Simulation of liquid cone formation on the tip apex of indium field emission electric propulsion thrusters

Field emission electric propulsion(FEEP) thrusters possess excellent characteristics, such as high specific impulse, low power requirements, compact size and precise pointing capabilities,making them ideal propulsion devices for micro-nano satellites. However, the detection of certain aspects, such as the evolution process of the liquid cone and the physical quantities at the cone apex, proves challenging due to the minute size of the needle tip and the vacuum environment in which they operate. Consequently, this paper introduces a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model to gain insight into the formation process of the liquid cone on the tip apex of indium FEEP. The CFD model is based on electrohydrodynamic(EHD) equations and the volume of fluid(VOF) method. The entire cone formation process can be divided into three stages, and the time-dependent characteristics of the physical quantities at the cone apex are investigated. The influences of film thickness, apex radius size and applied voltage are compared.The results indicate a gradual increase in the values of electrostatic stress and surface tension stress at the cone apex over an initial period, followed by a rapid escalation within a short duration.Apex configurations featuring a small radius, thick film and high voltage exhibit a propensity for liquid cone formation, and the cone growth time decreases as the film thickness increases.Moreover, some unstable behavior is observed during the cone formation process.

An Alternative Way to Mapping Cone: The Algebraic Topology of the Pinched Tensor

In this research, we explore the properties and applications of the mapping cone and its variant, the pinched mapping cone. The mapping cone is a construction that arises naturally in algebraic topology and is used to study the homotopy type of spaces. It has several key properties, including its homotopy equivalence to the cofiber of a continuous map, and its ability to compute homotopy groups using the long exact sequence associated with the cofiber. We also provide an overview of the properties and applications of the mapping cone and the pinched mapping cone in algebraic topology. This work highlights the importance of these constructions in the study of homotopy theory and the calculation of homotopy groups. The study also points to the potential for further research in this area which includes the study of higher homotopy groups and the applications of these constructions to other areas of mathematics.

A novel seed cone of Pinus from the Miocene of coastal Southeast China indicates kinship with Southeast Asian pines

Pinus is an economically and ecologically important genus whose members are dominant components globally in low-latitude mountainous and mid-latitude temperate forests.Pinus species richness is currently concentrated in subtropical mid-low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,differing from the latitudinal diversity gradient mostly recognized in woody angiosperms.How the present pattern was developing in Earth's past is still poorly studied,particularly in eastern Asia.Here,a new fossil species,Pinus shengxianica sp.nov.is described based on a fossil seed cone from the Late Miocene Shengxian Formation in Zhejiang,southeast China.A co-occurring cone is recognized as a known fossil species,Pinus speciosa Li.Extensive comparison of extant and fossil members of Pinus suggests P.shengxianica shares a striking cone similarity to Pinus merkusii and Pinus latteri(subsection Pinus)from tropical Southeast Asia in having annular bulges around the umbo on the apophysis.The morphological resemblance indicates these two extant low-latitude pines probably possess a close affinity with the present newly-discovered P.shengxianica and originated from East Asian mid-low latitude ancestors during this generic re-diversification in the Miocene.This scenario is consistent with the evolutionary trajectory reflected by the pine fossil history and molecular data,marking the Miocene as a key period for the origin and evolution of most extant pines globally.The co-occurrences of diverse conifers and broadleaved angiosperms preferring diverse niches demonstrate Late Miocene eastern Zhejiang was one of the hot spots for coniferophyte diversity and hosted a needled-broadleaved mixed forest with complex vegetation structure and an altitudinal zonation.

Transcriptome Analysis of Auxin Drives Cone Size Regulation in Fokienia hodginsii

As the reproductive organ of the endangered species Fokienia hodginsii,the size of the cones is a constraint on the reproductive renewal of the population.In this study,the molecular basis of the influence of cone size on F.hodginsii was elucidated by comparing the phenotype,biochemistry,and transcriptome of two cultivars of F.hodginsii(‘FJ431’and‘FJ415’).The two cultivars differed significantly in cone size,with FJ431 having a significantly larger cone size and weight than FJ415,1.32 and 1.90 times that of FJ415,respectively.RNA-Seq analysis of both cultivars retrieved 75,940 genes whose approximate functions were classified as the pathway of response to endogenous stimulus and response to hormone and showed significant differences in the auxin-activated signaling pathway,particularly the MAPK signaling pathway-plant.Furthermore,the endogenous IAA content was significantly higher in FJ431 than in FJ415,and 1.58 and 1.29 times more IAA was present in immature and mature cones,respectively.Moreover,exogenous IAA treatment significantly induced the expression of the MAPK pathway-related gene TRINITY_DN10564_c0_g1 and significantly inhibited the expression of the MAPK pathwayrelated gene TRINITY_DN17056_c0_g1.Our work suggests that IAA can affect the cone size of F.hodginsii,most probably through the MAPK pathway.This has high theoretical and practical significance for the improvement of genetic breeding and the further cultivation of quality germplasm resources of F.hodginsii.

Technique for Estimating the Cone Bearing Smoothing Parameters

Cone penetration testing (CPT) is an extensively utilized and cost effective tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic cone into penetrable soils and recording the resistance to the cone tip (qc value). The measured qc values (after correction for the pore water pressure) are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties based predominantly on empirical correlations. The most common cone tips have associated areas of 10 cm2 and 15 cm2. Investigators also utilized significantly larger cone tips (33 cm2 and 40 cm2) so that gravelly soils can be penetrated. Small cone tips (2 cm2 and 5 cm2) are utilized for shallow soil investigations. The cone tip resistance measured at a particular depth is affected by the values above and below the depth of interest which results in a smoothing or blurring of the true bearing values. Extensive work has been carried out in mathematically modelling the smoothing function which results in the blurred cone bearing measurements. This paper outlines a technique which facilitates estimating the dominant parameters of the cone smoothing function from processing real cone bearing data sets. This cone calibration technique is referred to as the so-called CPSPE algorithm. The mathematical details of the CPSPE algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation.

运动伪影校正技术改善肾动脉瘤锥形束CT图像质量

目的观察运动伪影校正技术(MFT)对于改善肾动脉瘤锥形束CT(CBCT)图像质量的价值。方法前瞻性选取20例拟接受经导管动脉栓塞治疗的肾动脉瘤患者,于CBCT引导下行肾动脉造影,采用MFT处理运动伪影;对MFT校正前、后图像质量进行主、客观评价,评估其显示肾动脉、载瘤动脉及靶区血管树情况,测算单位密度像素平均值(mean)、标准差(SD)及血管边缘锐化误差率。结果MFT校正后,肾动脉瘤最大密度投影图像显示肾动脉、重建CBCT图像显示载瘤动脉均明显优于校正前(P均<0.05);利用Flightplan for Liver软件可自动提取清晰的血管树;肾动脉瘤CBCT图像SD及血管边缘锐化误差率明显减小而mean明显增加(P均<0.05)。结论MFT可有效改善肾动脉瘤CBCT图像质量。

盾尾刷-油脂腔密封系统油脂逃逸规律研究

油脂逃逸导致油脂腔内压力降低,由此诱发的盾尾密封系统漏水、漏浆等安全责任事故屡屡发生。研制盾尾刷密封系统油脂逃逸的单元体试验装置,采用逐级加压将油脂注入盾尾密封系统油脂腔内,每级压力持续420 s,记录不同盾尾间隙及不同油脂锥入度工况下腔内的密封油脂开始逃逸时的油脂注入压力值、以及逃逸后储油装置中密封油脂的稳定损耗速率,最终获得了盾尾密封系统的油脂逃逸规律,并总结了盾尾油脂的逃逸模式。研究结果表明:1)油脂逃逸速率主要受油脂锥入度和油脂压力的影响,根据油脂逃逸规律变化曲线,油脂逃逸速率可以分为不逃逸、低速逃逸、快速逃逸3个阶段。油脂不逃逸至低速逃逸的油脂压力称为油脂逃逸压力,油脂低速逃逸与快速逃逸之间的油脂压力值为油脂腔内外压差控制值;2)建立了油脂逃逸速率和工程中油脂消耗量的对应关系,结合工程中每环盾尾油脂允许消耗量可实时判断盾尾刷密封性能;3)当油脂锥入度小于286.4(1/10 mm),盾构姿态与管片姿态控制良好时(盾尾平均间隙为75 mm),在水土压力及同步注浆压力基础上最大可增加0.3 MPa的油脂压力,提出的油脂腔内外压差控制值可指导实际工程盾尾油脂压力设定最大值;4)油脂逃逸模式可划分为无逃逸、非均匀逃逸和均匀逃逸3种模式并得出其发生条件。该研究对于指导盾尾密封性的设计及施工有着基础性的意义。

电缆终端应力锥错位缺陷对界面温度及应力分布的影响

电缆终端内部缺陷会造成终端内部电场分布不均、局部温度升高与应力分布变化,可能引发局部放电造成绝缘击穿。为研究终端应力锥错位缺陷对电缆界面温度及应力分布的影响,分别建立了电缆终端安装不足与安装过盈情况下的电缆终端错位缺陷模型,并进行电-热-力多物理场耦合仿真分析。结果表明:电缆终端绝缘屏蔽层截断处是电缆终端的薄弱部位,终端界面温度和界面压力都会在绝缘屏蔽层截断处发生突变。当电缆终端存在安装不足缺陷时,终端屏蔽层截断处与应力锥根部之间会出现电场升高区域,在安装位置为-7.5 mm时界面温度最高,绝缘界面压力值升高,且安装位置为-2.5mm时绝缘承受的压力值最大;当电缆终端存在安装过盈缺陷时,绝缘屏蔽层截断处会发生电场畸变,电场突变量随着偏移量的增加而增大,在安装位置为+5.0mm时绝缘界面压力值最大,且界面压力突变量增加发生畸变。因此,在电缆终端实际设计安装与运行维护中,额外注意应力锥错位缺陷对终端内部应力分布的影响十分必要。

不同成像参数下CBCT的成像质量分析

目的:主观评价和客观评估不同成像参数下CBCT的图像质量,分析图像质量的主观评价和客观评价间的关系。方法:分别采用6台不同品牌CBCT扫描仪〔3D Accuitomo(Morita)、i-CAT(Kavo)、5G(NewTom)、Smart3D(北京朗视)、DCT Pro(Vatech)、VGi(NewTom)〕,在各个品牌的典型曝光条件下(电压和电流强度不同)扫描空间分辨率模体和高仿真头模,7位医师对拍摄的CBCT图像进行主观评价打分,比较不同CBCT扫描仪的空间分辨率和对常见口腔解剖结构的可见性。客观评价指标采用各仪器所获的图像空间分辩率(LP/mm)。结果:7位医师的组内一致性和组间一致性均无显著性差异。主观评价New Tom 5G为2分,i-CAT为5分,其余4个品牌匀为4分,客观评价i-CAT的LP/mm为1.8,Smart3D为2.0,其余4个品牌为1.0~1.7。在相同管电流条件下,不同管电压的图像主观质量有显著性差异。在相同管电压条件下,不同管电流的图像主观质量有显著性差异。结论:图像质量的主客观评价具有一定的一致性,不同品牌之间的客观评价差异可能与电压、电流强度不同有关。

平行轴变齿厚齿轮接触应力解析计算

变齿厚齿轮作为一种新型齿轮,目前尚无成熟的接触应力理论和计算方法。为了从理论上计算变齿厚齿轮齿面上的最大接触应力,了解变齿厚齿轮在不同参数下接触应力的变化情况。文中在赫兹公式的基础上,考虑变齿厚齿轮的几何结构,确定了变齿厚齿轮重合度、曲率半径、法向载荷、接触线长、重合度系数和齿形角系数的计算方法。研究了不同节锥角、齿数、模数和压力角对变齿厚齿轮接触应力的影响,通过有限元分析验证了变齿厚齿轮接触应力理论计算公式的正确性。研究结果表明:推导出的变齿厚齿轮接触应力计算公式具有较高的精度,能够准确地反映齿面的真实接触应力值,为变齿厚齿轮的结构设计、强度校核等提供了一定的依据。

单点渐进成形工艺参数对铝合金圆锥台表面粗糙度的影响

表面粗糙度是影响渐进成形零件质量的关键因素之一,为了探究工艺参数对零件表面粗糙度的影响,采用单点渐进成形技术对5052铝合金板料进行成形实验,研究工艺参数轴向进给量、主轴转速、进给速度对圆锥台表面质量的影响,并使用粗糙度仪测量外表面粗糙度R_(a)值。实验结果表明:降低轴向进给量可以改善零件表面质量;随着主轴转速增大,零件粗糙度R_(a)呈先减小后增大趋势;进给速度对粗糙度R_(a)影响较小,随着进给速度增大,粗糙度R_(a)呈先减小后增大趋势,受零件尺寸限制,进给速度超过2817 mm·min^(-1)时,内表面“鱼鳞纹”和粗糙度R_(a)几乎没有变化。

弹体尾部斜锥面形状对侵彻偏转的影响

针对弹体斜侵彻多层靶时弹道发生的偏转问题,建立了弹体尾部为斜锥面结构的弹体侵彻偏转理论计算模型,获得了当速度为0.2~1.2km/s、着角为-30°~20°、弹体半径为30~60 mm、尾飘斜面与弹轴的夹角为0°~4°时偏转随尾部结构的变化规律,通过与试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的准确性。结果表明:弹体侵彻仰靶时,弹尾形成负的偏转力矩,弹体产生“低头”效果;弹体侵彻俯靶时,弹尾形成正的偏转力矩,弹体产生“抬头”效果;弹体尾部斜锥面产生的垂直弹轴的偏转力矩约为平行弹轴的偏转力矩的100倍;增大尾飘斜面与弹轴的夹角、尾飘长度、弹体半径均可增大偏转力矩;与增大尾飘长度相比,增大尾飘斜面与弹轴的夹角对增大偏转力矩更有效。

球面-锥面特殊螺纹接头密封面能量耗散及密封性分析

为从能量耗散角度研究不同井下工况对球面-锥面特殊螺纹接头密封面处密封性的影响,借助ABAQUS有限元软件建立了球面-锥面特殊螺纹接头密封面的模型-球面-平面接触模型,得出了不同切向位移载荷、不同压力和不同摩擦因数下的载荷-位移迟滞曲线的变化规律;利用密封接触强度理论评价特殊螺纹接头的密封性能。结果表明:摩擦因数越大,可承受的宏观滑移载荷越大;随着载荷的增大,密封面呈现刚度软化现象。部分滑移状态和完全滑移状态下,接触区域的能量耗散值都随着切向位移载荷、压力和摩擦因数的增大而增大,说明密封性能有所降低。由密封强度理论得当压力处于15~40 MPa时,密封面均满足密封要求;随着压力的增大,密封接触强度增大,密封性能也随之提高。研究结果可为井下复杂工况条件下提高球面-锥面特殊螺纹接头密封性能提供参考。

基于Halcyon加速器百分百图像引导模式下盆腔肿瘤CTV-PTV边界外放的研究

目的探讨基于Halcyon加速器百分百图像引导模式下盆腔肿瘤临床靶区-计划靶区(Clinical Target Volume,CTV)-(Planning Target Volume,PTV)边界外放的摆位误差。方法选取2023年1—5月在Halcyon加速器上行调强放射治疗的19例盆腔肿瘤患者为研究对象,采集每个患者分次间、纠正后、分次内300套共900个锥形束CT图像,与计划CT进行配准融合,得到三维方向上的矢量误差,用X(左右)方向、Y(头脚)方向、Z(腹背)方向表示。计算摆位误差及分布趋势,并根据纠正后及分次内的摆位误差计算CTV-PTV的外放边界。结果X方向上,分次间、纠正后、分次内的摆位绝对误差分别为(2.07±1.82)、(0.19±0.19)、(0.30±0.28)mm;Y方向上,分次间、纠正后、分次内的摆位绝对误差分别为(3.87±2.67)、(0.23±0.31)、(0.27±0.23)mm;Z方向上,分次间、纠正后、分次内的摆位绝对误差分别为(0.72±0.83)、(0.20±0.22)、(0.30±0.27)mm,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。纠正后和分次内X、Y、Z 3个方向分别有97%和96.33%的摆位误差在1 mm以内。CTV-PTV外放边界从6.36 mm缩小到1.06 mm。结论从摆位误差角度来看,基于Halcyon加速器百分百图像引导模式下的盆腔肿瘤治疗,根据纠正后和分次内的摆位误差计算CTV-PTV外放边界为1.1 mm。通过Halcyon加速器治疗盆腔肿瘤患者可降低摆位误差,提高患者靶区和危及器官的安全精度,缩小CTV-PTV边界外放值,减少正常组织的累及体积。

D-CBCT在肺癌容积旋转调强计划精准治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨椎形束CT(D-CBCT)在肺癌容积旋转调强(VMAT)计划精准治疗中的临床应用。方法选取2019年10月~2022年10月在南通市第三人民医院放射治疗科就诊的100例肺癌患者。根据CBCT扫描模式不同,分为4D组(n=57)和3D组(n=43)。比较两组患者放疗摆位误差、内靶区(ITV)体积、靶区剂量、心脏受照剂量和肿瘤控制效果。结果在校正前后和治疗后,两组各摆位误差绝对值无统计学差异(P>0.05);4D组患者中下叶肿瘤ITV体积低于3D组(P<0.05);4D组的最大剂量(D_(max))、最小剂量(D_(min))和平均剂量(D_(mean))靶区剂量均高于3D组(P<0.05);4D组的V10、V20、V30及平均受量(D_(mean))等心脏受照剂量均低于3D组(P<0.05);4D组和3D组患者的客观有效率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论可将D-CBCT应用于肺癌容积旋转调强计划精准治疗中,尤其采用4D-CBCT可更好提供靶区剂量,减少肺癌患者的中下叶肿瘤ITV体积和心脏受照剂量。

不同药剂组合防治二球悬铃木果毛污染的研究

以河南职业技术学院院内道路两旁的行道树二球悬铃木(Platanusacerifolia)为研究对象,在设计不同化学药剂组合配比的基础上,通过树冠喷洒和树干注射等方式研究对二球悬铃木球果的影响,从而为其球果果毛污染的防治提供帮助。结果表明,在药剂基本试验浓度均为100 mg/L条件下,树冠喷洒和树干注射施药方式均可起到防治效果,其中树冠喷洒和化学试剂组合乙烯利︰赤霉素︰乙硫氨酸=1︰3︰1措施对二球悬铃木球果有显著的抑制球果生长和促进球果脱落的作用,起到了良好的防治效果,可在生产上推广应用。

两级升运链锥轴自卸式残膜捡拾机设计及试验

废膜残留于土壤会直接影响种子的出苗率和养分的吸收利用,同时会造成极大的白色污染。农田残膜的捡拾回收问题一直是困扰农技和农机人员的“顽疾”,传统滚筒式、鼠笼式、钉耙式等残膜捡拾回收机捡拾效果不理想、捡拾效率较低。为解决黄土高原全膜双垄沟播种模式下传统捡拾方法残膜拾净率低的问题,设计一种两级升运链锥轴自卸式残膜捡拾机。使用设计的起膜铲实现板结覆土下残膜的完整收集,设计两级升运链机构实现土块的筛分清理,通过自卸机构实现膜杂箱的快速释放,有效降低人工作业强度。结果表明,该残膜捡拾机具有优异的作业性能,更适用于黄土高原的全膜双垄沟的播种模式。两级升运链锥轴自卸式残膜捡拾机在各种播种模式下的残膜拾净率均稳定在95%左右。

基于组合圆锥构型的水下声学定位系统布站优化

在水下目标定位中,布站构型的共面约束会导致目标单点定位的几何精度因子(GDOP)理论最小值不能达到。为改善水下布站的观测矩阵,将单圆锥扩展为组合圆锥构型布站模式。然而,传统的优化算法易陷入局部最优且存在收敛效率低等问题。针对以上问题,提出了一种改进的自适应粒子群算法。首先提出了一种有共面约束的水下声学定位系统组合圆锥构型,并证明了所提出的组合圆锥构型具有可叠加性、可旋转性以及GDOP旋转不变性;其次,针对布站优化指标单一的问题,构建了一种基于水下目标全局GDOP的布站优化准则;在此基础上提出了一种基于自适应粒子群的优化算法,并应用于组合圆锥构型下的水下声学定位系统布站优化。所提出的自适应粒子群算法能增强布站的全局最优性,提高算法收敛效率和水下目标的定位精度。

上颌窦底黏膜增厚与牙槽骨高度及上颌窦解剖结构的关联性

目的通过观测上颌后牙缺失患者的锥形束CT,研究上颌窦底黏膜增厚与缺牙区部分解剖结构的关系,为上颌窦底黏膜增厚患者的上颌窦提升术与缺失牙种植治疗提供临床参考。方法收集2013年1月—2022年5月于天津医科大学附属口腔医院牙周科与广州医科大学附属口腔医院牙周科拍摄锥形束CT的患者资料,筛选出上颌单侧单颗后牙缺失的患者103例,通过CBCT三维重建,并以上颌窦底黏膜是否增厚(>2 mm)作为分组标准,测量牙槽骨高度、宽度、上颌窦外侧壁血管至窦底距离、上颌窦外侧壁厚度,以同一患者自身两侧指标的差值为统计值,分析上颌窦底黏膜增厚是否对缺牙区部分解剖结构存在影响。结果最终纳入上颌窦底黏膜增厚组56例,非上颌窦底黏膜增厚组47例。对其指标进行统计,其中两组患者的牙槽骨高度差值存在差异,上颌窦底黏膜增厚组大于非上颌窦底黏膜增厚组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0246)。两组间的牙槽骨宽度、上颌窦外侧壁厚度、上颌窦外侧壁血管至窦底距离的差值,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论持续存在的上颌窦底黏膜增厚可能与缺牙后牙槽骨高度的变化存在关联。

大规格薄壁镁合金无缝管二辊斜轧穿孔的数值模拟

目前,采用三辊斜轧穿孔的大规格薄壁镁合金管容易出现尾三角。因此,本文提出采用二辊锥辊穿制坯料直径为110 mm的大规格AZ31镁合金薄壁无缝管的方法。分析了二辊和三辊斜轧穿孔的原理,根据镁合金材料的特点,制定了相应的变形工艺参数,并采用Deform-3D有限元软件对整个过程进行了数值模拟。分析了等效应变、轧制速度、等效应力等结果。模拟结果表明,管形均匀,尾部截面圆整。