The black water around the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary in the spring of 2003

The Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary is located in the East China Sea shelf with shallow water. Affected by the tide mixing and the runoff of the Changjiang River and the Qiantang River the turbidity is very high. Generally, the water-leaving radiance is high in the turbid water because of the large particle scattering. Based on the in-situ data and ocean color remote sensing data of SeaWiFS, it was found that there was a black water region with the normalized water-leaving radiances less than 0.5 mW/（cm2-μm2-sr）. The optical principle of the occurrence of this black water was analyzed by the inherent optical properties and the ocean color components. The results show that black water is caused by the relative low values of the suspended particle matter concentration and the back scattering ratio. In the black water region, the percentage of the phytoplankton absorption was relatively high, and the large size of the phytoplankton caused the low value of the particle backscattering ratio.

Analysis of black water aggregation in Taihu Lake

Black water aggregation （BWA） in Taihu Lake is a disaster for the lake environment. It is a phenomenon resulting from water environmental deterioration and eutrophication caused by accumulation of pollutants in the lake, according to research on the water quality, pollutants of BWA, and occurrence mechanisms of BWA. Dead algae are the material base of BWA, the polluted sediment is an important factor for the formation of BWA, and hydrological and meteorological conditions such as sun light, air temperature, wind speed, and water flow are the other factors that may lead to the formation of BWA. Thioether substances such as dimethyl trisulfide are the representative pollutants of BWA. Parameters such as chlorophyll-a, DO, pH, and water temperature are sensitive indicators of BWA. Measures such as algae collection, ecological dredging, pollution control, and water diversion from the Yangtze River to the lake, are effective, and strengthening aeration is an emergency measure to control BWA.

Black Water Fever in Severe Falciparum Malaria: A Case Report

Introduction: Black water fever (BWF) is a complication of severe Plasmodium falciparum infection in hemolysis of erythrocytes into the bloodstream releasing the hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and causes severe anemia and passage of dark/cola color urine, leading to acute renal failure. Hemoglobinuria or BWF is a rare and severe manifestation of falciparum malaria characterized by sudden intravascular hemolysis followed by fever and presence of abnormal hemoglobin in the urine. Aim: The aim of this study was to diagnose and treat severe malaria infection in a Nigerian patient admitted to the Casualty of the IDH Hospital. Case Presentation: A 20-year-old Nigerian boy came to Kuwait and started complaining abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and fever two days after his arrival. The investigation revealed high fever (40.8˚C), heart rate 125, blood pressure of 100/60 mmHg. The physical examination was unremarkable, including a normal neurologic examination, no hepatosplenomegaly, rash and neck rigidity. The Giemsa stained thick and thin blood examination confirmed the severe infection of Plasmodium falciparum with 41.0% parasitemia. The patient was admitted to the hospital and started intravenous Quinine (1200 mg loading dose in 5% glucose over 4 hours). The patient was feeling much better on next morning but became unconscious by evening and shifted to ICU. His all CBC parameters were higher and started passing dark/cola color urine. The 12 units of whole blood were exchanged on next morning and became fully conscious on 4th day and his anemia and thrombocytopenia were improved and the color of the urine also became normal. Conclusion: Quinine is used in both complicated and uncomplicated malaria and may cause black water fever in severe infection of P. falciparum. It is caused by the hemolysis of erythrocytes due to malaria and also with the metabolism of quinine, making these cells more vulnerable to hemolysis in falciparum malaria and also in G6PD deficiency.

Research Progress and Prospects for the Evolution Process and Treatment Technology of Urban Black and Smelly Water

Water is an important material resource for human survival,and with the increasing development of society,the amount of urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage is gradually increasing.However,wastewater collection and treatment facilities lag behind,so that a large number of wastewater enters urban water,making urban water become gradually black and smelly.In order to provide a good living environment for human beings,a large number of scholars actively explore the treatment technology of black and smelly water.In this paper,the evolution process of black and smelly water was introduced firstly,and then the treatment technology of black and smelly water was summarized.Finally,the prospects for the development of the treatment technology were put forward.

Effect of Temperature, pH and Salt on Fluorescent Quality of Water Extractable Organic Matter in Black Soil

Water erosion is the major reason for the loss of soil organic carbon in the Northeast China, which leads to the soil quality deterioration and adjacent water pollution. In this study, the effect of extraction temperature, pH value, and salt on the water extractable organic matter （WEOM） was determined by means of the UV absorbance, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix, and derived fluorescence indexes. In general, the carbon content and aromaticity of WEOM increased with the increasing of extraction temperature, with the exception that there was no significant difference in the amount at 0 and 20℃. More fluorophores, especially microbially-derived organic matter were extracted at high temperature. The pH values of extractant, including 5, 7, and 10, showed no effect on the carbon amount of WEOM, whereas the aromaticity and microbially-derived component gradually increased with the increasing of pH values. The fluorescence intensity of humic acid-like fluorophore was stronger in neutral and alkali condition than that in acidic condition. The addition of 10 mmol L-1 CaCl2 significantly decreased the carbon amount of recovered WEOM. Moreover, it significantly decreased the aromaticity of WEOM and the quantity of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like fluorophores, whereas increased the percentage of tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like fluorophores in the total fluorophores and the amount of microbially-derived organic matter. Generally, 10 mmol L-1 KCl showed the same influence trend, but with low influence degree.

Influence of Water Content on Conductivity and Piezoresistivity of Cement-based Material with both Carbon Fiber and Carbon Black

The influence of water content on the conductivity and piezoresistivity of cement-based material with carbon fiber （CF） and carbon black （CB） was investigated. The piezoresistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB was compared with that of cement-based material with CF only, and the changes in electrical resistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB under static and loading conditions in different drying and soaking time were studied. It is found that the piezoresistivity of cement-based material with both CF and CB has better repeatability and linearity than that of cement-based material with CF only. The conductivity and the sensitivity of piezoresistive cement-based material with both CF and CB are enhanced as the water content in piezoresistive cement-based material increases.

Relationship Between Water-Stable Aggregates and Nutrients in Black Soils After Reclamation

水马厩总数，是为土壤的结构的性质的评估的一个索引，被许多因素影响。Zhaoguang 农场， Longzhen 农场，和 Jiusan 农场在黑土壤的区域被选择为代表性的学习地点，在东北中国的一个典型土壤资源。在有在黑色的营养素的 0.25 个公里水马厩总数和它的关系玷污的 】 的内容的变化在开垦的不同的年以后被调查。结果证明 0.25 公里水马厩聚集的 】 比在表面下的土壤是在表面的更多，他们在下列顺序变化了：Longzhen 农场 】 Zhaoguang 农场 】 Jiusan 农场。水马厩总数在开垦的起始的阶段严厉地减少了然后与时间逐渐地变得稳定。他们显著地在黑土壤与器官的 C，全部的 N，全部的 P，和 CEC 的内容被相关，与是的相关系数 r 0.76， 0.68， 0.61，和 0.81 (P 【 0.01 ) 分别地；然而，他们与可得到的 P，可得到的 K，和全部的 K 的关系是不清楚的。这些证明那有机物是土壤水马厩总数的硬化。增加的分解和在开垦以后的有机物的减少的输入为水马厩总数的减小的数量负责。因此，维持良土团聚体结构，注意应该对土壤营养素地位的改进被给予，特别器官的 C 和 N 的供应。

Pollution control of urban black-odor water bodies

On the basis of on-the-spot investigation, the causes of urban black-odor water bodies and the problems existing in the treatment are analyzed, and the control techniques and management countermeasures for black-odor water bodies were put forward. The countermeasures include: treating from both the roots and the symptoms and combining multiple technologies; comprehensively managing and improve the monitoring systems; coordinating functions and implementing long-term management; opening information and innovating supervision platform; coordinating advance and promoting the construction of sponge city; diversified financing to form the market-oriented model of water pollution control.

Analysis of Formation and Mechanisms of Black and Smelly River Water in Island Cities

The causes of formation of black and smelly river water were summarized,including the entry of organic pollutants into rivers,such as domestic waste,three industrial wastes,thermal pollution caused by industrial hot drainage,pollution of the river bottom and resuspension movement,and so on. The existing modes and valence changes of iron,sulfur and other elements in black and smelly water were discussed. It is clear that the formation of the black and stink is mainly caused by blackening factors and stink-causing factors. It is concluded that the main blackening factors are ferrous sulfide,manganese sulphide,and the main stink-causing factors are hydrogen sulfide,ammonia or sulfides( VOSCs),josamidine and 2-dimethyl isobenol based on sulfur elements. It provides theoretical reference for the control of black and smelly river water in island cities.

Light Fraction Carbon and Water-Stable Aggregates in Black Soils

The distribution of light fraction carbon (LF-C) in the various size classes of aggregates and its relationship to water-stable aggregates as well as the influence of cultivation on the organic components in virgin and cultivated black soils were studied by wet sieving and density separation methods. The total organic carbon (TOC) and LF-C were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in the virgin soils than in the cultivated soils. The LF-C in aggregates of different size classes varied from 0.9 to 2.5 g kg-1 in the cultivated soils and from 2.5 to 7.1 g kg-1 in the virgin soils, whereas the ratio of LF-C to TOC varied from 1.9% to 7.3% and from 5.0% to 12.2%, respectively. After being incubated under constant temperature and controlled humidity for three months, the contribution of LF-C to TOC sharply decreased to an amount (1.7%-8.5%) close to the level in soils that had been cultivated for 20 to 25 years (1.3%-8.8%). As a result, the larger water-stable macro-aggregates (especially > 1 mm) decreased sharply, indicating that the LF-C pool in virgin soils declined quickly after cultivation, which reduced the water stability of soil aggregates.

Study on Dyeing Performance of Cationic Water-soluble Sulphur Black on Silk

A novel polyquaternaryammonium cationic sulphur black dye was synthesized and its dyeing behavior on silk was studied. The dye exhibited excellent dyeing fixation of up to 98.2 %, as well as excellent dyeing fastness on silk.

Effect of water and fertilizer coupling optimization test on water use efficiency of rice in black soil regions

How to improve the water use efficiency of rice in black soil regions was studied. The black soil region in paddy fields was chosen as the research object. The research showed the fertilizer coupling mathematical model with N,P,K,irrigation water( W) and water use efficiency( WUE),which was set up under the condition of controlled irrigation with quadratic D- 416 optimized saturation design. The results show that the decending order of single factor' s influence on the WUE was N,K,P and W. All the interactions between N&P,N&K,N&W,K&P,P&W and K&W on the WUE were raised initially,and when reached a certain value,they began to decline. The decending order of each interaction on the WUE was K&P,K&W,N&K,N&P,P&W and N&W. When the WUE was targeted within 1. 8- 2. 5 kg / km^3,an optimized proportion plan was obtained in the 95% confidence interval,i. e. N 87. 76- 103. 32 kg / hm^2,K_2 O 52. 37- 66. 53 kg / hm^2 and P_2O_536. 80- 46. 71 kg / hm^2. Furthermore,the late tillering of the soil moisture content was 70. 07%- 72. 57% of the saturated moisture content.

An Explanation of the Black Color of River Nyong Water’s and Associated Alluviums (Cameroon)

The River Nyong is situated in Akonolinga (central-south of Cameroon). In order to search for raw materials in ceramic use, samples of alluvium obtained from the deposits in the Nyong River clays have been studied. The results obtained show that, the samples contain important quantity of organic matter and the soil is acidic .These two parameters are necessary to understand the origin of the characteristic color of alluvium and water of the River Nyong.

Combustion and Sulfur-fixing Performance of Pulping Black Liquor Coal-water Slurry

The effects of adding pulping black liquor and other additives to coal-water slurry(CWS) on the sulfur-fixing performance of the resultant mixture(pulping black liquor coal-water slurry) were evaluated. The experimental results demonstrated that the ash content of the black liquor coalwater slurry decreased as the addition of pulping black liquor in the mixture increased. Nevertheless, the addition amount should be appropriately selected to ensure that the black liquor coal-water slurry had a moderate calorific value. Addition of black liquor improved the combustion performance of CWS by lowering the ignition point and stabilizing the combustion process; moreover, the sulfur-fixation ratio after combustion increased by 12 to 16 percentage points than that of CWS, and the content of high-melting-point salt in the ash from CWS after adding black liquor was low. The sulfur-fixing ratio of CWS after adding a sulfur-fixing agent was effectively increased by 25 to 30 percenatge points, but with compromise of the fluidity and stability of the CWS; thus, the addition amount of a sulfur-fixing agent should be optimized.

秸秆还田对东北黑土水分特征及物理性质的影响

为明确秸秆还田对东北黑土水分特征及物理性质的影响,设置秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)和秸秆不还田翻耕(FD)3个处理,测定土壤含水量、水分特征曲线、容重、硬度、土壤三相比及结构稳定性等参数。结果表明:(1)秸秆覆盖还田可显著提高春季耕层(0~30 cm)土壤含水量,较秸秆不还田翻耕处理增幅为11.17%~150.84%;不同处理耕层土壤在水吸力中吸力段土壤含水量变化曲线平滑,秸秆覆盖还田处理具有较高的土壤持水性。(2)秸秆还田能显著提高土壤水分有效性,与秸秆不还田翻耕处理相比,秸秆覆盖还田处理0~10 cm土层土壤田间持水量提高4.85%~11.03%,土壤凋萎系数提高10.85%~18.00%;秸秆翻埋还田处理0~10 cm土层土壤重力水增加9.65%~80.73%。秸秆翻埋还田提升了土壤供水能力,土壤比水容量较秸秆不还田翻耕处理增加4.8%~10.0%。(3)与秸秆不还田翻耕处理相比,秸秆还田降低了收获后土壤紧实度,降低幅度为0.18~0.31 MPa;秸秆覆盖还田增加表层土壤容重,降低土壤孔隙度,促进三相结构趋于合理,显著增加土壤结构稳定性。(4)皮尔森相关分析表明,三相比R值与结构距离(r=0.73*)、土壤容重(r=0.70*)相关性显著,在一定范围内三相比R值的增加有利于改善并促进土壤结构稳定。综上可知,东北黑土农田实施秸秆还田是提高春季土壤含水量、增强土壤持水性、提升土壤供水能力、调节土壤紧实性、调控土壤三相比、改善土壤结构和提高土壤宜耕性的有效措施。

含铜污泥搭配发热危废协同处理及综合利用技术

本文介绍了富氧侧吹熔池熔炼炉协同处理含铜污泥和发热危废的技术,该工艺具有金属回收率高、熔炼强度大、一次能源消耗低,实现了含铜污泥的有价金属的综合回收和发热危废的无害化处理。生产实践表明:处理量10万吨/a含铜污泥和发热危废,可降低煤率约10%,节约成本770万/a,产出约4000t/a的多金属合金(其中含铜55%、含镍11.9%),为企业提质增效打开了的突破口。

富钼专用保水剂对东北典型土壤保墒性能及大豆幼苗生长的影响

在东北集约化种植体系中,苗期水肥供应强度直接影响作物生长状况,并最终导致产量变异。富钼大豆专用保水剂是基于高分子材料合成与钼肥技术的耦合。针对东北2种典型土壤类型开展温室盆栽试验,通过二因子五水平的试验设计,研究土壤类型、保水剂类型及施用量对大豆苗期土壤水分利用效率及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:1)施用不同剂量普通保水剂(H 2020)和富钼专用保水剂(GH 2021)均可在不同程度上提高土壤保水性能,并促进苗期大豆生长及地上部植株干质量;2)土壤含水率和大豆幼苗株高均随用量的增大而增加,且用量为0.5%的GH 2021显著促进大豆幼苗的生长,在黑土和风沙土条件下增幅分别可达68.0%和44.9%;3)0.5%剂量的GH 2021使风沙土土壤含水率提高343.1%,相较于施用H 2020保水性能提升33.6%;4)与H 2020相比,施用量为0.5%的GH 2021使风沙土条件下苗期大豆株高和地上部干质量分别提高16.3%和34.0%。综上,富钼专用保水剂在东北大豆种植区最佳应用范围为:2种土壤条件下,保水剂理论田间推荐用量为0.5%,其对风沙土的保墒性能优于黑土。该保水剂可用于提升干旱区土壤保水性能,改善苗期大豆生长环境和营养状况,最大限度激发东北大豆的增产潜力。

硫酸亚铁焙烧一水浸工艺分离黑铜泥中铜和砷

采用硫酸亚铁焙烧-水浸工艺实现黑铜泥中铜、砷一步分离。考察了铁砷摩尔比(Fe/As)、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、水浸初始pH等对试验效果的影响。较优工艺条件为:焙烧温度400℃、Fe/As=0.3、焙烧时间120 min、水浸温度80℃、水浸时间60 min、水浸液固比7 mL/g、水浸初始pH=4.5,沉砷率高达99%以上,铜浸出率高达96%以上。经XRD分析,沉砷渣主要成分为臭葱石和氧化铁,实现了砷的安全固化处置。