was significant. Temperature dependency of R（total） varied among the eight sampling sites and was determined by the predominant processes（abiotic or biotic） of CO2 flux. Specifically, R（biotic） was driven by soil temperature while R（abiotic） was regulated by the change in soil temperature（ΔT）. Namely, declining temperature（ΔT0） resulted in positive R（abiotic）（i.e., CO2 released from soil）. Without recognition of R（abiotic）, R（biotic） would be overestimated for the daytime and underestimated for the nighttime. Although R（abiotic） may not change the sum or the net value of daily soil CO2 exchange and may not directly constitute a C sink, it can significantly alter the transient apparent soil CO2 flux, either in magnitude or in temperature dependency. Thus, recognizing the fact that abiotic component in R（total） exists widely in soils has widespread consequences for the understanding of C cycling.

Versatile Potentiality of Silicon in Mitigation of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants: A Review

The “quasi-essential element” silicon (Si) is not considered indispensable for plant growth and its accumulation varies between species largely due to differential uptake phenomena. Silicon uptake and distribution is a complex process involving the participation of three transporters (Lsi1, Lsi2 and Lsi6) and is beneficial during recovery from multiple stresses. This review focuses on the pivotal role of silicon in counteracting several biotic and abiotic stresses including nutrient imbalances, physical stresses together with uptake, transport of this metalloid in a wide variety of dicot and monocot species. The knowledge on the beneficial effects of silicon and possible Si-induced mechanisms of minimizing stress has been discussed. Accumulation of silicon beneath the cuticles fortifies the cell wall against pathogen attack. Si-induced reduction of heavy metal uptake, root-shoot translocation, chelation, complexation, upregulation of antioxidative defense responses and regulation of gene expression are the mechanisms involved in alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants. Silicon further improves growth and physiological attributes under salt and drought stress. Effective use of silicon in agronomy can be an alternative to the prevalent practice of traditional fertilizers for maintaining sustainable productivity. Therefore, soil nutrition with fertilizers containing plant-available silicon may be considered a cost-effective way to shield plant from various stresses, improve plant growth as well as yield and attain sustainable cultivation worldwide.

Role of Pathogen-Related Protein 10 (PR 10) under Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Plants

Members of the Pathogenesis Related(PR)10 protein family have been identified in a variety of plant species and a wide range of functions ranging from defense to growth and development has been attributed to them.PR10 protein possesses ribonuclease(RNase)activity,interacts with phytohormones,involved in hormone-mediated signalling,afforded protection against various phytopathogenic fungi,bacteria,and viruses particularly in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.The resistance mechanism of PR10 protein may include activation of defense signalling pathways through possible interacting proteins involved in mediating responses to pathogens,degradation of RNA of the invading pathogens.Moreover,several morphological changes have been shown to accompany the enhanced abiotic stress tolerance.In this review,the possible mechanism of action of PR10 protein against biotic and abiotic stress has been discussed.Furthermore,our findings also confirmed that the in vivo Nitric oxide(NO)is essential for most of environmental abiotic stresses and disease resistance against pathogen infection.The proper level of NO may be necessary and beneficial,not only in plant response to the environmental abiotic stress,but also to biotic stress.The updated information on this interesting group of proteins will be useful in future research to develop multiple stress tolerance in plants.

Field evaluation of durum wheat landraces for prevailing abiotic and biotic stresses in highland rainfed regions of Iran

Biotic and abiotic stresses are major limiting factors for high crop productivity worldwide. A landrace collection consisting of 380 durum wheat(Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) entries originating in several countries along with four check varieties were evaluated for biotic stresses:yellow rust(Puccinia striiformis Westendorf f. sp. tritici) and wheat stem sawfly(WSS) Cephus cinctus Norton(Hymenoptera: Cephidae), and abiotic stresses: cold and drought. The main objectives were to(i) quantify phenotypic diversity and identify variation in the durum wheat landraces for the different stresses and(ii) characterize the agronomic profiles of landraces in reaction to the stresses. Significant changes in reactions of landraces to stresses were observed.Landraces resistant to each stress were identified and agronomically characterized.Percentage reduction due to the stresses varied from 11.4%(yellow rust) to 21.6%(cold stress) for 1000-kernel weight(TKW) and from 19.9(yellow rust) to 91.9%(cold stress) for grain yield. Landraces from Asia and Europe showed enhanced genetic potential for both grain yield and cold tolerance under highland rainfed conditions of Iran. The findings showed that TKW and yield productivity could be used to assess the response of durum wheat landraces to different stresses. In conclusion, landraces showed high levels of resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and selected landraces can serve in durum wheat breeding for adaptation to cold and drought-prone environments.

The Roles of Biotic Interactions and Environmental Factors on Multispecies Dynamics

The distributions of species in their habitats are constantly changing. This phenomenon is thought to be determined by species’ environmental tolerance and biotic interactions for limited resources and space. Consequently, predicting the future distribution of species is a major challenge in ecology. To address this problem, we use mathematical model to study the combined effects of biotic interactions (e.g. competition) and environmental factors on multiple species community assembly in a heterogenous environment. To gain insights into the dynamics of this ecological system, we perform both analytical and numerical analyses of the range margins of the species. We observe that the range margins of the species can be influenced by biotic interactions combined with environmental factors. Depending on the strength of biotic interactions, our model exhibits coexistence of species and priority effects;mediated by weak and intense biotic interactions respectively. We also show the existence of bifurcation points (i.e. the threshold values of competition coefficient) which lead to the presence—absence of different species. Thus, we suggest that adequate knowledge of biotic interactions and changes in the environments is important for effective maintenance of biodiversity and conservation management.

Genome-Wide Analysis of von Willebrand Factor A Gene Family in Rice for Its Role in Imparting Biotic Stress Resistance with Emphasis on Rice Blast Disease

von Willebrand factor A(vWA)genes are well characterized in humans except for few BONZAI genes,but the vWA genes are least explored in plants.Considering the novelty and vital role of vWA genes,this study aimed at characterization of vWA superfamily in rice.Rice genome was found to have 40 vWA genes distributed across all the 12 chromosomes,and 20 of the 40 vWA genes were unique while the remaining shared large fragment similarities with each other,indicating gene duplication.In addition to vWA domain,vWA proteins possess other different motifs or domains,such as ubiquitin interacting motif in protein degradation pathway,and RING finger in protein-protein interaction.Expression analysis of vWA genes in available expression data suggested that they probably function in biotic and abiotic stress responses including hormonal response and signaling.The frequency of transposon elements in the entire 3K rice germplasm was negligible except for 9 vWA genes,indicating the importance of these genes in rice.Structural and functional diversities showed that the vWA genes in a blast-resistant rice variety Tetep had huge variations compared to blast-susceptible rice varieties HP2216 and Nipponbare.qRT-PCR analysis of vWA genes in Magnaporthe oryzae infected rice tissues indicated OsvWA9,OsvWA36,OsvWA37 and OsvWA18 as the optimal candidate genes for disease resistance.This is the first attempt to characterize vWA gene family in plant species.

Mechanism of tobacco osmotin gene in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance:A brief history

Plants are recurrently exposed to myriads of biotic and abiotic stresses leading to several biochemical and physiological variations that cause severe impacts on plant growth and survival.To overcome these challenges,plants activate two primary defense mechanisms,such as structural response(cell wall strengthening and waxy epidermal cuticle development)and metabolic changes,including the synthesis of anti-microbial compounds and proteins,especially the pathogenesis-related(PR)proteins.PR proteins are members of a super large family of defense proteins that exhibit antimicrobial activities.Their over-expression in plants provides tolerance to many abiotic and biotic stresses.PR proteins have been classified into 17 families,including PR-5–also called thaumatin-like proteins(TLPs)that involve osmotin and osmotin-like proteins(OLPs).Osmotin was first identified in tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum var.Wisconsin 38),and then its homolog proteins(OLPs)were reported from the whole plant kingdom.Osmotin and OLPs are ubiquitous in all fruits and vegetables.Their expression has been detected in various plant tissues and organs.The phylogenetic tree studies revealed that the osmotin group originated from spermatophytes.Moreover,the atomic structure of OLP has shown similarity to thaumatin and TLPs from monocot and eudicot species,which determines a strong evolutionary pressure in flowering plants for conserving thaumatin fold.This is associated with the role of these proteins against pathogens as defense molecules and to induce stress tolerance to plants against several biotic and abiotic factors.In this review,we have briefly described the development history of osmotin,including its function and mechanism to induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to plants.

Molecular Analysis of Rice CIPKs Involved in Both Biotic and Abiotic Stress Responses

Plant calcineurin B-like （CBL） proteins have been proposed as important Ca2＋ sensors and specifically interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases （CIPKs） in plant-specific calcium signaling. Here, we identified and isolated 15 CIPK genes in a japonica rice variety Nipponbare based on the predicted sequences of rice CIPK gene family. Gene structure analysis showed that these 15 genes were divided into intron-less and intron-rich groups, and OsCIPK3 and OsCIPK24 exhibited alternative splicing in their mature process. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that rice CIPKs shared an ancestor with Arabidopsis and poplar CIPKs. Analyses of gene expression showed that these OsCIPK genes were differentially induced by biotic stresses such as bacterial blight and abiotic stresses （heavy metal such as Hg2＋, high salinity, cold and ABA）. Interestingly, five OsCIPK genes, OsCIPK1, 2, 10, 11 and 12, were transcriptionally up-regulated after bacterial blight infection whereas four OsCIPK genes, OsCIPK2, 10, 11 and 14, were induced by all treatments, indicating that some of OsCIPK genes are involved in multiple stress response pathways in plants. Our finding suggests that CIPKs play a key role in both biotic and abiotic stress responses.

Biotic communities of the marine ecosystem in Meizhou Bay

The current situation of biotic communities in Meizhou Bay is presented in this paper.The species composition,seasonal variation,and distribution of phytoplankton,zooplankton, red tide organisms,fishes,and benthos in Meizhou Bay were investigated,and the content of chlorophyll a and primary production and their seasonal variation were also determined.The water quality of Meizhou Bay was monitored by measuring the density of Escherichia coli. Results reveal that there is a great variety of species in Meizhou Bay and the water in Meizhou Bay is oligotrophic.But the individual numbers of various organisms are very low, especially those of algae.Moreover,there are more than 40 species of red tide organisms and there exist opportunities of red tides between May and November.All these demand cautious be taken in the future development of this area although it has great environment capacity.

TOPOLOGY DESIGN OPTIMIZATION BASED ON BIOTIC BRANCH NET

The biotic branch nets are extreme high-tech product. In order to achieve acertain functional objective, they can adjust their growth direction and growth velocity byaccording to the varying growth environment. An innovative and effective methodology of topologydesign optimization based on the growth mechanism of biotic branch nets is suggested, and it isapplied to a layout design problem of a conductive cooling channel in a heat transfer system. Theeffectiveness of the method is validated by the FEM analysis.

Biotic Resources Abundance and the Corresponding Causes in Panxi Area

This paper gives a detailed introduction to the biotic resources in Panxi Area and lists the most typical biotic resources in this area. The authors of this paper adopt the biotic resource abundance evaluation index model R1= （S0t -- S1t ） × S1i-1 （i= 1,2,3, …n） to make a quantitative calculation of the biotic resource abundance in this area, and the calculation results show that this area abounds in biotic resources. Through the analysis of the causes of abundant biotic resources in this area, the luxuriant biotic resources in Panxi Area are largely attributed to the complex and varied environment, atrocious climate in history and the introduction of alien species. The purpose of this paper is to point out that biotic resource exploitation is one of the driving forces of economic development in this area, and to emphasize the necessity of biotic resource preservation and its harmonious development with the environment.

Relative Contributions of Spatial and Environmental Processes and Biotic Interactions in a Soil Collembolan Community

Understanding the underlying processes of how communities are structured remains a central question in community ecology. However, the mechanisms of the soil animal community are still unclear, especially for communities on a small scale. To evaluate the relative roles of biotic interactions and environmental and spatial processes in a soil collembolan community, a field experiment was carried out on a small scale(50 m) in the farmland ecosystem of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. In August and October, 2011, we took 100 samples each month in a 50 m × 50 m plot using a spatially delimited sampling design. Variation partitioning was used to quantify the relative contributions of the spatial and environmental variables. A null model was selected to test for the non-randomness pattern of species co-occurrence and body size in assemblages of collembolans and to test whether the pattern observed was the result of environmental or biotic processes that structured the community on a small scale. The results showed that large variance was accounted for by spatial variables(18.99% in August and 21.83% in October, both were significant). There were relatively lower effects of environmental variation(3.56% in August and 1.45% in October, neither was significant), while the soil water content, soil p H and soybean height explained a significant portion of the variance that was observed in the spatial pattern of the collembolan community. Furthermore, the null model revealed more co-occurrence than expected by chance, suggesting that collembolan communities had a non-random co-occurrence pattern in both August and October. Additionally, environmental niche overlap and the body size ratio of co-occurrence showed that interspecific competition was not influential in collembolan community structuring. Considering all of the results together, the contributions of spatial and environmental processes were stronger than biotic interactions in the small-scale structuring of a soil collembolan community.

Biotic Stress Induced Biochemical and Isozyme Variations in Ginger and Tomato by <i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>

This unique study evaluates the effects of Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) induced biotic stress in two cultivars, Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). They were grown in pots and hydroponic systems with controls;to induce biotic stress, about 8 × 104 colony forming units of Rs suspension was injected into the healthy test plants. Upon induction of Rs stress, highly significant (p 0.01) biochemical changes (%) were noticed in respect to controls: carbohydrate content was generally high in both plants;while they showed decreased starch and protein contents;phenolics showed a swing of decrease or increase between pot and hydroponic systems;and all plants in general showed higher (3-6 fold) proline content upon induction of biotic stress. Regarding oxidative stress isozymes (OSE), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) isozymes were normally 3, but treated hydroponics had 4 with comparable relative mobility values;peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) isozymes were generally 2, except for treated hydroponic tomato. Briefly, Rs induced biotic stress caused wilt symptoms in ginger, but did not affect tomato though its biochemical and OSE patterns especially in those grown as hydroponics were elicited to significantly higher levels.

Research Progress of miRNAs in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Stresses are defined as a variety of environmental factors that pose adverse impacts on plant growth and survival. Rice is an important food crop, whose quality and yield may be affected by environmental stresses. MicroRNAs play an important role in response to stresses, which regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level by cleaving target mRNAs and inhibiting mRNA translation. This paper summarized the mechanism of action of miRNAs and introduced research progress of miRNAs in rice under biotic and abiotic stresses, which provided reference for revealing the functional role of rice miRNAs in stress resistance.