The Calculations of Propeller Induced Velocity by RANS and Momentum Theory

In order to provide instructions for the calculation of the propeller induced velocity in the study of the hull-propeller interaction using the body force approach,three methods were used to calculate the propeller induced velocity：1） Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes（RANS） simulation of the self-propulsion test,2） RANS simulation of the propeller open water test,and 3） momentum theory of the propeller.The results from the first two methods were validated against experimental data to assess the accuracy of the computed flow field.The thrust identity method was adopted to obtain the advance velocity,which was then used to derive the propeller induced velocity from the total velocity field.The results computed by the first two approaches were close,while those from the momentum theory were significantly overestimated.The presented results could prove to be useful for further calculations of self-propulsion using the body force approach.

Discovering exact,gauge-invariant,local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system by high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds

Gyrokinetic theory is arguably the most important tool for numerical studies of transport physics in magnetized plasmas.However,exact local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system have not been found despite continuous effort.Without such local conservation laws,energy and momentum can be instantaneously transported across spacetime,which is unphysical and casts doubt on the validity of numerical simulations based on the gyrokinetic theory.The standard Noether procedure for deriving conservation laws from corresponding symmetries does not apply to gyrokinetic systems because the gyrocenters and electromagnetic field reside on different manifolds.To overcome this difficulty,we develop a high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds for classical particle-field systems and apply it to derive exact,local conservation laws,in particular the energy–momentum conservation laws,for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system.A weak Euler–Lagrange(EL)equation is established to replace the standard EL equation for the particles.It is discovered that an induced weak EL current enters the local conservation laws,and it is the new physics captured by the high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds.A recently developed gauge-symmetrization method for high-order electromagnetic field theories using the electromagnetic displacement-potential tensor is applied to render the derived energy–momentum conservation laws electromagnetic gauge-invariant.

倾转机翼/旋翼机过渡姿态规划分析

针对带有倾转机翼段的新构型倾转旋翼机复杂的倾转过渡变构型过程,提出一种基于动量叶素理论的高速段倾转走廊边界计算方法。通过低速时机翼失速限制和高速时旋翼可用功率限制建立倾转过渡走廊计算模型,对比了传统构型倾转旋翼机和倾转机翼/旋翼机的倾转过渡走廊差别。对2种构型倾转旋翼机倾转过渡状态下前飞速度、机身迎角、旋翼桨距角姿态进行了对比分析。结果表明:带有倾转机翼段的倾转机翼/旋翼机具有更狭窄的倾转走廊,在短舱角0°状态,倾转机翼段占1/3展长的旋翼机相较于传统构型倾转旋翼机,倾转速度边界从39~57 m/s缩减到41.7~51.2 m/s,倾转操纵难度加大;在大于45°短舱角的倾转前期,同样的前飞速度和短舱倾转角状态下,倾转机翼/旋翼机机身迎角降低约2°,旋翼桨距角增大1°~4°,随着倾转过渡的完成,2种构型倾转旋翼机姿态差异逐渐变小。

涵道螺旋桨多工况设计

单一工况下设计的涵道螺旋桨通常不能满足垂直起降飞机的多工况高效需求。基于叶素动量理论可以开展涵道螺旋桨多工况设计,其关键在于不同工况下螺旋桨拉力占比、修正来流速度的计算。在无螺旋桨几何的情况下,采用动量源方法对涵道拉力进行估算,提出了修正来流速度的计算方法,基于最小能量损失原则建立螺旋桨几何,采用多重参考系方法进行耦合计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)修正,得到单一工况下弦长扭转角关系、螺旋桨拉力占比以及修正来流速度。通过改变设计升力系数及转速,使不同工况下涵道螺旋桨的弦长及扭转角相匹配。分析结果表明,动量源方法计算的涵道拉力占比较大,来流速度修正方法可减少相同工况下耦合CFD求解计算量。多工况设计可有效提高涵道螺旋桨的综合效率。

基于多岛遗传算法和动量叶素理论的风力机叶片外形优化设计研究

通过调整标准NACA翼型的控制参数建立风力机叶片翼型,采用加权平均法定义优化目标函数,建立叶片外形优化模型。采用多岛遗传算法对优化模型进行求解,获得优化后翼型参数。采用Fluent软件对优化前后的风力机叶片压力梯度、气动性能进行仿真,结果表明,优化后风力机叶片的输出功率与风能利用系数增大,叶根处的弯矩减少。

电磁场角动量守恒定律的四维协变形式

导出了电磁场角动量守恒定律的四维协变形式,并讨论了其物理意义:该形式是一个四维二阶张量方程,一共有6个非零独立分量,其中3个分量给出电磁场的角动量守恒定律,另外3个分量同时给出电磁场的能量和动量守恒定律.

全值域有定义的对数紊流流速分布公式研究

目前,声学多普勒流速剖面仪垂线流速盲区插补只能采用指数流速分布、常数流速分布两种模式,而对数紊流流速分布公式是基于动量传递理论推导出的垂线流速分布公式,该公式因在边界处(y=0)没有定义而应用不便。基于此,从天然河道的河床是由泥沙组成的非固定边界的实际出发,提出在边界面上液体质点仍然存在混掺运动的假设,借助动量传递理论推导出全值域有定义的对数紊流流速分布公式。并且采用宜昌水文站4条实测垂线流速对公式进行拟合验证。结果表明:该公式拟合得到的误差有正有负,最大误差为-3.66%,精度符合水文资料整编规范要求。推导出的公式在垂线水深的所有值域内有定义,该公式可为声学多普勒流速剖面仪垂线流速盲区插补提供一种思路。

Electron Momentum Spectroscopy of Outer Valence Orbitals of 2-Fluoroethanol

The binding energy spectra and electron momentum distributions for the outer valence molecular orbitals of gaseous 2-fluoroethanol have been measured by the non-coplanar asym- metric （e, 2e） spectrometer at impact energy of 2.5 keV plus binding energy. The quantitative calculations of the ionization energies and the relevant molecular orbitals have been carried out by using the outer-valence Green＇s function method and the density functional theory with B3LYP hybrid functional. The observed ionization bands in binding energy spectra, as well as the previous photoelectron spectrum which was not assigned, have been assigned for the first time through the comparison between experiment and theory. In general, the the- oretical electron momentum distributions calculated by B3LYP method with aug-cc-pVTZ basis set are in line with the experimental ones when taking into account the Boltzmann- weighted thermo-statistical abundances of five conformers of 2-fluoroethanol.

High Resolution Electron Momentum Spectroscopy Study on Ethanol： Orbital Electron Momentum Distributions for Individual Conformers

The outer-valence binding energy spectra of ethanol in the energy range of 9-21 eV are mea- sured by a high-resolution electron momentum spectrometer at an impact energy of 2.5 keV plus the binding energy. The electron momentum distributions for the ionization peaks cor- responding to the outer-valence orbitals are obtained by deconvoluting a series of azimuthal angular correlated binding energy spectra. Comparison is made with the theoretical calcu- lations for two conformers, trans and gauche, coexisting in the gas phase of ethanol at the level of B3LYP density functional theory with aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. It is found that the measured electron momentum distributions for the peaks at 14.5 and 15.2 eV are in good agreement with the theoretical electron momentum distributions for the molecular orbitals of individual conformers （i.e., 8a＇ of trans and 9a of gauche）, but not in accordance with the thermally averaged ones. It demonstrates that the high-resolution electron momentum spectrometer, by inspecting the molecular electronic structure, is a promising technique to identify different conformers in a mixed sample.

Theory of Dynamic Interactions: The Flight of the Boomerang II

On Volume 2, Number 7, June 2014 of this Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, I proposed a new interpretation of the dynamic behavior of the boomerang and, in general, of the rigid bodies exposed to simultaneous non-coaxial rotations. I proposed the boomerang as a paradigmatic example of bodies in rotation. Accordingly, I propose a new Theory of Dynamic Interactions. The aim of this paper is to present an audiovisual of the Theory of Dynamic Interactions, and the dynamic behavior of the boomerang, as an extension of the referred paper, asserting that the boomerang is a clear example of the application of this theory.

Theory of Dynamic Interactions: The Flight of the Boomerang

We propose a new interpretation of the dynamic behavior of the boomerang and, in general, of the rigid bodies exposed to simultaneous non-coaxial rotations. We have developed a new rotational non-inertial dynamics hypothesis, which can be applied to understand both the flight of the boomerang as well as celestial mechanics. The boomerang is a particularly significant, intriguing and widely known case of bodies in rotation. We have analyzed the velocity and acceleration fields generated when rigid bodies are exposed to successive torques, in order to assess new criteria for this speed coupling. In this context, reactions and inertial fields that cannot be justified by means of classical mechanics take place. Accordingly, we propose a new Theory of Dynamic Interactions. We believe that the results obtained will enable us to conceive a new perspective in dynamics, unknown to date. After carrying out ample research, we have come to the conclusion that there still exists an unstructured scientific area in non-inertial dynamics systems subject to rotational accelerations. The aim of this paper is to present information of the surprising results obtained and to attract interest in research into dynamic field systems accelerated by rotation, and the multiple and remarkable scientific applications arising thereof. We further propose the boomerang as a clear example of the application of the Theory of Dynamic Interactions.

Theory of Dynamic Interactions: Laws of Motion

The aim of this paper is to present the laws of motion that can be derived from the Theory of Dynamic Interactions, and of its multiple and significant scientific applications. Based on a new interpretation on the behaviour of rigid bodies exposed to simultaneous non-coaxial rotations, we have developed a hypothesis regarding the dynamic behaviour of these bodies. From these hypotheses and following the observation of the behaviour of free bodies in space, we have developed axioms and a mathematical-physical model. Consequently, we have deduced a movement equation, coherent with the hypotheses and the observed behaviour. This dynamic model, in the case of rigid solid bodies or systems, allows putting forward a series of laws and corollaries in relation to its dynamic performance. These laws have subsequently been confirmed by experimental tests. The whole of this research constitutes a rational and conceptual structure which we have named Theory of Dynamic Interactions (TID). This logical deductive system allows predicting the behaviour of solid bodies subject to multiple accelerations by rotation. In the conclusions, we underline that coherence has been obtained between the principles and axioms, the developed physical-mathematical model, the obtained movement equation, the deduced laws and the realised experimental tests.

General Relativity as the Classical Limit of the Renormalizable Gauge Theory of Volume Preserving Diffeomorphisms

The different roles and natures of spacetime appearing in a quantum field theory and in classical physics are analyzed implying that a quantum theory of gravitation is not necessarily a quantum theory of curved spacetime. Developing an alternative approach to quantum gravity starts with the postulate that inertial energy-momentum and gravitational energy-momentum need not be the same for virtual quantum states. Separating their roles naturally leads to the quantum gauge field theory of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms of an inner four-dimensional space. The classical limit of this theory coupled to a quantized scalar field is derived for an on-shell particle where inertial energy-momentum and gravitational energy-momentum coincide. In that process the symmetry under volume-preserving diffeomorphisms disappears and a new symmetry group emerges: the group of coordinate transformations of four-dimensional spacetime and with it General Relativity coupled to a classical relativistic point particle.

Bianchi Type-I Anisotropic Universe with Metric Potential in Saez-Ballester Theory of Gravitation

Bianchi Type-I cosmological model in the presence of Saez-Ballester theory gravitation is studied. An exact solution of the field equation is given by considering the cosmological model yield a metric potential included with a real number. The relation between the deceleration parameter and Hubble parameter and average scale factor is used in that cosmological model. The effect of the viscosity on the entropy of the universe is utilized by energy momentum tensor with bulk viscous terms in a conservative manner. We obtained a formula for calculating the entropy of the universe in terms of viscosity and used it to compare to the study. Also, various physical and kinematical properties have been discussed.

Time Intervals of the Energy Emission in Quantum Systems Obtained from the Conservation Rule of the Electron Momentum

The paper presents a non-probabilistic approach to the time interval associated with the energy emission produced by the electron transition in a quantum system. The calculations were performed for the hydrogen atom and the electron particle in a one-dimensional potential box. In both cases, the rule of conservation of the electron momentum has been applied. The results, limited to the time intervals of transitions between two neighbouring quantum energy levels, occur to be much similar to those obtained earlier with the aid of the Joule-Lenz energy emission theory.

Dependence of photoelectron-momentum distribution of H_2^+ molecule on orientation angle and laser ellipticity

By numerically solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schr¨odinger equation under the frozen-nuclei approximation, we are able to study the molecular photoelectron-momentum distribution(MPMD) of H^+_2 with different orientation angles driven by elliptically polarized laser pulse with varying ellipticities. Our numerical results show that the MPMD is sensitive to the orientation angle and the laser ellipticity, which can be explained by the attosecond perturbation ionization theory and the exactly solvable photoionization model. When the ellipticity ε = 0, the final MPMD of x-oriented H^+_2 shows a distinct six-lobe pattern that is different from that with ε = 0.5 and ε = 1. The evolutions of electron wave packet(EWP)and MPMD with x-oriented H^+_2 are presented to interpret this distinct pattern.

考虑叶片旋转效应的风力发电塔架结构风-震耦合响应分析

中国风电场大多不可避免的建于地震频发地段,在风荷载作用下风机正常工作时发生地震是一概率极大的事件。因此,该文以西北地区某2.5 MW风力发电机为原型,对考虑叶片旋转效应的风电塔架结构在风-震耦合作用下的响应展开研究。利用谐波叠加法生成考虑叶片与塔筒的空间相干性的模拟脉动风速时程;基于叶素动量理论,计算考虑叶片旋转效应的叶轮载荷,并采用尾流模型计算塔筒尾流区塔筒面的载荷;基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立考虑叶片及机舱偏心的集中质量有限元模型并对风力发电塔筒结构在风-震耦合作用下的响应进行分析;探讨了地震输入时刻对于风-震耦合作用下风电塔筒响应的影响。研究结果表明:叶轮旋转效应及尾流对于风荷载的计算影响较大;风-震耦合作用可能使塔顶位移较风荷载单独作用下的小,基底应力接近地震单独作用下的基底应力值;地震动输入时刻对风-震耦合分析有较大影响,建议在设计时予以考虑。

Dark Matter and the Energy-Momentum Relationship in a Hydrogen Atom

Einstein derived the energy-momentum relationship which holds in an isolated system in free space. However, this relationship is not applicable in the space inside a hydrogen atom where there is potential energy. Therefore, in 2011, the author derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to the electron constituting a hydrogen atom. This paper derives that relationship in a simpler way using another method. From this relationship, it is possible to derive the formula for the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. The energy values obtained from this formula almost match the theoretical values of Bohr. However, the relationship derived by the author includes a state that cannot be predicted with Bohr’s theory. In the hydrogen atom, there is an energy level with n = 0. Also, there are energy levels where the relativistic energy of the electron becomes negative. An electron with this negative energy (mass) exists near the atomic nucleus (proton). The name “dark hydrogen atom” is given to matter formed from one electron with this negative mass and one proton with positive mass. Dark hydrogen atoms, dark hydrogen molecules, other types of dark atoms, and aggregates made up of dark molecules are plausible candidates for dark matter, the mysterious type of matter whose true nature is currently unknown.

Origin of Magnetic Fields of Stellar Objects in the Universe Based on the 5D Projection Theory

Beginning with a 5D homogeneous universe [1], we have provided a plausible explanation of the self-rotation phenomenon of stellar objects previously with illustration of large number of star samples [2], via a 5D-4D projection. The origin of such rotation is the balance of the angular momenta of stars and that of positive and negative charged e-trino pairs, within a 3D ⊗1D?void of the stellar object, the existence of which is based on conservation/parity laws in physics if one starts with homogeneous 5D universe. While the in-phase e-trino pairs are proposed to be responsible for the generation of angular momentum, the anti-phase but oppositely charge pairs necessarily produce currents. In the 5D to 4D projection, one space variable in the 5D manifold was compacted to zero in most other 5D theories (including theories of Kaluza-Klein and Einstein [3] [4]). We have demonstrated, using the Fermat’s Last Theorem [5], that for validity of gauge invariance at the 4D-5D boundary, the 4th space variable in the 5D manifold is mapped into two current rings at both magnetic poles as required by Perelman entropy mapping;these loops are the origin of the dipolar magnetic field. One conclusion we draw is that there is no gravitational singularity, and hence no black holes in the universe, a result strongly supported by the recent discovery of many stars with masses well greater than 100 solar mass [6] [7] [8], without trace of phenomena observed (such as strong gamma and X ray emissions), which are supposed to be associated with black holes. We analyze the properties of such loop currents on the 4D-5D boundary, where Maxwell equations are valid. We derive explicit expressions for the dipolar fields over the whole temperature range. We then compare our prediction with measured surface magnetic fields of many stars. Since there is coupling in distribution between the in-phase and anti-phase pairs of e-trinos, the generated mag-netic field is directly related to the angular momentum, leading to the result that the magnetic field can be expressible in terms of only the mechanical variables (mass M, radius R, rotation period P)of a star, as if Maxwell equations are “hidden”. An explanation for the occurrence of this “un-expected result” is provided in Section (7.6). Therefore we provide satisfactory answers to a number of “mysteries” of magnetism in astrophysics such as the “Magnetic Bode’s Relation/Law” [9] and the experimental finding that B-P graph in the log-log plot is linear. Moreover, we have developed a new method for studying the relations among the data (M, R, P) during stellar evolution. Ten groups of stellar objects, effectively over 2000 samples are used in various parts of the analysis. We also explain the emergence of huge magnetic field in very old stars like White Dwarfs in terms of formation of 2D Semion state on stellar surface and release of magnetic flux as magnetic storms upon changing the 2D state back to 3D structure. Moreover, we provide an explanation, on the ground of the 5D theory, for the detection of extremely weak fields in Venus and Mars and the asymmetric distribution of magnetic field on the Martian surface. We predict the equatorial fields B of the newly discovered Trappist-1 star and the 6 nearest planets. The log B?−?log P graph for the 6 planets is linear and they satisfy the Magnetic Bode’s relation. Based on the above analysis, we have discovered several new laws of stellar magnetism, which are summarized in Section (7.6).

Nonlinear electrodynamics coupled to teleparallel theory of gravity

Using nonlinear electrodynamics coupled to teleparallel theory of gravity, regular charged spherically symmetric solutions are obtained. The nonlinear theory is reduced to the Maxwell one in the weak limit and the solutions correspond to charged spacetimes. One of the obtained solutions contains an arbitrary function which we call general solution since we can generate from it the other solutions. The metric associated with these spacetimes is the same, i.e., regular charged static spherically symmetric black hole. In calculating the energy content of the general solution using the gravitational energy momentum within the framework of the teleparallel geometry, we find that the resulting form depends on the arbitrary function. Using the regularized expression of the gravitational energy-momentum we obtain the value of energy.