Effect of Crossbreed on the Muscle Quality(Chemical Composition) in Yun-Ling Black Goats

Twenty castrated male goats, each of Yun-Ling Black goats （YLB goat）, N × YLB hybrid goats （Nubian ♂ ×Yun-Ling Black goats 9） and B × YLB hybrid goats （Boer ♂× Yun-Ling Black goats ♀）, were used to evaluate the effect of crossbreeding on the meat chemical composition in the YLB goats of China. After weaning of 90 days, all the experimental goats were reared on natural pasture when they were slaughtered at an age of 730 days. The longissimus dorsi （LD） and biceps femoris （BF） muscles were sampled from each carcass to determine chemical compositions. Both hybrid goats had higher protein content （P 〈 0.01） and lower fat content （P 〈 0.05） than the YLB goats in the two types of muscle. The inosinic acid contents of LD muscle for the YLB goats and the B × YLB hybrid goats were significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） than that for the N × YLB hybrid goats. The LD muscle from the YLB goats contained higher essential amino acid （P 〈 0.01）, total amino acid （P 〈 0.01）, and some individual amino acid （P 〈 0.05） than those from the hybrid goats. The concentration of unsaturated fatty acid （USFA） of LD muscle from the N × YLB hybrid goats was significantly higher than the other two goat breeds （P〈0.05） but did not differ between the other two goat breeds （P〉0.05）. The YLB goats had significantly higher （P〈0.05） concentrations of oleic acid （C18：1） and linolenic acid （C18：3） of LD muscle than the hybrid goats, had significantly higher （P 〈 0.05） proportion of mono-unsaturated （Sum for C 16：1 and C 18：1） than the B ×YLB hybrid goats, and tended to be higher than the N × YLB hybrid goats （P 〉 0.05）. In contrast, the proportion of poly-unsaturated in the YLB goats was significantly lower （P 〈 0.05） than that in the hybrid goats.

Cloning and Transcriptional Activity of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Promoter in the Jintang Black Goat

[ Objective] To clone follicle-stimulating hormone receptor （FSHR） promoter in the Jintang black goat, study its transcriptional activity, and provide a basis for alternative splicing of FSHR gene. [Method] The total DNA were extracted from the womb of Jintang black goat, and one pair of primers were designed for amplification of FSHR promoter fragments, then the sequences and homology were analyzed. The FSHR promoter fragment was inserted into the pcFSHRB1 expression vector to substitute the CMV promoter and construct the pcFSHRB2 expression vector. The pcFSHRB1 and pcFSHRB2 expression vectors were transformed into HEK293 cells, respectively. Then these cells were collected after 24 and 48 h treatment with 2 mlU/ml follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）, and the cAMP levels were detected. [Result] The FSHR promoter sequence of Jin- tang black goat had 34.2% homology to that of chicken and 41.6% to that of rat, respectively. The transcription initial site of FSHR was at -576 bp and its upstream sequences contained two TATA-boxes, four CAAT-boxes, one E-box and one Wl-box. After treating for 24 and 48 h, the cAMP levels of pcFSHRB2 were respectively 299.581 3 and 125.528 1 pmol/L; and that of pcFSHRB1 were respectively 120.057 1 and 109.940 7 pmoVL. [Conclusion] The FSHR promoter of Jintang black goat is a typical type 2 eukaryotic promoter, and it is also a strong promoter.

Research Progress of Gene Polymorphism of Guizhou Black Goat

Guizhou black goat is the second-largest breed of goat in Guizhou, an important part of ecosystem of karst region. Constructing cladogTam of black goat and Guizhou local goat with molecular biological technique, we found some functional genes related to reproduction and growth of black goat, such as FSHR, LHβ, GDF9, MSTN, POU1F1, GFI1B, etc. In view of the genetic relations between Guizhou black goat and other local goats, we reviewed the research status and progress of gene polymorphism of FSHR, LHβ,GDF9, MSTN, POU1F1, GFI1B, and prospected the research field of molecular properties of the breed resource.

Physicochemical Properties and Eating Quality of Lamp Meat of Dazu Black Goats

The routine nutrients, mineral content, amino acid content and fatty acid content as well as the physicochemical properties and the heavy metal and pesticide residues of Iongissimus dorsi muscles in confined Dazu black goats at the age of 6 months were determined. The results showed that the lamb meat of Dazu black goats was dch in nutrients, fresh, tender, palatable and fine in texture as well as non-hazardous in quality. Thus, the meat of Dazu black goat is a kind of healthy and nutritious food with rich nutrients, and it has better prospects of exploitation and utilization in the food industry.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Guizhou Black Goat Using Microsatellite DNA Markers

In this study, the genetic diversity of Guizhou black goat was analyzed by using eight microsatellite DNA markers, including MAF33, OarFCB48, OarF- CB3IM, BM1258, MAF70, OarFCB11, RM088 and AEIO1. According to the results, a total of 43 alleles were found at eight microsatellite loci in Guizhou black goat population. The average heterozygosity was 0. 679 2 in Guizhou black goat population. Microsatellite locus MAF70 had the highest hetemzygosity （0.780 7 ）, and locus AE101 exhibited the lowest heterozygosity （0.545 5 ）. The average polymorphism information content （PIC） was 0. 626 7 in Guizhou black goat popula- tion, which was higher than O. 5, indicating high levels of polymorphism.

Investigation on the Growth and Development of Muscle Fibers in Black Goat Lambs

[Objectives]This study was conducted to analyze and study the growth and development of muscle fibers at different stages,so as to provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research on developmental biology and nutritional regulation.[Methods]The body weights of black goat lambs in groups at different month age(0-6 months old)were recorded,and the diameter,area and number of muscle fibers were measured by tissue section and hematoxylin-eosin staining.The curves of body weight and muscle fiber growth and development of black goat lambs were drawn.[Results]The black goat lambs maintained a high absolute growth intensity of 2.95-4.35 kg/30 d throughout the rearing cycle,and the body weight continued to increase significantly,while the relative growth coefficient decreased from 93.05%at the age of 30 d to 13.83%at the age of 180 d.The diameter and area of muscle fibers in black goat lambs showed obvious"three-stage"growth and development characteristics,and showed different trends of gender advantages in different stages.[Conclusions]This study will help to further optimize the key supporting technologies for production and promote the diversified and comprehensive development of the mutton sheep industry in Sichuan Province.

Thinking on Breeding of Fecundity Genes in Guizhou Black Goats Through Cost-benefit Analysis of Mutton Sheep by SAS Multivariate Stepwise Regression

The total output value of mutton in Northwestern China has accounted for more than 60%of the total output value of animal husbandry over the years.It can be seen that the mutton industry in Northwest China not only plays a pivotal role in animal husbandry,but also plays an important role in Chinese agriculture.In this study,based on cost accounting theory,income-related theories and total factor productivity theory,using basic knowledge of statistics and economics,drawing on existing research results at home and abroad,and adopting a combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of SAS multiple stepwise regression,the changing trends of cost-benefit of mutton sheep breeding in Northwest agricultural and pastoral areas and influencing factors of production costs and production efficiency were investigated,aiming to provide reference for saving mutton sheep feeding material resources,reducing mutton sheep breeding costs,and improving mutton sheep breeding benefits.

Slaughtering Performance and Meat Quality of Hainan Black Goat and Its Hybrid Offsprings with Nubian Black Goat

In order to compare the slaughter performance and meat quality of Hainan black goats and hybrid offsprings of Nubian Black Goat and Hainan Black Goat, six 7-month-old Hainan black goats and six hybrid offsprings were selected to determine slaughter performance and muscle quality. The results showed that hybridization of Nubian black goat and Hainan black goat significantly improved the production performance and slaughter performance of hybrid offsprings (P>0.05). The meat quality of F1 hybrid black goat had no significant difference with that of Hainan black goat except for the hardness and elasticity (P<0.05). Therefore, the crossbred progenies of Nubian black goat and Hainan black goat have advantages in meat yield and meat performance, and the main meat quality indexes are not significantly different, which meets the market requirements for high-yield and high-quality hybrid combinations, and can be used for cross promotion.

Effect of Pelleted Total Mixed Ration on Production Performance and Serum Biochemical Index of Growing Hainan Black Goats

[Objective] The paper was to investigate effects of pelleted total mixed ration on production performance and serum biochemical index of growing Hainan black goats.[Method] Twenty-four growing Hainan black goats with the same genetic backgrounds and similar initial weight of(10.05±0.049) kg were randomly assigned into two treatments, and supplied with Juncao + concentrate(control group), pelleted total mixed ration(experimental group), respectively. The trial lasted 50 d.[Result] The final weight, daily gain and feed intake of experimental group were significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.05), but the feed/gain ratio of experimental group was markedly lower than that of control group(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the gross profit of experimental group significantly increased( P <0.05).[Conclusion] Pelleted total mixed ration led to better production performance of growing Hainan black goat.

Effect of Pelleted Total Mixed Ration of Different Particle Sizes on Production Performance and Serum Biochemical Index of Fattening Hainan Black Goats

[Objective] The paper to investigate the effects of pelleted total mixed ration of different particle size on production performance and serum biochemical index of fattening Hainan black goats.[Method] Thirty-six fattening Hainan black goats with the same genetic backgrounds and similar initial weight of(19.02±0.22) kg were randomly divided into three treatments. Goats were fed with Juncao+concentrate(control group), pel-leted total mixed ration I(particle size 6 mm, experimental group I) and II(particle size 5 mm, experimental group II), respectively. The trial lasted 45 d.[Result](1) The final weight and daily gain of experimental group II were significantly higher than those of control group( P<0.05), and the daily gain of experimental group II was also higher than that of experimental group I(P<0.05);the feed intake of experimental group II was markedly higher than that of control group(P<0.05), but was significantly lower than that of experimental group I(P<0.05). The feed/gain ratio of experimental group II was significantly lower than those of control group and experimental group I(P<0.05).(2) The feed gain cost of experimental group II was markedly lower than that of control group(P<0.05), but the gross profit was significantly higher than those of control group and experimental group I(P<0.05).(3) Compared with the control group, the serum total protein content of experimental group II increased markedly( P<0.05) while the urea nitrogen level decreased(P>0.05).[Conclusion] The pelleted total mixed ration with the particle size of 5 mm obtained better fattening ef-fect, and obviously improved the serum total protein level.

Meat Quality Characteristics of Hainan Black Goat and Its Hybrid with Nubian Black Goat

[Objective] The paper was to understand the meat quality characteristics of Hainan black goat and its hybrid with Nubian black goat. [Method]Four 6-month-old Hainan black goats and Hainan black goat × Nubian black goat F1 were slaughtered respectively,and the contents of crude protein,total fat,moisture,amino acids,mineral elements( Se,Zn and Mn) and fatty acid were determined. [Result]There was no significant difference in total fat,crude fat and moisture content in muscle of Hainan black goat × Nubian black goat F1 and Hainan black goat( P > 0. 05). The Fe content in the muscle of Hainan black goat × Nubian black goat F1 was significantly higher than that in Hainan black goat( P < 0. 05). There was no significant difference in EAA,NEAA,TAA and FAA between Hainan black goat × Nubian black goat F1 and Hainan black goat( P > 0. 05). The C17∶ 0 methyl heptadecanoate content in the muscle of Hainan black goat × Nubian black goat F1 was extremely lower than that in Hainan black goat( P < 0. 01),but the saturated fatty acid content and total unsaturated fatty acid content in the muscle of Hainan black goat × Nubian black goat F1 was lower than that in Hainan black goat( P > 0. 05). [Conclusion]The meat quality characteristics of Hainan black goat × Nubian black goat F1 had little difference with its female parent,and the goal of breeding had been basically achieved.

Effect of Pelleted Total Mixed Ration with Different Concentrate-roughage Ratios on Production Performance and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Fattening Hainan Black Goats

[Objective] This paper was to study effects of pelleted total mixed ration with different concentrate-roughage ratios on production performance and serum biochemical parameters of fattening Hainan black goats.[Method] Thirty-six fattening Hainan black goats with the same genetic background and similar initial weight of(14.08±0.13) kg were randomly assigned into three treatments. Goats were fed with Juncao + concentrate(control group), pelleted total mixed ration I(concentrate: roughage 50 ∶50, group Ⅰ) and Ⅱ(concentrate: roughage 45∶55, group Ⅱ), respectively. The test lasted 45 d.[Result] The final weight, daily gain and feed intake of rams in experimental group Ⅰ were significantly higher than those of control group and experimental group Ⅱ(P<0.05);the final weight and daily gain of rams in experimental group Ⅰ were also markedly higher than those of experimental group Ⅱ(P<0.05);the feed/gain of rams in experimental group Ⅰ was significantly lower than those in control group and experimental group Ⅱ(P<0.05). The feed gain cost of rams in experimental group Ⅰ was markedly lower than that in experimental group Ⅱ( P<0.05), but was significantly higher than that in experimental group Ⅰ(P<0.05);the gross profit of rams in experimental group Ⅰ was significantly higher than those in control group and experimental group Ⅱ(P<0.05). Compared with control group and experimental group Ⅱ, the serum total protein and glucose lev-els in experimental group Ⅱ increased significantly(P<0.05), but the urea nitrogen content reduced(P>0.05).[Conclusion] When the concentrateroughage ratio of pelleted total mixed ration was 50∶50, the fattening effect of Hainan black goat was better, and the serum total protein and glucose levels were evidently improved.

基于GBS测序的湘东黑山羊的亲缘关系及近交系数

利用基因分型测序(GBS)对60只湘东黑山羊(9只公羊、51只母羊)进行基因组测序,获得湘东黑山羊染色体上的SNP数据和连续纯合子片段(ROH)数据。通过SNP数据进行基于G矩阵的基因组亲缘关系分析和NJ聚类分析,构建湘东黑山羊的群体家系结构,并通过ROH数据得到群体平均近交系数。结果表明,60只湘东黑山羊的平均测序深度为9.15X,与参考基因组比对率平均为99.59%;在SNP检测过程中,3只母羊不符合基因型数据质控标准,将其过滤后获得其他57只黑山羊29条染色体上153046个SNPs位点和1937个ROH片段;构建的湘东黑山羊8个家系,其中9只公羊和6只母羊被分为7个家系,另42只母羊被单独分类;基于ROH片段分析的湘东黑山羊群体中每个个体的近交系数均值为0.047,说明湘东黑山羊公羊在繁育过程中有较大的利用空间。

不同处理方法对海南黑山羊同期发情效果和繁殖性能的影响

为探讨不同处理方法对海南黑山羊同期发情效果和繁殖性能的影响。随机选取海南省某规模化养羊场的120头(35~50)kg海南黑山羊,分为2次注射氯前列烯醇(PG)法、孕酮阴道栓(CIDR)+孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)二联法、CIDR+PMSG+PG三联法3种不同的处理方法,诱导发情试验结束后,分别观察3组羊的发情情况和繁殖性能。结果显示,3组试验羊的同期发情率差异显著,且试验组C海南黑山羊同期发情率显著高于试验组A和试验组B(P<0.05);试验组A母羊发情时间主要集中在48~72 h,试验组B和试验组C母羊发情时间主要集中在24~48 h;试验组C母羊的受胎率和产羔率均显著高于试验组A和试验组B(P<0.05);待分娩后,3组试验母羊初生的羔羊平均初生重差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,应用CIDR+PMSG+PG三联法处理方法能够显著提高海南黑山羊同期发情效果和繁殖性能,为今后提高海南黑山羊同期发情效果和繁殖性能提供了参考依据。

20~35kg川中黑山羊公羊能量需要量研究

本试验旨在研究20~35 kg川中黑山羊公羊的能量需要量,为川中黑山羊的科学饲养提供营养需要参数。采用比较屠宰试验法,选择2.5月龄、体重(19.97±5.47)kg的健康断奶川中黑山羊去势公羔22只,试验开始时屠宰4只,其余18只羔羊分为3个饲喂水平组(每组6只羊):自由采食组(AL组)、75%自由采食组(AL75组)、60%自由采食组(AL60组)。试验羊单笼单饲,试验期96 d。在饲养试验结束前4 d开展消化代谢试验,收集全粪全尿。当AL组试验羊平均体重达到35 kg时结束饲养试验,每组选取接近该组平均体重的4只羊(共12只)进行屠宰,屠体冷冻保存待测。结果表明:1)20~35 kg生长川中黑山羊维持净能需要量(NE m)为178.24 kJ/(kg BW 0.75·d),维持代谢能需要量(ME m)为263.74 kJ/(kg BW 0.75·d),代谢能维持利用效率(k m)为0.68。2)日增重100~300 g/d的川中黑山羊的生长净能需要量(NE g)为0.99~3.71 MJ/d,生长代谢能需要量(ME g)为3.15~11.78 MJ/d,代谢能生长利用效率(kg)为0.31。本研究可为我国地方品种肉羊饲养标准的健全提供数据参考。

饲喂青贮黄梁木代替青贮玉米川中黑山羊肝转录组的表达分析

旨在分析饲喂青贮黄梁木替代50%青贮玉米的川中黑山羊肝转录组测序中差异表达的mRNA、lncRNA及其靶基因,挖掘饲喂青贮黄梁木影响川中黑山羊肝代谢的关键基因,从而探究青贮黄粱木的饲喂效果。试验共选取6只雄性健康川中黑山羊[5月龄,平均体重(21.07±4.05)kg]并随机分为两组,试验组为青贮黄梁木替代50%青贮玉米组,对照组为青贮玉米组。试验期间采用全混合日粮(TMR)进行饲喂。于试验期的最后1 d对山羊进行屠宰并取其肝,提取肝组织的RNA,构建文库后使用高通量测序技术进行转录组测序,以P<0.05为阈值筛选出差异mRNA和lncRNA,进行生物学功能富集分析并构建靶向关系网络。再从差异表达lncRNA和mRNA中各随机选择3个基因,采用RT-qPCR进行验证分析。结果表明,共发现差异表达的mRNA有1696个,其中943个上调,753个下调;差异表达lncRNA共有33个,其中22个上调,11个下调。结合差异表达lncRNA的靶基因与差异表达mRNA的交集基因的富集分析发现,NDUFA10、NDUFB11、NDUFS 5参与肝功能相关的信号通路,如多糖代谢过程、葡聚糖分解代谢过程、纤维素分解代谢等。结合lncRNA靶基因预测发现,GSTA3、GSTA 4基因参与肝功能相关的信号通路如药物代谢-细胞色素P450及细胞色素P450对异源物质的代谢等代谢通路。本研究发现,在饲喂青贮黄梁木川中黑山羊的肝组织中,NDUFA10、NDUFB11、NDUFS 5以及GSTA3、GSTA 4等可能从营养物质代谢和毒素代谢等方面影响肝功能。

湘东黑山羊与努比亚山羊杂交对后代肉品质的影响

为了提高地方品种湘东黑山羊生产的经济效益,该研究以12月龄努湘杂交F1代[努比亚山羊(父本)×湘东黑山羊(母本)]、12月龄湘东黑山羊为研究对象,所有羊只均在相同的水平下进行饲养管理,对12月龄羊只体重、背最长肌的食用品质、主要营养成分和氨基酸含量进行测定分析。结果表明,努湘杂交F1代的体重显著高于湘东黑山羊(P<0.05),公羊的体重显著高于母羊(P<0.05)。品种、性别及其交互作用均对pH45min值有显著影响(P<0.05)。品种、性别及其交互作用对L^(*)、a^(*)、b^(*)、眼肌面积、滴水损失均无显著影响(P>0.05)。品种和性别的交互作用对粗脂肪含量、粗蛋白质含量和干物质含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。努湘杂交F1代羊肉的粗脂肪含量显著高于湘东黑山羊(P<0.05)。其中,母羊羊肉的粗脂肪含量和干物质含量显著低于公羊(P<0.05)。努湘杂交F1代羊肉的异亮氨酸、亮氨酸含量显著高于湘东黑山羊(P<0.05)。公羊羊肉的精氨酸显著高于母羊(P<0.05)。缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和甘氨酸存在品种和性别的交互作用,且交互作用显著(P<0.05)。可见,努比亚山羊与湘东黑山羊的杂交效果明显,在显著提高杂交后代体重的同时,并未降低肉品质,是理想的杂交组合类型。

饲粮中添加不同水平维生素E对贵州黑山羊生长性能、免疫指标以及肉品质的影响

试验旨在探究饲粮中添加不同水平维生素E对贵州黑山羊生长性能、免疫性能和肉品质的影响。选取生长状况良好、平均体重为(21.66±1.64)kg的贵州黑山羊44只,采用完全随机设计分为4组,分别为对照组、试验1组、试验2组和试验3组,每组11只,对照组和试验1、2、3组维生素E添加量分别为0、50、250、500 mg/(d·只),预试期7 d,正试期120 d,每天测定各组黑山羊的采食量,每隔30 d测定各组黑山羊的体重。试验结束后计算各组黑山羊的平均日采食量(ADFI)和平均日增重(ADG);采集各组黑山羊血液,测定血清免疫指标;每组随机选取3只黑山羊进行屠宰,测定肉质性状以及肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验2组的ADG提高了16.23%,免疫因子含量也有提高,其中IgA和IgG显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验2组肌肉剪切力和滴水损失显著低于对照组(P<0.05),粗蛋白、多不饱和脂肪酸、油酸和亚油酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中维生素E添加量为250 mg/(d·只)时提升贵州黑山羊生长性能、免疫性能以及改善肉质指标的效果较好。

不同能量饲料对贵州黑山羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉质性状、氨基酸及脂肪酸含量的影响

试验旨在探究不同能量饲料对贵州黑山羊生长性能、屠宰性能、肉质性状及肌肉中氨基酸、脂肪酸含量的影响。选取生长状况基本一致体重为(21.12±1.25) kg的6月龄贵州黑山羊公羊45只,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复5只。玉米组、大麦组、小麦组分别饲喂以玉米、大麦和小麦为主要能量饲料配方的混合饲粮。预试期7 d,正式试验期90 d。结果表明:大麦组平均日增重达到180.56 g,显著高于其他两组(P<0.05),玉米组和大麦组屠宰率均显著高于小麦组(P<0.05),玉米组滴水损失、熟肉率以及干物质含量均最高,小麦组粗脂肪含量最高。各试验组羊肉中均检出16种氨基酸,包含7种必需氨基酸和9种非必需氨基酸,大麦组和小麦组非必需氨基酸含量显著高于玉米组(P<0.05)。各试验组羊肉中共检测出37种脂肪酸,其中检测出17种饱和脂肪酸,9种单不饱和脂肪酸,11种多不饱和脂肪酸。小麦组饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸的含量最高,大麦组多不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著高于玉米组和小麦组(P<0.05)。研究表明,大麦能够提升贵州黑山羊生长性能和屠宰性能,且肉品质相对较好,可作为主要能量饲料使用。

不同饲养模式对贵州黑山羊生产性能、屠宰性能及肌肉和脂肪组织中膻味脂肪酸含量的影响

为研究饲养模式对贵州黑山羊生产性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及膻味脂肪酸含量的影响,试验选取了生长状况良好的平均体重为(12.68±1.32)kg的3月龄贵州黑山羊公羔羊42只,使用完全随机区组试验设计(RCBD)的方式分成放牧组和舍饲组,每组3个重复,每个重复7只,按照放牧模式和舍饲模式开展饲养试验,预饲期7d,正试期120d。结果表明,放牧组贵州黑山羊体重、平均日增重、体长、体高、胸围均低于舍饲组;舍饲组的屠宰性能(宰前活重、胴体重、胴体净肉率、净肉重、屠宰率、净肉率)均高于放牧组;舍饲组的剪切力低于放牧组,熟肉率、滴水损失高于放牧组,pH值无显著差异;放牧组4-甲基辛酸(4-methyloctanoicacid,MOA)、4-乙基辛酸(4-ethyloctanoicacid,EOA)和4-甲基壬酸(4-methylnonanoicacid,MNA)的含量在肌肉和脂肪组织中总体上低于舍饲组,但在皮下脂肪中,MNA的含量高于舍饲组。上述研究结果表明,舍饲能明显提升贵州黑山羊的生产性能、屠宰性能,但放牧能在一定程度上降低膻味脂肪酸的含量。