A jamming method against bistatic SAR based on modulation theory

This paper focuses on the jamming problem of bistatic synthetic aperture radar (BiSAR), and a jamming method against BiSAR based on modulation theory is proposed. The proposed jamming method modulates the BiSAR signal with the cosinusoidal phase to generate multi-false targets in range, and further rotates the jammer to generate multi-false targets in azimuth. The range multi-false targets and azimuth multi-false targets form the two-dimensional cover jamming or deception jamming, which can protect the important targets efficiently. The number of false targets, the interval of false targets, and the jamming square can be adjusted flexibly by setting different range jamming parameters and azimuth jamming parameters. The jamming performance and the choosing criteria of jamming parameters are also discussed. Finally, the simulated data verify the effectiveness of the jamming method.

RESEARCH ON THE BISTATIC FORWARD-LOOKING SAR IMAGING

The bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems with separate transmitter and receiver antennas provide a new potential to imaging in the forward-looking geometry. Analysis of the Doppler property in this paper indicates the feasibility of Bistatic Forward-Looking (BFL) SAR imaging. Considering the different Doppler property determined by the two platforms in BFL SAR, a new 2-D point target spectrum is derived in our study. Based on the spectrum, an imaging method is chosen for the configuration, and the point target simulation validates the analysis.

Nonlinear RCMC method for spaceborne/airborne forward-looking bistatic SAR

In the spaceborne/airborne forward-looking bistatic syn- thetic aperture radar （SA-FBSAR）, due to the system platforms＇ remarkable velocity difference and the forward-looking mode, the range cell migration （RCM） not only depends on the target＇s two- dimensional location, but also varies with the range location non- linearly. And the nonlinearity is not just the slight deviation from the linear part, but exhibits evident nonlinear departure in the RCM trajectory. If the RCM is not properly corrected, nonlinear image distortions would occur. Based on the RCM model, a modified two-step RCM compensation （RCMC） method for SA-FBSAR is proposed. In this method, firstly the azimuth-dependent RCM is compensated by the scaling Fourier transform and the phase multi- plication. And then the range-dependent RCM is removed through interpolation. The effectiveness of the proposed RCMC method is verified by the simulation results of both point scatterers and area targets.

Phase synchronization processing method for alternating bistatic mode in distributed SAR

In the distributed synthetic aperture radar （SAR）, the alternating bistatic mode can perform phase reference without a synchronization link between two satellites compared with the pulsed alternate synchronization method. The key of the phase synchronization processing is to extract the oscillator phase differences from the bistatic echoes. A signal model of phase synchronization in the alternating bistatic mode is presented. The phase synchronization processing method is then studied. To reduce the phase errors introduced by SAR imaging, a sub-aperture processing method is proposed. To generalize the sub-aperture processing method, an echo-domain processing method using correlation of bistatic echoes is proposed. Finally, the residual phase errors of the both proposed processing methods are analyzed. Simulation experiments validate the proposed phase synchronization processing method and its phase error analysis results.

Property analysis of bistatic forward-looking SAR with arbitrary geometry

Bistatic forward-looking synthetic aperture radar（SAR） has many advantages and applications owing to its twodimensional imaging capability.There could be various imaging configurations because of the geometric flexibility of bistatic platforms,resulting in kinds of models built independently among which there could be some similar even the same motion features.Comprehensive research on such systems in a more comprehensive and general point of view is required to address their difference and consistency.Property analysis of bistatic forwardlooking SAR with arbitrary geometry is achieved including stripmap and spotlight modes on airborne platform,missile-borne platform,and hybrid platform of both.Emphasis is placed on azimuth space variance of some key parameters significantly affecting the subsequent imaging processing,based on which the frequency spectra are further described and compared considering respective features of different platforms for frequency imaging algorithm developing.Simulation results confirm the effectiveness and correctness of our analysis.

Resolution analysis of GEO spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR based on sliding spotlight mode

For a synthetic aperture radar（SAR） system mounted on a geostationary Earth orbit（GEO） satellite, the track can be curvilinear. Thus, a bistatic SAR system based up on geostationary transmitter and ＂receive-only＂ SAR system onboard airplanes, namely GEO spaceborne-airborne bistatic（GEO SA-Bi SAR）, is significantly different from the traditional bistatic SAR. This paper mainly studies the resolution characteristic of the sliding spotlight GEO SA-Bi SAR system. Firstly, the common azimuth coverage and coherent accumulated time are theoretically analyzed in detail. Then,based on the gradient method, the accurate two dimensional resolution of a GEO SA-Bi SAR system is analytically calculated. Finally, the simulation data show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed resolution analysis method.

Analysis of Resolution of Bistatic SAR

In this paper, the spatial resolutions at different directions of bistatic synthetic aperture radar （BiSAR） have been derived from the ambiguity function. Compared with monostatic signal to noise ratio, BiSAR＇s resolutions of a fixed point target are varying with slow time since BiSAR system is space-variant. Constraints for the assumption of space-invariant bistatic topology are proposed in the paper. Moreover, under the assumption of invariance, the change of resolutions at different point in the image scene is taken into account, and we have specified two key parameters that affect resolutions directly and analyzed the way how they influence on the resolutions.

Effect of beam-pointing errors on bistatic SAR imaging

The purpose is to conduct a research in the energy variation of echo wave and the imaging effect caused by the aero bistatic SAR pointing errors. Based on the moving geometry configuration of aero bistatic SAR, a model of beam pointing errors is built. Based on this, the azimuth Doppler frequency center estimation caused by these errors and the limitation to the beam pointing synchronization error are studied, and then the imaging result of different errors are analyzed. The computer＇s simulations are provided to prove the validity of the above analysis.

New analytical imaging algorithm for general case airborne bistatic SAR

This paper focuses on the general case （GC） airborne bistatic synthetic aperture radar （SAR） data processing, and a new analytical imaging algorithm based on the extended Loffeld＇s bistatic formula （ELBF） is proposed. According to the bistatic SAR geometry, the track decoupling formulas that convert the bistatic geometry to the receiver-referenced geometry in a concise way are derived firstly. Then phase terms of ELBF are decomposed into two independent phase terms as the range phase term and the azimuth phase term in a new way. To get the focusing result, the bistatic deformation （BD） term is compensated in the two-dimensional （2- D） frequency domain, and the space-variances of the range phase term and the azimuth phase term are eliminated by chirp scaling （CS） and chirp z-transform （CZT）, respectively. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the simulation results.

基于导航信号的BiSAR成像技术

该文研究了导航卫星照射的BiSAR系统的成像处理技术,针对导航信号BiSAR成像所存在的特殊问题,利用直达波信号提取距离徙动参数并在方位时域实现了距离徙动的校正,通过多普勒补偿的方法解决了导航信号对多普勒敏感的问题,利用对直达波信号的相位历程进行高阶多项式拟合实现了对多普勒相位历程的精确近似,方位向通过去斜处理实现方位向聚焦。仿真数据和实测数据的成像处理结果验证了该算法的正确性。

星载-机载混合BiSAR运动误差的分析

SAR平台的非理想移动和转动包括速度误差和姿态误差,这些误差会造成图像的散焦和分辨率的降低,给图像分类和识别带来一定的困难,从而,影响SAR图像的使用价值和应用范围。针对由混合运动平台构成的B iSAR的非理想移动和转动,建立可以同时描述速度误差与姿态误差的几何模型以及距离方程,并对距离方程进行Taylor多项式的二阶展开,总的运动误差可分解为卫星和飞机的姿态误差、飞机的轴向运动误差以及飞机的姿态误差和轴向运动误差的耦合项。仿真分析表明,卫星和飞机在小干扰情况下,SA-B iSAR运动误差主要是由卫星的姿态误差和飞机的轴向运动误差构成的,而飞机的姿态误差和轴向运动误差的耦合项是可以忽略的。

一种适用于机载/固定站构型BiSAR成像的改进相位梯度自聚焦方法

在机载/固定站构型双站合成孔径雷达(Airborne/Stationary Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar,A/S-BiSAR)成像中,回波信号方位不变性的假设不再成立;完成距离徙动校正和距离压缩之后,同一距离单元处信号的多普勒调频率具有沿方位向变化的特性。该信号特性导致了传统的相位梯度自聚焦(Phase Gradient Autofocus,PGA)方法对相位误差的估计精度显著下降。针对该问题,该文提出了一种改进PGA方法。与传统PGA方法相比,该方法通过增加对样本信号的剩余二次相位补偿,有效减小了变化的多普勒调频率对相位误差估计的影响,从而提高了对相位误差的提取精度;此外,该方法考虑了对距离空变相位误差的估计和补偿,使之适用于宽测绘带条件下的A/S-BiSAR成像。实测数据的处理和分析验证了该文方法的有效性。

跟随模式BiSAR动目标成像

机载双站合成孔径雷达(BiSAR)对地面运动目标的检测与成像是雷达成像技术中一个重要研究内容.当地面目标运动时,目标回波信号方位向多普勒频率发生变化,带来图像位置偏移和散焦等问题.文中给出了跟随模式的BiSAR几何结构,在此基础上建立了地面成像区域目标的运动模型,进而研究了目标的不同运动分量对BiSAR成像的影响和BiSAR对动目标的检测和成像技术,并给出了计算机仿真结果.

轨道运动对BiSAR海浪成像的影响

速度聚束调制是研究BiSAR海浪成像机理的一个重要方面,而海浪的轨道运动是速度聚束调制产生的根源。在平飞非等速情况下,本文以单色波为例,建立了含有轨道速度和加速度扰动的海面回波模型,推导了BiSAR海浪图像强度的表达式。当收发平台取适当的参数时,数值计算表明BiSAR是可以对一定条件下的海浪成像,并比较了单站SAR和双站SAR海浪图像的异同点。

星载-机载混合BiSAR方位向空变特性的分析

在非等速条件下,双基地SAR(BiSAR)在方位向具有空变的特点。首先,建立星载-机载混合BiSAR的几何模型。利用卫星、飞机和目标之间的运动关系,在时域上推导出方位向空变量的数学表达式。然后,运用Taylor多项式展开的分析方法,总的方位向空变量可以分解为4个空变分量之和。此外,还详细分析了各阶空变分量对点目标冲激响应函数的影响。仿真结果表明,零阶空变分量和一阶空变分量必须加以校正和补偿,才能得到与参考目标相同的成像效果;而二阶空变分量和三阶空变分量对距离压缩后信号的包络和相位的影响是可以忽略的。

基于北斗导航卫星的BiSAR大场景成像

基于导航卫星的双基地合成孔径雷达系统具有低成本和易于部署等突出优势,近年来发展迅速,但受限于导航信号发射功率低,目标场景区的回波信号能量很弱,之前的实验结果中成像场景面积均较小。本文提出了一种基于多星多角度的GNSS-BiSAR大场景区域成像方法:采集多颗导航卫星在不同场景方向的回波进行成像处理,通过图像拼接获得高质量的大场景区域成像结果;开展了多星多角度GNSS-BiSAR成像实验,获得了较好的成像结果,并给出了图像解译,验证了GNSS-BiSAR系统用于遥感成像的发展潜力。

双基地SAR动目标图像相位误差分析和二维稀疏重聚焦处理

双基地合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)系统中,数据采集空间几何关系复杂,动目标回波距离徙动严重,重建图像中往往存在几何失真和散焦现象,需要进一步补偿运动相位误差。为此,分析并推导了双基地动目标极坐标格式图像的二维相位误差谱。根据相位误差模型建立字典,约束动目标回波谱在字典上的投影系数,进而实现杂波和动目标能量的分离和重聚焦成像。点目标仿真验证了算法的有效性。

Azimuth space-variant properties of BiSAR with nonequal velocities

Bistatic SAR possesses characteristic of the azimuth space-variant when the velocities of transmitter and receiver are not equal. The geometric model of BiSAR with the parallel trajectories and the nonequal platform velocities is presented. Analyzing the motion relationship of transmitter and receiver, the formula of azimuth spacevariant is derived in time domain. Via Taylor polynomial expansions, the azimuth space-variant is factorized by four terms： zero-order, first-order, second-order, and third-order term. And, their impacts on impulse response are illuminated. Some characteristics about azimuth space-variant of airborne BiSAR case are exhibited by simulation experiments, and these simulated results are coincident with the formulae of azimuth space-variant.

基于“北斗”差分的双基SAR高精度时频同步方法

为了满足分布式平台协同探测和双基地合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)目标成像对时频同步的高精度应用需求,提出了一种基于“北斗”导航卫星观测单差的时频同步方法。该方法基于伪距单差计算得到平台间的相对钟差,并通过载波相位观测单差的前后历元差消除单差整周模糊度,计算得到相对频率误差。静态实测和动态模拟测试结果表明,该方法可以实现固定时间同步误差优于5 ns,线性时间同步误差优于2×10^(-3)ns/s,二次时间同步误差优于10^(-6)ns/s^(2),固定频率同步误差优于0.01 Hz,线性频率同步误差优于10^(-5)Hz/s的精度,满足实际工程应用的要求。在该时频同步方法的基础上,开展了双基SAR目标成像质量仿真分析,验证了算法的可用性,可以保证分布式协同系统的动态、实时和高精度时频同步应用。

Application of Modified SPECAN Algorithm in Parasitical BiSAR

Global navigation satellite system（GNSS） can be employed as a transmitter to composite bistatic synthetic aperture radar（BiSAR）.As GNSS signal is quite different from the traditional radar signal,modified spectral analysis（SPECAN） algorithm is proposed and applied in the BiSAR system.The modifications include Doppler centroid compensation,range curve correction and azimuth processing method.The modified SPECAN algorithm solves the imaging problem under the condition of huge range migration,long synthetic aperture time and phase-coded signal.The proposed algorithm is verified by experiment results.