We calculate the thermodynamic quantities in the quantum corrected Reissner-Nordstr?m-AdS(RN-AdS)black hole,and examine their quantum corrections.By analyzing the mass and heat capacity,we give the critical state and ...We calculate the thermodynamic quantities in the quantum corrected Reissner-Nordstr?m-AdS(RN-AdS)black hole,and examine their quantum corrections.By analyzing the mass and heat capacity,we give the critical state and the remnant state,respectively,and discuss their consistency.Then,we investigate the quantum tunneling from the event horizon of massless scalar particle by using the null geodesic method,and charged massive boson W^(±)and fermions by using the Hamilton-Jacob method.It is shown that the same Hawking temperature can be obtained from these tunneling processes of different particles and methods.Next,by using the generalized uncertainty principle(GUP),we study the quantum corrections to the tunneling and the temperature.Then the logarithmic correction to the black hole entropy is obtained.展开更多
We present a comprehensive analysis of the 2021 outburst of MAXI J1803–298 utilizing observations of the Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(Insight-HXMT)spanning from the low hard state to the high soft state.Wi...We present a comprehensive analysis of the 2021 outburst of MAXI J1803–298 utilizing observations of the Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(Insight-HXMT)spanning from the low hard state to the high soft state.Within the Insight-HXMT data set,compared to the previous work,we identify a more prolonged presence of typeC quasi-periodic oscillations(QPOs)with centroid frequencies ranging from~0.16 to 6.3 Hz,which present correlations with the hardness ratio and the photon index of the Comptonized component.For QPO frequencies less than~2 Hz,the QPO phase lags are hard(photons of 10–19 keV arrive later than those of 1–4 keV),while at higher frequencies,the lags become soft at and above~4 Hz.Furthermore,the spectra in all Insight-HXMT observations consist of a multi-color blackbody component and a Comptonized component,as commonly observed in classical black hole X-ray binaries.We analyze state transitions and the evolution of accretion geometry in this work.The fitted inner disk radius increases abnormally during the low hard state,hypothesized to result from the corona condensing onto the inner disk.Additionally,two significant drops in flux are observed during the soft intermediate state,maybe implying changes in the corona/jet and the disk,respectively.展开更多
We examine thermodynamic phase transition(PT)of the charged Gauss-Bonnet Ad S black hole(BH)by utilizing the shadow radius.In this system,we rescale the corresponding Gauss-Bonnet coefficientαby a factor of 1/(D-4),a...We examine thermodynamic phase transition(PT)of the charged Gauss-Bonnet Ad S black hole(BH)by utilizing the shadow radius.In this system,we rescale the corresponding Gauss-Bonnet coefficientαby a factor of 1/(D-4),and ensure thatαis positive to avoid any singularity problems.The equation derived for the shadow radius indicates that it increases as the event horizon radius increases,making it an independent variable for determining BH temperature.By investigating the PT curve in relation to shadows,we can observe that the shadow radius can be used as an alternative to the event horizon radius in explaining the phenomenon of BH PT.Furthermore,the results indicate that an increase in the parameterαcorresponds to a decrease in the temperature of the BH.By utilizing the relationship between the temperature and the shadow radius,it is possible to obtain the thermal profile of the Gauss-Bonnet AdS BH.It is evident that there is an N-type variation in temperature for pressures P<P_(c).Additionally,as the parameterαincreases,the region covered by shadow expands while the temperature decreases.The utilization of BH shadows as a probe holds immense significance in gaining a deeper understanding of BH thermodynamic behavior.展开更多
By considering the negative cosmological constant Λ as a thermodynamic pressure, we study the thermodynamics and phase transitions of the D-dimensional dyonic Ad S black holes(BHs) with quasitopological electromagnet...By considering the negative cosmological constant Λ as a thermodynamic pressure, we study the thermodynamics and phase transitions of the D-dimensional dyonic Ad S black holes(BHs) with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet(EGB) gravity. The results indicate that the small/large BH phase transition that is similar to the van der Waals(vdW) liquid/gas phase transition always exists for any spacetime dimensions. Interestingly, we then find that this BH system exhibits a more complex phase structure in 6-dimensional case that is missed in other dimensions.Specifically, it shows for D = 6 that we observed the small/intermediate/large BH phase transitions in a specific parameter region with the triple point naturally appeared. Moreover, when the magnetic charge turned off, we still observed the small/intermediate/large BH phase transitions and triple point only in 6-dimensional spacetime, which is consistent with the previous results. However, for the dyonic Ad S BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Born–Infeld(EBI) gravity, the novel phase structure composed of two separate coexistence curves observed by Li et al. [Phys. Rev. D105 104048(2022)] disappeared in EGB gravity. This implies that this novel phase structure is closely related to gravity theories, and seems to have nothing to do with the effect of quasitopological electromagnetism. In addition, it is also true that the critical exponents calculated near the critical points possess identical values as mean field theory. Finally, we conclude that these findings shall provide some deep insights into the intriguing thermodynamic properties of the dyonic Ad S BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism in EGB gravity.展开更多
The Newton’s theory of universal gravitation is generalized. Significantly strong at short distances central interaction of bodies and particles is established in comparison with Newtonian. A connection is found with...The Newton’s theory of universal gravitation is generalized. Significantly strong at short distances central interaction of bodies and particles is established in comparison with Newtonian. A connection is found with Black Holes, with the horizon of events. Possibility of systematization of all Black Holes is shown. An illustration is given on the example of Black Hole S<sub>gr</sub>A*.展开更多
The goal of this research is to explore the effects of black hole singularities. Methodology is to start with large objects like galaxies and continue to smaller objects within our solar neighbourhood. High-redshift o...The goal of this research is to explore the effects of black hole singularities. Methodology is to start with large objects like galaxies and continue to smaller objects within our solar neighbourhood. High-redshift observations from the James Webb Space Telescope reveal that distant galaxies and their central black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. An innovation about the speed of light explains how supermassive black holes could have formed primordially. Predictions of Hawking radiation include the possibility of black holes contributing to the energy of stars such as the Sun. Black holes have also been suggested as a source of radiation and magnetic fields in giant planets. Observations of Enceladus raise the possibility that this moon and other objects near Saturn’s Rings contain small singularities. Extrapolations of this methodology indicate that black holes could exist within solar system bodies including planets. Extended discussion describes how their presence could explain mysteries of internal heat, planetary magnetic fields, and processes of solar system formation.展开更多
A complementarity hypothesis concerning outsider and insider perspectives of a gargantuan black hole is proposed. The two thought experiments presented herein are followed by a brief discussion of a new interpretation...A complementarity hypothesis concerning outsider and insider perspectives of a gargantuan black hole is proposed. The two thought experiments presented herein are followed by a brief discussion of a new interpretation of black hole interior “space-and-time-reversal”. Specifically, it is proposed that the “singularity” space of the black hole interior is time-like and the expansion time of the black hole interior is space-like. The resemblance of this new insider interpretation to our own expanding and redshifting big bang universe is compelling.展开更多
The quantum Unruh effect on radiation of a gravitational object including a black hole is analyzed and calculated. It is surprisingly found that the well-known Hawking radiation of a black hole is not physical. Applyi...The quantum Unruh effect on radiation of a gravitational object including a black hole is analyzed and calculated. It is surprisingly found that the well-known Hawking radiation of a black hole is not physical. Applying the Stephan-Boltzmann law with the use of the Unruh radiation temperature at the surface of a black hole to calculate the power of radiation of the black hole is conceptually unphysical. This is because the Unruh radiation temperature results from the gravitational field of the object rather than from the thermal motion of matter of the object, so that the Stephan-Boltzmann law is not applicable. This paper shows that the emission power of Unruh radiation from a gravitational object should be calculated in terms of the rate of increase of the total Unruh radiation energy outside the object. The result obtained from this study indicates that a gravitational object can emit Unruh radiation when the variation of its mass and radius satisfies an inequality of dM/M > 1.25dR/R. For a black hole, the emission of Unruh radiation does not occur unless it can loose its mass (dM < 0). The emission power of Unruh radiation is only an extremely tiny part of the rate of mass-energy loss if the black hole is not extremely micro-sized. This study turns down our traditional understanding of the Hawking radiation and thermodynamics of black holes.展开更多
The black hole model of the Universe evolution, accompanied by matter creation, already successfully accounting for many features of the past is discussed and further justified. It is once more stressed that even a ve...The black hole model of the Universe evolution, accompanied by matter creation, already successfully accounting for many features of the past is discussed and further justified. It is once more stressed that even a very large object but with a big mass is in its own right a black hole. As a consequence, the extrapolation of the past predicts for the future no big crunch, nor big bounce but a steady expansion with smaller matter density.展开更多
Black-Scholes Model (B-SM) simulates the dynamics of financial market and contains instruments such as options and puts which are major indices requiring solution. B-SM is known to estimate the correct prices of Europ...Black-Scholes Model (B-SM) simulates the dynamics of financial market and contains instruments such as options and puts which are major indices requiring solution. B-SM is known to estimate the correct prices of European Stock options and establish the theoretical foundation for Option pricing. Therefore, this paper evaluates the Black-Schole model in simulating the European call in a cash flow in the dependent drift and focuses on obtaining analytic and then approximate solution for the model. The work also examines Fokker Planck Equation (FPE) and extracts the link between FPE and B-SM for non equilibrium systems. The B-SM is then solved via the Elzaki transform method (ETM). The computational procedures were obtained using MAPLE 18 with the solution provided in the form of convergent series.展开更多
Detached and wide-orbit black hole-star binaries(BHSBs)can generate three types of periodic photometric signals:Ellipsoidal Variation,Doppler beaming and Self-Lensing(SL),providing a proxy to discover these black hole...Detached and wide-orbit black hole-star binaries(BHSBs)can generate three types of periodic photometric signals:Ellipsoidal Variation,Doppler beaming and Self-Lensing(SL),providing a proxy to discover these black holes.We estimate the relative amplitude of the three signals for such systems and the detectability for black holes of a photometric telescope like Kepler in several steps.We estimate the searchable star number by assuming every star has a black hole companion,and apply the occurrence of BHSBs in field stars to estimate the detectable black hole signals.We consider three types of Initial Mass Function(IMF)model with different high end exponential slopes.“When spot and white noise are both considered,there is about one detectable signal for SL and less than one event is expected for beaming and Ellipsoidal Variation signal in Kepler Input Catalog stars with the standard IMF model.”to“Due to contamination by stellar spots and white noise,one may expect one detectable signal for SL and less than one detectable signal for both beaming and Ellipsoidal Variation in Kepler Input Catalog stars with the standard IMF model.”On the other hand,if we assume that only white noise affects the detection efficiency of the BHSBs,we expect about 10 Ellipsoidal Variation signals and 17 beaming signals to be detectable while the number of SL signals remains unchanged.展开更多
We conduct high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations using the MACER framework to investigate the interplay between the interstellar medium,active galactic nuclei(AGN)feedback and black hole(BH)feeding in a massive c...We conduct high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations using the MACER framework to investigate the interplay between the interstellar medium,active galactic nuclei(AGN)feedback and black hole(BH)feeding in a massive compact galaxy,with an emphasis on the impact of different central BH masses.We find that with a more massive central BH,high-speed outflows are more prominent,and the gas fraction in the compact galaxy is reduced.Due to the lower gas density and higher gas temperature,the compact galaxy with a more massive BH(MAS galaxy)remains predominantly single-phase with the cooling time t_(cool)■100t_(ff).In contrast,the compact galaxy with the reference BH mass(REF galaxy)maintains a higher gas fraction with a shorter cooling time,slightly more multiphase gas and less prominent outflows.We further demonstrate that the difference in gas thermal states and kinematics is caused by the stronger AGN feedback in the compact galaxy with a more massive BH,where the AGN wind power is twice as much as that with the reference BH.Since the AGN feedback efficiently suppresses the inflow rate and the BH feeding rate,the BH mass growth is significant in neither the compact galaxy with the reference BH nor that with the more massive BH,only by 24%and 11%of the initial BH mass,respectively,over the entire evolution time of 10 Gyr.We thus posit that without ex situ mass supply from mergers,the massive BHs in compact galaxies cannot grow significantly via gas accretion during the late phase,but might have already formed by the end of the rapid early phase of galaxy formation.展开更多
We creatively employ the shadow radius to study the thermodynamics of a charged Ad S black hole with a nonlinear electrodynamics(NLED)term.First,the connection between the shadow radius and event horizon is constructe...We creatively employ the shadow radius to study the thermodynamics of a charged Ad S black hole with a nonlinear electrodynamics(NLED)term.First,the connection between the shadow radius and event horizon is constructed with the aid of the geodesic analysis.It turns out that the black hole shadow radius shows a positive correlation as a function of the event horizon radius.Then in the shadow context,we find that the black hole temperature and heat capacity can be presented by the shadow radius.Further analysis shows that the shadow radius can work similarly to the event horizon in revealing black hole phase transition process.In this sense,we construct the thermal profile of the charged Ad S black hole with inclusion of the NLED effect.In the P<Pc case,it is found that the N-type trend of the temperature given by the shadow radius is always consistent with that obtained by using the event horizon.Thus,we can conclude for the charged Ad S black hole that the phase transition process can be intuitively presented as the thermal profile in the shadow context.Finally,the effects of NLED are carefully analyzed.展开更多
The observations of varying broad iron lines during the state transition of the black hole X-ray binaries have been accumulating.In this work,the relation between the normalized intensity and the width of iron lines i...The observations of varying broad iron lines during the state transition of the black hole X-ray binaries have been accumulating.In this work,the relation between the normalized intensity and the width of iron lines is investigated,in order to understand better the variation of iron lines and possibly its connection to state transition.Considering the uncertainties due to ionization and illuminating X-rays,only the effects of geometry and gravity are taken into account.Three scenarios were studied,i.e.,the continuous disk model,the innermost annulus model,and the cloud model.As shown by our calculations,at given iron width,the line flux of the cloud model is smaller than that of the continuous disk model;while for the innermost annulus model,the width is almost unrelated with the flux.The range of the line strength depends on both the BH spin and the inclination of the disk.We then apply to the observation of MAXI J1631-479 by Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array during its decay from the soft state to the intermediate state.We estimated the relative line strength and width according to the spectral fitting results in Xu et al.,and then compared with our theoretical width-flux relation.It was found that the cloud model was more favored.We further modeled the iron line profiles,and found that the cloud model can explain both the line profile and its variation with reasonable parameters.展开更多
The power law and reflection emission have been observed in the X-ray spectra of both black hole X-ray binaries(BHXRBs)and active galactic nuclei(AGNs),indicating a common physical origin of the X-ray emission from th...The power law and reflection emission have been observed in the X-ray spectra of both black hole X-ray binaries(BHXRBs)and active galactic nuclei(AGNs),indicating a common physical origin of the X-ray emission from these two types of sources.The relevant parameters describing the shape of both components and the potential correlation between these parameters can provide important clues on the geometric and physical properties of the disk and the corona in these sources.In this work,we present a positive correlation between the photon indexΓand the reflection strength R for the low-mass BHXRBs in the hard state by modeling NuSTAR data,which is qualitatively consistent with the previous studies.We compare our results with the predictions from different theoretical disk-corona models.We show that the RIT correlation found in this work seems to favor the moving corona model proposed by Beloborodov.Our results indicate that the coronal geometry varies significantly among BHXRBs.We further compare our results with that of AGNs.We find that the reflection strength R is smaller than unity in the hard state of BHXRBs,while it can be as large as~5 in AGNs,which implies that the variations of the disk-coronal geometry of AGNs are more vigorous than that of the BHXRBs in the hard state.展开更多
The Galactic black hole candidate MAXI J0637-430 was first discovered by MAXI/GSC on 2019 November 2.We study the spectral properties of MAXI J0637-430 by using the archived NuSTAR data and Swift/XRT data.After fittin...The Galactic black hole candidate MAXI J0637-430 was first discovered by MAXI/GSC on 2019 November 2.We study the spectral properties of MAXI J0637-430 by using the archived NuSTAR data and Swift/XRT data.After fitting the eight spectra by using a disk component and a powerlaw component model with absorption,we select the spectra with relatively strong reflection components for detailed X-ray reflection spectroscopy.Using the most state-of-art reflection model,relxillCp,the spectral fitting measures a black hole spin a_(*)>0.72 and the inclination angle of the accretion disk i=46.1_(-5.3)^(+4.0)degrees,at a 90%confidence level.In addition,the fitting results show an extreme supersolar iron abundance.Combined with the fitting results of reflection model reflionx_hd,we consider that this unphysical iron abundance may be caused by a very high-density accretion disk(n_(e)>2.34×10^(21)cm^(-3))or a strong Fe K_(α) emission line.The soft excess is found in the soft state spectral fitting results,which may be an extra free-free heating effect caused by high density of the accretion disk.Finally,we discuss the robustness of black hole spin obtained by X-ray reflection spectroscopy.The result of relatively high spin is self-consistent with broadened Fe K_(α) line.Iron abundance and disk density have no effect on the spin results.展开更多
In the study of weak cosmic censorship conjectures(WCCC),some research finds that the Reissner-Nordström black hole might be destroyed by a test particle with particular mass and charge under some conditions,whic...In the study of weak cosmic censorship conjectures(WCCC),some research finds that the Reissner-Nordström black hole might be destroyed by a test particle with particular mass and charge under some conditions,which means that the naked singularity of the black hole could be observed.This is not allowed in WCCC.We have never observed such naked singularities which should not exist in theory,so we need to find a proper way to protect the black hole from being destroyed by such particles.In this paper,we study a Reissner-Nordström black hole that is surrounded by quintessence(RN-Q)and find that the black hole would be stable and safe because of the effective potential barrier induced by the quintessence term.This result may also show in a sense that the quintessence might have more potential value.展开更多
In this work,we present the probabilities of mergers of binary black holes(BBHs)and binary neutron stars(BNSs)as functions of stellar mass,metallicity,specific star formation rate(sSFR),and age for galaxies with redsh...In this work,we present the probabilities of mergers of binary black holes(BBHs)and binary neutron stars(BNSs)as functions of stellar mass,metallicity,specific star formation rate(sSFR),and age for galaxies with redshift z≤0.1.Using the binary-star evolution(BSE)code and some fitting formulae,we construct a phenomenological model of cosmic gravitational wave(GW)merger events.By using the Bayesian analysis method and the observations from Advanced LIGO and Virgo,we obtain the relevant parameters of the phenomenological model(such as the maximum black hole mass is 93_(-22)^(+73)M_(⊙)).Combining the above model results with the galaxy catalog given by the EMERGE empirical galaxy model,we find the normalized probability of occurrence of a merger event varying with log10 sSFR yr(-1)for galaxies with z≤0.1 is different from that in previous studies,that is,two peaks exist in this work while there is only one peak(log_(10)(sSFR/yr^(−1))=−10)in the previous work.The sSFR value corresponding to the new peak is log_(10)(sSFR/yr^(−1))=−12 and in line with the value(log_(10)(sSFR yr^-1)=-12.65_(-0.66)^(+0.44)of NGC 4493,the host galaxy of BNS merger event GW170817.The new peak is caused by today’s quenched galaxies,which give a large contribution to the total SFR at high redshift in the EMERGE empirical galaxy model.Moreover,we find that the BNS mergers are most likely detected in galaxies with age∼11 Gyr,which is greater than previous results(6−8Gyr)and close to the age of NGC 4993,13.2_(-0.9)^(+0.5)Gyr.展开更多
In the context of Rastall gravity,the shadow and observation intensity casted by the new Kiselev-like black hole with dust field have been numerically investigated.In this system,the Rastall parameter and surrounding ...In the context of Rastall gravity,the shadow and observation intensity casted by the new Kiselev-like black hole with dust field have been numerically investigated.In this system,the Rastall parameter and surrounding dust field structure parameter have considerable consequences on the geometric structure of spacetime.Considering the photon trajectories near the black hole,we investigate the variation of the radii of photon sphere,event horizon and black hole shadow under the different related parameters.Furthermore,taking into account two different spherically symmetric accretion models as the only background light source,we also studied the observed luminosity and intensity of black holes.For the both spherical accretions background,the results show that the decrease or increase of the observed luminosity depends on the value range of relevant parameters,and the promotion effect is far less obvious than the attenuation effect on the observed intensity.One can find that the inner shadow region and outer bright region of the black hole wrapped by infalling accretion are significantly darker than those of the static model,which is closely related to the Doppler effect.In addition,the size of the shadow and the position of the photon sphere are always the same in the two accretion models,which means that the black hole shadow depend only on the geometry of spacetime,while the observation luminosity is affected by the form of accretion material and the related spacetime structure.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China (Grant No.LY14A030001)。
文摘We calculate the thermodynamic quantities in the quantum corrected Reissner-Nordstr?m-AdS(RN-AdS)black hole,and examine their quantum corrections.By analyzing the mass and heat capacity,we give the critical state and the remnant state,respectively,and discuss their consistency.Then,we investigate the quantum tunneling from the event horizon of massless scalar particle by using the null geodesic method,and charged massive boson W^(±)and fermions by using the Hamilton-Jacob method.It is shown that the same Hawking temperature can be obtained from these tunneling processes of different particles and methods.Next,by using the generalized uncertainty principle(GUP),we study the quantum corrections to the tunneling and the temperature.Then the logarithmic correction to the black hole entropy is obtained.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA0718500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.12133007)partially supported by the International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.113111KYSB20190020)。
文摘We present a comprehensive analysis of the 2021 outburst of MAXI J1803–298 utilizing observations of the Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(Insight-HXMT)spanning from the low hard state to the high soft state.Within the Insight-HXMT data set,compared to the previous work,we identify a more prolonged presence of typeC quasi-periodic oscillations(QPOs)with centroid frequencies ranging from~0.16 to 6.3 Hz,which present correlations with the hardness ratio and the photon index of the Comptonized component.For QPO frequencies less than~2 Hz,the QPO phase lags are hard(photons of 10–19 keV arrive later than those of 1–4 keV),while at higher frequencies,the lags become soft at and above~4 Hz.Furthermore,the spectra in all Insight-HXMT observations consist of a multi-color blackbody component and a Comptonized component,as commonly observed in classical black hole X-ray binaries.We analyze state transitions and the evolution of accretion geometry in this work.The fitted inner disk radius increases abnormally during the low hard state,hypothesized to result from the corona condensing onto the inner disk.Additionally,two significant drops in flux are observed during the soft intermediate state,maybe implying changes in the corona/jet and the disk,respectively.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11903025)the starting fund of China West Normal University (Grant No.18Q062)+2 种基金the Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team (Grant No.21CXTD0038)the Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau (Grant No.cstc2022ycjh-bgzxm0161)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Grant No.2022NSFSC1833)。
文摘We examine thermodynamic phase transition(PT)of the charged Gauss-Bonnet Ad S black hole(BH)by utilizing the shadow radius.In this system,we rescale the corresponding Gauss-Bonnet coefficientαby a factor of 1/(D-4),and ensure thatαis positive to avoid any singularity problems.The equation derived for the shadow radius indicates that it increases as the event horizon radius increases,making it an independent variable for determining BH temperature.By investigating the PT curve in relation to shadows,we can observe that the shadow radius can be used as an alternative to the event horizon radius in explaining the phenomenon of BH PT.Furthermore,the results indicate that an increase in the parameterαcorresponds to a decrease in the temperature of the BH.By utilizing the relationship between the temperature and the shadow radius,it is possible to obtain the thermal profile of the Gauss-Bonnet AdS BH.It is evident that there is an N-type variation in temperature for pressures P<P_(c).Additionally,as the parameterαincreases,the region covered by shadow expands while the temperature decreases.The utilization of BH shadows as a probe holds immense significance in gaining a deeper understanding of BH thermodynamic behavior.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11903025)the Starting Fund of China West Normal University (Grant No. 18Q062)+2 种基金the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (Grant No. 2023ZYD0023)the Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team (Grant No. 21CXTD0038)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 2022NSFSC1833)。
文摘By considering the negative cosmological constant Λ as a thermodynamic pressure, we study the thermodynamics and phase transitions of the D-dimensional dyonic Ad S black holes(BHs) with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet(EGB) gravity. The results indicate that the small/large BH phase transition that is similar to the van der Waals(vdW) liquid/gas phase transition always exists for any spacetime dimensions. Interestingly, we then find that this BH system exhibits a more complex phase structure in 6-dimensional case that is missed in other dimensions.Specifically, it shows for D = 6 that we observed the small/intermediate/large BH phase transitions in a specific parameter region with the triple point naturally appeared. Moreover, when the magnetic charge turned off, we still observed the small/intermediate/large BH phase transitions and triple point only in 6-dimensional spacetime, which is consistent with the previous results. However, for the dyonic Ad S BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism in Einstein–Born–Infeld(EBI) gravity, the novel phase structure composed of two separate coexistence curves observed by Li et al. [Phys. Rev. D105 104048(2022)] disappeared in EGB gravity. This implies that this novel phase structure is closely related to gravity theories, and seems to have nothing to do with the effect of quasitopological electromagnetism. In addition, it is also true that the critical exponents calculated near the critical points possess identical values as mean field theory. Finally, we conclude that these findings shall provide some deep insights into the intriguing thermodynamic properties of the dyonic Ad S BHs with quasitopological electromagnetism in EGB gravity.
文摘The Newton’s theory of universal gravitation is generalized. Significantly strong at short distances central interaction of bodies and particles is established in comparison with Newtonian. A connection is found with Black Holes, with the horizon of events. Possibility of systematization of all Black Holes is shown. An illustration is given on the example of Black Hole S<sub>gr</sub>A*.
文摘The goal of this research is to explore the effects of black hole singularities. Methodology is to start with large objects like galaxies and continue to smaller objects within our solar neighbourhood. High-redshift observations from the James Webb Space Telescope reveal that distant galaxies and their central black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. An innovation about the speed of light explains how supermassive black holes could have formed primordially. Predictions of Hawking radiation include the possibility of black holes contributing to the energy of stars such as the Sun. Black holes have also been suggested as a source of radiation and magnetic fields in giant planets. Observations of Enceladus raise the possibility that this moon and other objects near Saturn’s Rings contain small singularities. Extrapolations of this methodology indicate that black holes could exist within solar system bodies including planets. Extended discussion describes how their presence could explain mysteries of internal heat, planetary magnetic fields, and processes of solar system formation.
文摘A complementarity hypothesis concerning outsider and insider perspectives of a gargantuan black hole is proposed. The two thought experiments presented herein are followed by a brief discussion of a new interpretation of black hole interior “space-and-time-reversal”. Specifically, it is proposed that the “singularity” space of the black hole interior is time-like and the expansion time of the black hole interior is space-like. The resemblance of this new insider interpretation to our own expanding and redshifting big bang universe is compelling.
文摘The quantum Unruh effect on radiation of a gravitational object including a black hole is analyzed and calculated. It is surprisingly found that the well-known Hawking radiation of a black hole is not physical. Applying the Stephan-Boltzmann law with the use of the Unruh radiation temperature at the surface of a black hole to calculate the power of radiation of the black hole is conceptually unphysical. This is because the Unruh radiation temperature results from the gravitational field of the object rather than from the thermal motion of matter of the object, so that the Stephan-Boltzmann law is not applicable. This paper shows that the emission power of Unruh radiation from a gravitational object should be calculated in terms of the rate of increase of the total Unruh radiation energy outside the object. The result obtained from this study indicates that a gravitational object can emit Unruh radiation when the variation of its mass and radius satisfies an inequality of dM/M > 1.25dR/R. For a black hole, the emission of Unruh radiation does not occur unless it can loose its mass (dM < 0). The emission power of Unruh radiation is only an extremely tiny part of the rate of mass-energy loss if the black hole is not extremely micro-sized. This study turns down our traditional understanding of the Hawking radiation and thermodynamics of black holes.
文摘The black hole model of the Universe evolution, accompanied by matter creation, already successfully accounting for many features of the past is discussed and further justified. It is once more stressed that even a very large object but with a big mass is in its own right a black hole. As a consequence, the extrapolation of the past predicts for the future no big crunch, nor big bounce but a steady expansion with smaller matter density.
文摘Black-Scholes Model (B-SM) simulates the dynamics of financial market and contains instruments such as options and puts which are major indices requiring solution. B-SM is known to estimate the correct prices of European Stock options and establish the theoretical foundation for Option pricing. Therefore, this paper evaluates the Black-Schole model in simulating the European call in a cash flow in the dependent drift and focuses on obtaining analytic and then approximate solution for the model. The work also examines Fokker Planck Equation (FPE) and extracts the link between FPE and B-SM for non equilibrium systems. The B-SM is then solved via the Elzaki transform method (ETM). The computational procedures were obtained using MAPLE 18 with the solution provided in the form of convergent series.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)grants 12073091 and 12273122Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research Grant(2019B030302001)a science research grant from the China Manned Space Project(CMS-CSST-2021-B11)。
文摘Detached and wide-orbit black hole-star binaries(BHSBs)can generate three types of periodic photometric signals:Ellipsoidal Variation,Doppler beaming and Self-Lensing(SL),providing a proxy to discover these black holes.We estimate the relative amplitude of the three signals for such systems and the detectability for black holes of a photometric telescope like Kepler in several steps.We estimate the searchable star number by assuming every star has a black hole companion,and apply the occurrence of BHSBs in field stars to estimate the detectable black hole signals.We consider three types of Initial Mass Function(IMF)model with different high end exponential slopes.“When spot and white noise are both considered,there is about one detectable signal for SL and less than one event is expected for beaming and Ellipsoidal Variation signal in Kepler Input Catalog stars with the standard IMF model.”to“Due to contamination by stellar spots and white noise,one may expect one detectable signal for SL and less than one detectable signal for both beaming and Ellipsoidal Variation in Kepler Input Catalog stars with the standard IMF model.”On the other hand,if we assume that only white noise affects the detection efficiency of the BHSBs,we expect about 10 Ellipsoidal Variation signals and 17 beaming signals to be detectable while the number of SL signals remains unchanged.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 12133008,12192220,and 12192223)。
文摘We conduct high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations using the MACER framework to investigate the interplay between the interstellar medium,active galactic nuclei(AGN)feedback and black hole(BH)feeding in a massive compact galaxy,with an emphasis on the impact of different central BH masses.We find that with a more massive central BH,high-speed outflows are more prominent,and the gas fraction in the compact galaxy is reduced.Due to the lower gas density and higher gas temperature,the compact galaxy with a more massive BH(MAS galaxy)remains predominantly single-phase with the cooling time t_(cool)■100t_(ff).In contrast,the compact galaxy with the reference BH mass(REF galaxy)maintains a higher gas fraction with a shorter cooling time,slightly more multiphase gas and less prominent outflows.We further demonstrate that the difference in gas thermal states and kinematics is caused by the stronger AGN feedback in the compact galaxy with a more massive BH,where the AGN wind power is twice as much as that with the reference BH.Since the AGN feedback efficiently suppresses the inflow rate and the BH feeding rate,the BH mass growth is significant in neither the compact galaxy with the reference BH nor that with the more massive BH,only by 24%and 11%of the initial BH mass,respectively,over the entire evolution time of 10 Gyr.We thus posit that without ex situ mass supply from mergers,the massive BHs in compact galaxies cannot grow significantly via gas accretion during the late phase,but might have already formed by the end of the rapid early phase of galaxy formation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11903025)the Starting Fund of China West Normal University(Grant No.18Q062)+2 种基金the Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team(Grant No.21CXTD0038)the Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau(Grant No.csts2022ycjh-bgzxm0161)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2022NSFSC1833)。
文摘We creatively employ the shadow radius to study the thermodynamics of a charged Ad S black hole with a nonlinear electrodynamics(NLED)term.First,the connection between the shadow radius and event horizon is constructed with the aid of the geodesic analysis.It turns out that the black hole shadow radius shows a positive correlation as a function of the event horizon radius.Then in the shadow context,we find that the black hole temperature and heat capacity can be presented by the shadow radius.Further analysis shows that the shadow radius can work similarly to the event horizon in revealing black hole phase transition process.In this sense,we construct the thermal profile of the charged Ad S black hole with inclusion of the NLED effect.In the P<Pc case,it is found that the N-type trend of the temperature given by the shadow radius is always consistent with that obtained by using the event horizon.Thus,we can conclude for the charged Ad S black hole that the phase transition process can be intuitively presented as the thermal profile in the shadow context.Finally,the effects of NLED are carefully analyzed.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.U2038108,12192220,12192223 and 12133008the National SKA Program of China(No.2020SKA0110102)supported in part by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(Y202064)。
文摘The observations of varying broad iron lines during the state transition of the black hole X-ray binaries have been accumulating.In this work,the relation between the normalized intensity and the width of iron lines is investigated,in order to understand better the variation of iron lines and possibly its connection to state transition.Considering the uncertainties due to ionization and illuminating X-rays,only the effects of geometry and gravity are taken into account.Three scenarios were studied,i.e.,the continuous disk model,the innermost annulus model,and the cloud model.As shown by our calculations,at given iron width,the line flux of the cloud model is smaller than that of the continuous disk model;while for the innermost annulus model,the width is almost unrelated with the flux.The range of the line strength depends on both the BH spin and the inclination of the disk.We then apply to the observation of MAXI J1631-479 by Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array during its decay from the soft state to the intermediate state.We estimated the relative line strength and width according to the spectral fitting results in Xu et al.,and then compared with our theoretical width-flux relation.It was found that the cloud model was more favored.We further modeled the iron line profiles,and found that the cloud model can explain both the line profile and its variation with reasonable parameters.
基金funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administrationsupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11833007,12073023,12233007,and 12147103)+1 种基金the science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with No.CMS-CSST-2021-A06the fundamental research fund for Chinese central universities(Zhejiang University)。
文摘The power law and reflection emission have been observed in the X-ray spectra of both black hole X-ray binaries(BHXRBs)and active galactic nuclei(AGNs),indicating a common physical origin of the X-ray emission from these two types of sources.The relevant parameters describing the shape of both components and the potential correlation between these parameters can provide important clues on the geometric and physical properties of the disk and the corona in these sources.In this work,we present a positive correlation between the photon indexΓand the reflection strength R for the low-mass BHXRBs in the hard state by modeling NuSTAR data,which is qualitatively consistent with the previous studies.We compare our results with the predictions from different theoretical disk-corona models.We show that the RIT correlation found in this work seems to favor the moving corona model proposed by Beloborodov.Our results indicate that the coronal geometry varies significantly among BHXRBs.We further compare our results with that of AGNs.We find that the reflection strength R is smaller than unity in the hard state of BHXRBs,while it can be as large as~5 in AGNs,which implies that the variations of the disk-coronal geometry of AGNs are more vigorous than that of the BHXRBs in the hard state.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.U12273058)。
文摘The Galactic black hole candidate MAXI J0637-430 was first discovered by MAXI/GSC on 2019 November 2.We study the spectral properties of MAXI J0637-430 by using the archived NuSTAR data and Swift/XRT data.After fitting the eight spectra by using a disk component and a powerlaw component model with absorption,we select the spectra with relatively strong reflection components for detailed X-ray reflection spectroscopy.Using the most state-of-art reflection model,relxillCp,the spectral fitting measures a black hole spin a_(*)>0.72 and the inclination angle of the accretion disk i=46.1_(-5.3)^(+4.0)degrees,at a 90%confidence level.In addition,the fitting results show an extreme supersolar iron abundance.Combined with the fitting results of reflection model reflionx_hd,we consider that this unphysical iron abundance may be caused by a very high-density accretion disk(n_(e)>2.34×10^(21)cm^(-3))or a strong Fe K_(α) emission line.The soft excess is found in the soft state spectral fitting results,which may be an extra free-free heating effect caused by high density of the accretion disk.Finally,we discuss the robustness of black hole spin obtained by X-ray reflection spectroscopy.The result of relatively high spin is self-consistent with broadened Fe K_(α) line.Iron abundance and disk density have no effect on the spin results.
基金supported by Foundation Research Project of Shaanxi Province in Natural Science (Grant No.2019JQ-919)Special Project of Education Department of Shaanxi Province in Natural Science (Grant No.20JK0635)Talent Foundation of Weinan Normal University (Grant No.201120039)。
文摘In the study of weak cosmic censorship conjectures(WCCC),some research finds that the Reissner-Nordström black hole might be destroyed by a test particle with particular mass and charge under some conditions,which means that the naked singularity of the black hole could be observed.This is not allowed in WCCC.We have never observed such naked singularities which should not exist in theory,so we need to find a proper way to protect the black hole from being destroyed by such particles.In this paper,we study a Reissner-Nordström black hole that is surrounded by quintessence(RN-Q)and find that the black hole would be stable and safe because of the effective potential barrier induced by the quintessence term.This result may also show in a sense that the quintessence might have more potential value.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1600403)the National Natural Science Foundation(NSF)of China(No.11973081,11573062,11403092,11390374,11521303)+5 种基金the YIPACAS Foundation(No.2012048)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS,KJZD-EW-M06-01)the NSF of Yunnan Province(No.2019FB006)the Basic Science Center project of the NSF of China(No.12288102)the Science Research grants from the China Manned Space Project(No.CMSCSST-2021-A08)the Youth Project of Western Light of CAS,the International Centre of Supernovae,Yunnan Key Laboratory(No.202302AN360001).
文摘In this work,we present the probabilities of mergers of binary black holes(BBHs)and binary neutron stars(BNSs)as functions of stellar mass,metallicity,specific star formation rate(sSFR),and age for galaxies with redshift z≤0.1.Using the binary-star evolution(BSE)code and some fitting formulae,we construct a phenomenological model of cosmic gravitational wave(GW)merger events.By using the Bayesian analysis method and the observations from Advanced LIGO and Virgo,we obtain the relevant parameters of the phenomenological model(such as the maximum black hole mass is 93_(-22)^(+73)M_(⊙)).Combining the above model results with the galaxy catalog given by the EMERGE empirical galaxy model,we find the normalized probability of occurrence of a merger event varying with log10 sSFR yr(-1)for galaxies with z≤0.1 is different from that in previous studies,that is,two peaks exist in this work while there is only one peak(log_(10)(sSFR/yr^(−1))=−10)in the previous work.The sSFR value corresponding to the new peak is log_(10)(sSFR/yr^(−1))=−12 and in line with the value(log_(10)(sSFR yr^-1)=-12.65_(-0.66)^(+0.44)of NGC 4493,the host galaxy of BNS merger event GW170817.The new peak is caused by today’s quenched galaxies,which give a large contribution to the total SFR at high redshift in the EMERGE empirical galaxy model.Moreover,we find that the BNS mergers are most likely detected in galaxies with age∼11 Gyr,which is greater than previous results(6−8Gyr)and close to the age of NGC 4993,13.2_(-0.9)^(+0.5)Gyr.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.11875095 and 11903025)Basic Research Project of Science and Technology Committee of Chongqing (Grant No.cstc2018jcyjA2480)。
文摘In the context of Rastall gravity,the shadow and observation intensity casted by the new Kiselev-like black hole with dust field have been numerically investigated.In this system,the Rastall parameter and surrounding dust field structure parameter have considerable consequences on the geometric structure of spacetime.Considering the photon trajectories near the black hole,we investigate the variation of the radii of photon sphere,event horizon and black hole shadow under the different related parameters.Furthermore,taking into account two different spherically symmetric accretion models as the only background light source,we also studied the observed luminosity and intensity of black holes.For the both spherical accretions background,the results show that the decrease or increase of the observed luminosity depends on the value range of relevant parameters,and the promotion effect is far less obvious than the attenuation effect on the observed intensity.One can find that the inner shadow region and outer bright region of the black hole wrapped by infalling accretion are significantly darker than those of the static model,which is closely related to the Doppler effect.In addition,the size of the shadow and the position of the photon sphere are always the same in the two accretion models,which means that the black hole shadow depend only on the geometry of spacetime,while the observation luminosity is affected by the form of accretion material and the related spacetime structure.