Formation,evolution,reconstruction of black shales and their influence on shale oil and gas resource

Black shales are important products of material cycling and energy exchange among the lithosphere,atmosphere,hydrosphere,and biosphere.They are widely distributed throughout geological history and provide essential energy and mineral resources for the development of human society.They also record the evolution process of the earth and improve the understanding of the earth.This review focuses on the diagenesis and formation mechanisms of black shales sedimentation,composition,evolution,and reconstruction,which have had a significant impact on the formation and enrichment of shale oil and gas.In terms of sedimentary environment,black shales can be classified into three types:Marine,terrestrial,and marine-terrestrial transitional facies.The formation processes include mechanisms such as eolian input,hypopycnal flow,gravity-driven and offshore bottom currents.From a geological perspective,the formation of black shales is often closely related to global or regional major geological events.The enrichment of organic matter is generally the result of the interaction and coupling of several factors such as primary productivity,water redox condition,and sedimentation rate.In terms of evolution,black shales have undergone diagenetic evolution of inorganic minerals,thermal evolution of organic matter and hydrocarbon generation,interactions between organic matter and inorganic minerals,and pore evolution.In terms of reconstruction,the effects of fold deformation,uplift and erosion,and fracturing have changed the stress state of black shale reservoirs,thereby having a significant impact on the pore structure.Fluid activity promotes the formation of veins,and have changed the material composition,stress structure,and reservoir properties of black shales.Regarding resource effects,the deposition of black shales is fundamental for shale oil and gas resources,the evolution of black shales promotes the shale oil and gas formation and storage,and the reconstruction of black shales would have caused the heterogeneous distribution of oil and gas in shales.Exploring the formation mechanisms and interactions of black shales at different scales is a key to in-depth research on shale formation and evolution,as well as the key to revealing the mechanism controlling shale oil and gas accumulation.The present records can reveal how these processes worked in geological history,and improve our understanding of the coupling mechanisms among regional geological events,black shales evolution,and shale oil and gas formation and enrichment.

Combined imbibition system with black nanosheet and low-salinity water for improving oil recovery in tight sandstone reservoirs

Nanomaterials and low-salinity water(LSW)are two popular enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods that have been widely studied in recent years.The former is used for in-depth conformance improvement and the latter for microscopic oil displacement(by altering the potential and contact angle).However,there are few literature on combining them to achieve synergistic effects,especially for tight sandstone res-ervoirs.Based on the reservoir conditions of the Jimusar Oilfield,this study investigated the oil recovery mechanism of the combined imbibition system,which was composed of black nanosheet(BN)and LSW.Its performances including decreasing interfacial tension,emulsification,and wettability alterations were evaluated.The imbibition differences between the single system of BN and LSW and the combined BN-LsW imbibition system were then compared.Results showed that the combined imbibition system had a better emulsification effect on the crude oil and could also alter the wettability of the core surface.Moreover,the combined system could increase both the imbibition rate and the ultimate oil recovery.The nuclear magnetic T2 spectrum also indicated that the addition of black nanosheets could divert more fluid into small pores and thus improve the microscopic sweep efficiency.

A novel nanofluid of modified carbon black nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs

A novel nanofluid of modified carbon black(MCB)nanoparticles was initially developed for enhanced oil recovery(EOR)in low permeability reservoirs.The MCB nanoparticles were obtained via a three-step reaction involving modification by oxidation,acyl chlorination,and activated grafting.MCB nano-particles were spherically dispersed,with an average size of 72.3 nm.Compared with carbon black(CB)nanoparticles,dispersed MCB nanoparticles can effectively reduce the oil-water interfacial tension(IFT)to 10^(-2)mN/m and change the surface wettability of sand particles.Based on the results of core flooding experiments,the MCB nanoparticles exhibited a better EOR capacity than surfactants and CB nano-particles,and the final oil recovery was significantly increased by 27.27%.The core scanning test showed that the MCB nanoparticles could plug high permeability channels by adsorbing onto the surfaces of sand particles and forming larger aggregates that bridge across pores or throats,resulting in a higher swept volume.The synergistic effects of improved swept volume and oil displacement efficiency were the EOR mechanisms of the MCB nanoparticles.The studies indicate that these MCB nanoparticles have excellent potential for EOR in low permeability reservoirs.

Genetic algorithm application for matching ordinary black oil PVT data

In the study of reservoirs, it is vital that we have a realistic physical model of the reservoir fluid that accurately describes the hydrocarbon system and its properties. The available equations of state （EOS） to model the fluid phase behavior have some inherent deficiencies that may cause erroneous predictions for real reservoir fluids, so these models should be tuned against experimental data by adjusting some parameters. Since there are many matching parameters, tuning the EOS against experimental data is a tedious and difficult work. In this study, a genetic algorithm as an optimization technique is used to solve this regression problem. This study presents a new method that uses a specially designed genetic algorithm to search for suitable regression parameters to match the EOS against measured data. The proposed method has been tested on three real black oil samples. The results show the surprising performance of the developed genetic algorithm to match the experimental data of the selected fluid samples. The main advantage of the used method is its high speed in finding a solution. Also, finding more than one solution, working automatically, confining the role of experts to the last stage, reducing costs and having the possibility of evaluating the different situations are the other advantages of this method to match ordinary black oil PVT data and makes it an ideal method to implement as an automatic EOS tuning algorithm for black oils.

Black shale formation enviro nment and its control on shale oil enrichment in Triassic Chang 7 Member,Ordos Basin,NW China

Based on geochemical analysis results of core samples from the Triassic Chang 7 Member of Well Feng 75 drilled in the northwest margin of Ordos Basin,combined with geological characteristics of this region,the formation environment of the black shale and its control on shale oil enrichment are comprehensively studied.From the Chang 73 to Chang 71 Sub-members,the black shale have organic carbon contents decreasing from 5.70%to 3.55%,hydrogen indexes decreasing from 345 mg/g to 269 mg/g,while the oxygen indexes increasing gradually from 6 mg/g to 29 mg/g,indicating that the sedimentary environment during the depositional period of Chang 72 and Chang 73 Sub-members was anoxic.Biomarkers in the black shale change regu-larly,and have an obvious“inflection point”at the depth of 2753–2777 m in the Chang 73 Sub-member,indicating that the input of terrigenous organic matter increased.However,there is a negative drift about 2%of organic carbon isotopic composition near the“inflection point”,which is in conflict with the results of biomarker compounds.This is because the extreme thermal and anoxic events caused by continental volcanic activity in the ancient Qinling region caused negative drift of carbon isotopic composition of the black shale in the Ordos Basin.The volcanic activity caused rise of temperature,polluted air,extreme weathers,more floods and thus more input of terrigenous organic matter,and gave rise to extremely anoxic environment con-ducive to the preservation of organic matter.Terrigenous organic matter is more conducive to the formation of light oil than aquatic organic matter,so these sections in Yanchang Formation are major“sweet spots”for shale oil enrichment.

Application of control volume based finite element method for solving the black-oil fluid equations

This is the second paper of a series where we introduce a control volume based finite element method （CVFEM） to simulate multiphase flow in porous media. This is a fully conservative method able to deal with unstructured grids which can be used for representing any complexity of reservoir geometry and its geological objects in an accurate and efficient manner. In order to deal with the inherent heterogeneity of the reservoirs, all operations related to discretization are performed at the element level in a manner similar to classical finite element method （FEM）. Moreover, the proposed method can effectively reduce the so-called grid orientation effects. In the first paper of this series, we presented this method and its application for incompressible and immiscible two-phase flow simulation in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media. In this paper, we evaluate the capability of the method in the solution of highly nonlinear and coupled partial differential equations by simulating hydrocarbon reservoirs using the black-oil model. Furthermore, the effect of grid orientation is investigated by simulating a benchmark waterflooding problem. The numerical results show that the formulation presented here is efficient and accurate for solving the bubble point and three-phase coning problems.

Characterization of Formacell Lignin Derived from Black Liquor as a Potential Green Additive for Advanced Biocomposites

Black liquor is obtained as a by-product of the pulping process,which is used to convert biomass into pulp by removing lignin,hemicelluloses and other extractives from wood to free cellulose fibers.Lignin represents a major constituent in black liquor,with quantities varying from 20%to 30%,of which a very low share is used for manufacturing value-added products,while the rest is mainly burned for energy purposes,thus underestimating its great potential as a raw material.Therefore,it is essential to establish new isolation and extraction methods to increase lignin valorization in the development of bio-based chemicals.The aim of this research work was to determine the effect of KOH or ethanol concentration as an isolation agent on lignin yields and the chemical characteristics of lignin isolated from formacell black liquor of oil palm empty fruit bunch(OPEFB).Isolation of lignin was carried out using KOH with various concentrations ranging from 5%to 15%(w/v).Ethanol was also used to precipitate lignin from black liquor at concentrations varying from 5%to 30%(v/v).The results obtained showed that the addition of KOH solution at 12.5%and 15%concentrations resulted in better lignin yield and chemical properties of lignin,i.e.,pH values of 3.86 and 4.27,lignin yield of 12.78%and 14.95%,methoxyl content of 11.33%and 10.13%,and lignin equivalent weights of 476.25 and 427.03,respectively.Due to its phenolic structure and rich functional groups that are favorable for modifications,lignin has the potential to be used as a green additive in the development of advanced biocomposite products in various applications to replace current fossil fuel-based material,ranging from fillers,fire retardants,formaldehyde scavengers,carbon fibers,aerogels,and wood adhesives.

高温中低渗油藏智能纳米黑卡驱提高采收率技术

当前化学驱储量接替严重不足,亟需攻关突破高温中低渗油藏提高采收率技术。智能纳米黑卡驱油技术是当下极具前瞻性的纳米驱油技术,可大幅度提高采收率。针对河南油田高温中低渗油藏,开展高温条件下纳米黑卡静态性能评价,并通过高温岩心驱替实验评价不同渗透率条件下智能纳米黑卡驱油效果。结果表明,智能纳米黑卡具有优异的耐高温性能,分散稳定性好,能够降低油水界面张力至10^(-1)mN/m,并具有改变润湿性和快速乳化与破乳性能。同时,纳米黑卡具有高效的洗油能力,在95℃下注入0.3 PV的质量分数为0.005%的智能纳米黑卡溶液,在目标油田不同渗透率(50×10^(-3)~450×10^(-3)μm^(2))条件下可提高采收率15.8百分点~20.0百分点。因此,智能纳米黑卡驱油技术适用于河南油田高温中低渗油藏提高采收率。

油脂改性环氧聚合物在“白改黑”路面改造铺装中的应用研究

为实现原有的混凝土刚性路面朝着黏结力高且韧性好的弹性聚合物路面的改造(“白改黑”),本研究开发了新型的油脂改性环氧聚合物体系,可用于 “白改黑”路面改造项目中的薄层路面铺装,并详细研究了常温条件下固化时间对材料力学性能的影响,研究结果表明24?h后材料的力学强度可达到使用要求,材料的耐水性和耐酸碱性优异,所制备材料完全符合道路快速修复路面“白改黑”项目中的使用。

基于FBG信号和DECE-PCA-BHOSVM的变压器绕组径向松动状态评估

变压器作为电力系统的关键设备,其绕组松动状态的识别对电网的稳定运行具有重要意义。针对传统监测方法环境干扰较大、应用复杂等问题,提出了使用两类不同的布拉格光纤光栅(Fiber bragg grating,FBG)传感器采集变压器绕组关键测点温度与应变信号,经快速解耦与自适应噪声完备集合经验模态分解后(Fast decoupling and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise,DECE),提取关键参数并进行主元分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)。对降维后的特征采用基于黑洞优化的支持向量机(Support vector machine based on black hole optimization,BHOSVM)进行分类,实现对变压器绕组径向松动状态的监测与定位。诊断结果表明,所提诊断方法对变压器绕组径向松动状态的识别准确率达到96.8%。

圆珠笔笔芯脂的设计开发与性能评价

随着我国圆珠笔产能的不断提升,我国已逐渐成为世界公认的制笔大国。在国家有关部门及相关政策的大力扶持下,圆珠笔墨水和配件加工技术等阻碍我国圆珠笔行业自主化发展的技术壁垒逐步被打破,然而现阶段国内关于笔芯脂的研究仍处于起步阶段,中高端笔芯脂产品仍主要依赖于国外进口。为此,采用无机稠化剂和硅油基础油为原料,并辅以一定的改性剂增强其稳定性,研制出一款高性能笔芯脂产品,相较于国外某高端笔芯脂产品具有更好的高低温性、抗挥发性、黏温性和储存稳定性,通过装笔测试对其使用性能进行全面评价,研制的笔芯脂表现出良好的高低温稳定性、耐冲击性和书写随动性,能够全面满足圆珠笔的使用要求.

乙烯基非交联电缆屏蔽料性能与分散剂含量关系研究

非交联绝缘材料具有优异的电气机械性能,同时生产能耗少、可回收利用,成为目前电缆绝缘料的研究热点,但与之匹配的非交联半导电屏蔽料的研究还鲜有报道。导电炭黑的分散性对屏蔽料的性能影响重大。文中选用线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)为基体树脂,白油为分散剂,采用熔融共混法制备了非交联电缆屏蔽料。研究了白油含量对屏蔽料中炭黑分散、结晶性能、体积电阻率和机械性能的影响。结果表明添加白油会促进炭黑的分散,但白油含量过大会降低屏蔽料的结晶度,增加其体积电阻率并降低拉伸强度和断裂伸长率。当白油含量为2 wt%时,屏蔽料体积电阻率最小,力学性能最佳。该研究为非交联半导电屏蔽料在乙烯基非交联电缆的应用研究提供了参考。

黑水虻幼虫对脂质资源的处理和转化

选取黑水虻幼虫(BSFL)为实验对象,分别用餐厨垃圾和分别添加椰子油、棕榈油、藻油、煎炸油的豆粕为基质饲养,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法检测了不同油脂的脂肪酸组成以及BSFL油脂的脂肪酸组分动态变化,探究了不同链长脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸在BSFL体内的转化规律。结果表明,BSFL可以储存基质中的油脂,并将基质油脂中的其他脂肪酸转化为自身生长发育所必需的脂肪酸(如月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸等),但该过程会影响其生长速度;同时,BSFL能对基质中的反式脂肪酸进行高效转化,转化率高达71.33%。

基于3D打印和纳米黑卡技术提高缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层采收率

为有效改善塔河油田缝洞型油藏因注水注气开发而导致产量逐年降低的问题,通过3D打印技术制作3种等比例缩小的三维可视化缝洞储集体物理模型,包括风化壳、断控岩溶、暗河储集体模型。通过透射显微镜和原子力显微镜表征了片状纳米黑卡的微观结构,研究了纳米黑卡的油水界面吸附性、润湿反转性及在3种物理模型中的驱油效果,结合矿场实际情况选取两类典型结构单元井组开展井间驱替和单井替油矿场先导试验。结果表明,纳米黑卡的平均尺寸约为80×60×1.2(nm),比表面积大;具有良好的两亲性,可在油/水界面形成稳定的吸附层;具有良好的润湿反转性,可将石英片表面由油湿改变为水湿。在风化壳、暗河、断控岩溶三维模型中,纳米黑卡驱可在水驱基础上分别提高原油采收率11百分点、8百分点、7百分点,风化壳储集体受益效果最明显。15轮次矿场试验结果表明,纳米黑卡驱油不适用于3种岩溶储集空间的单井替油开采方式;风化壳暗河岩溶储集空间构成的井组具有良好的井间联通性和较高的受效程度,为最佳矿场应用选择区域。矿场受效率高达85.7%,且增油量显著,累计增油约5000吨。研究结果为塔河油田缝洞型油藏后续开展纳米黑卡驱油技术提供现场指导理论依据。

Dietary black soldier fly oil enhances growth performance,flesh quality,and health status of largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)

The study aimed to assess the effects of dietary black soldier fly oil(BSFO)on the growth performance,flesh quality,and health status of largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides).Six iso-nitrogenous and isolipid diets were formulated by substituting fish oil and soybean oil(1/2,wt/wt)with BSFO in percentages of 0%,20%,40%,60%,80%,and 100%,respectively.The diets were fed to 960 fish(initial body weight=16.5 g)in four replicates for 8 weeks.Indicators related to growth performance,body composition,hematology,flesh quality,expression of genes related to inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis,and the response of fish to Aeromonas veronii challenge were analyzed.The results showed that the weight gain rate was numerically improved in all BSFO substitution groups,ranging from 9.3%to 44.0%compared to the control group.The highest survival rate and the lowest hepatosomatic index and condition factor were observed in the BFSO20 group.In terms of flesh quality,the water-holding capacity of the dorsal muscle was elevated with higher levels of dietary BSFO.However,significant changes in texture properties(cohesiveness,gluing,and chewiness)were observed in the BSFO20 group(P<0.05).Six hematological parameters related to glycolipid and liver function were optimized in most of the BFSO substitution groups.Furthermore,the expressions of six inflammation-and apoptosis-related genes(IL-1β,Bcl-xl,BAX,caspase8,TNF-α,and IL-10)were significantly affected by dietary BSFO(P<0.05).Following bacterial challenge,the seven-day cumulative survival rates of fish were considerably increased from 10.0%in the control group to 60.0%and 66.7%in the BSFO80 and BSFO100 groups,respectively.One-variable linear regression analysis revealed that various parameters related to fish growth,flesh quality,and health status were significantly influenced by dietary BSFO substitution levels in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05).In conclusion,substituting around 20%of dietary fish oil and soybean oil with BSFO is promising in improving the growth performance and flesh quality of M.salmoides.However,to enhance immunity and disease resistance,it is recommended to further increase the inclusion of BSFO in the diet.

基于FastCAE的油气藏模拟黑油模型仿真分析应用

在油藏数值模拟领域,黑油模型是最为成熟和广泛应用的模型,成熟地掌握黑油模型的求解、仿真模拟技术对于油气田开发生产具有极强的现实意义.为了加强对石油渗流规律的认识,本文首先通过Python语言实现了黑油模型,并通过Bendiksen、W&G、MAE三种算法进行对比;其次,使用Pyinstaller封装技术将Python语言模型转换成.exe格式的黑油模型数值求解器;最后,将.exe格式的黑油模型求解器引入到FastCAE开源平台中,实现油田场景下可使用的黑油模型的模块化开发.

基于GC-MS的保留指数分析黑胡椒精油挥发性成分

为分析海南产黑胡椒精油中的挥发性成分,为公众进一步开发利用黑胡椒提供科学依据,采用水蒸气蒸馏法制备了黑胡椒精油,并基于气相色谱-质谱联用技术结合保留指数对精油成分进行了定性分析。从黑胡椒精油中鉴定出了27种主要的挥发性成分,含量较高的组分为β-石竹烯(23.91%)、柠檬烯(17.23%)、3-蒈烯(19.30%)、β-蒎烯(7.83%)和石竹烯氧化物(3.01%)。对δ-杜松烯、柠檬烯、顺式香桧醇(cis-sabinol)、cyclohexene, 3-methyl-6-(1-methylethylidene)-(萜品油烯)、cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-(萜品油烯)、对伞花烃(P-cymene)进行鉴定,使精油的定性结果更准确、可靠。

黑水虻油的饲用价值及其在饲料中的应用研究进展

黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)作为一种腐食性昆虫,可将动物粪便、厨余垃圾、植物残体等有机废弃物转化为自身营养,从而实现资源的绿色高效转化。黑水虻幼虫尤其是脱脂虫粉是优质的饲料蛋白来源,目前有关黑水虻饲料化的研究大多集中在蛋白质营养上,而对黑水虻油脂的相关研究较少。文章阐述了黑水虻油的主要组成,分析其作为饲料的营养价值,总结了影响黑水虻油品质的主要因素,综述了国内外利用黑水虻油代替传统饲料在畜禽、水产及其他动物养殖中的研究进展,提出了一些黑水虻油作为饲料的不足和改进方式,为充分挖掘黑水虻油的应用潜力提供参考。

气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定生干黑芝麻及芝麻油中脂肪酸组成的研究

本研究采用异辛烷作为脂肪酸的提取剂,甲醇钠-甲醇作为甲酯化试剂,然后通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术建立Q1-SIM方法,旨在对脂肪酸进行定性和定量分析,从而探索生干黑芝麻及芝麻油中的脂肪酸组成。结果表明:生干黑芝麻和芝麻油中共检测到17种脂肪酸,主要包括C16∶0、C18∶0、C18∶1N9C和C18∶2N6C。此外,我们还发现了5种鲜有报道的脂肪酸成分:C17∶1、C18∶1N9T、C21∶0、C20∶4N6、C20∶5N3,在生干黑芝麻油脂和芝麻油中含量分别为0.019%、0.056%、0.011%、0.013%、0.045%和0.027%、0.112%、0.010%、0.011%、0.052%。

原油水溶性成分对黑苦荞种子萌发及幼苗生理指标的影响

水是植物生长必不可少的因子,石油开发区水环境受到的污染将会对植物生长造成威胁。本研究发现,不同浓度原油水溶性成分对黑苦荞种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响差异显著。原油水溶性成分浓度从0%提高到6%时,胚轴长、根长、发芽率均逐渐升高;而在6%到20%的浓度下,以上指标均呈下降趋势;黑苦荞幼苗中总蛋白质含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及脯氨酸(Pro)含量在不同浓度原油水溶性成分的胁迫下变化趋势不同,蛋白质含量随原油水溶性成分浓度的增加总体趋势表现为下降,MDA含量、SOD活性和Pro含量随着原油水溶性成分浓度的升高呈上升趋势且SOD活性和Pro含量上升较为缓慢。本研究初步探讨了原油水溶性成分对荞麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为研究原油污染水质对陇东地区荞麦产量和品质的影响奠定了基础。