Determination of Elastoplastic Mechanical Properties of the Weld and Heat Affected Zone Metals in Tailor-Welded Blanks by Nanoindentation Test

The elastoplastic mechanical properties of the weld and heat affected zone metals have comparatively major impact on the forming process of tailor-welded blanks. A few scholars investigated the elastoplastic mechanical properties of the weld and heat affected zone, but they only simply assumed that it was a uniform distribution elastoplastic material different from the base materials. Four types of tailor-welded blanks which consist of ST12 and 304 stainless steel plates are selected as the research objects, the elastoplastic mechanical properties of the tailor-welded blanks weld and heat affected zone metals are obtained based on the nanoindentation tests, and the Erichsen cupping tests are conducted by combining numerical simulation with physical experiment. The nanoindentation tests results demonstrate that the elastoplastic mechanical properties of the weld and heat affected zone metals are not only different from the base materials, but also varying between the weld metals and the heat affected zone metals. Comparing the Erichsen cupping test resulted from numerical with that from experimental method, it is found that the numerical value of Erichsen cupping test which consider the elastoplastic mechanical properties of the weld and heat affected zone metals have a good agreement with the experimental result, and the relative error is only 4.8%. The proposed research provides good solutions for the inhomogeneous elastoplastic mechanical properties of the tailor-welded blanks weld and heat affected zone metals, and improves the control performance of tailor-welded blanks forming accuracy.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE THERMO-MECHANICAL PROCESS FOR BEAM BLANK CONTINUOUS CASTING

The aim of this study was to simulate the solidification process of beam blank continuous casting, and then find the reasons for the typical defects of the beam blank. A two-dimensional transient coupled finite element model has been developed to compute the temperature and stress profile in beam blank continuous casting. The enthalpy method was used in the heat conduction equation. The thermo-mechanical property in the mushy zone was taken into consideration in this calculation. It is shown that at the mold exit the thickness of the shell had its maximum value at the flange tip and its minimum value at the fillet. The temperature had a great fluctuation on the surface of the beam blank in the secondary cooling zone. At the unbending point, the surface temperature of the web was in the brittleness temperature range under the present condition. To ensure the quality, it is necessary to weaken the intensity of secondary cooling. At the mold exit the equivalent stress and strain have higher values at the flange tip and at the web. From the spray 1 to the unbending point, the maximum values of stress and strain gradually moved to the internal section of the flange tip and the web. However, whenever, there were bigger stress and strain values near the flange tip and the web than in the other parts, it must be very easy to generate cracks at those positions. Now, online verification of this simulation has been developed, which has proved to be very useful and efficient to instruct the practical production of beam blank continuous casting.

Constitutive Model of Friction Stir Weld with Consideration of its Inhomogeneous Mechanical Properties

In practical engineering, finite element（FE） modeling for weld seam is commonly simplified by neglecting its inhomogeneous mechanical properties. This will cause a significant loss in accuracy of FE forming analysis, in particular, for friction stir welded（FSW） blanks due to the large width and good formability of its weld seam. The inhomogeneous mechanical properties across weld seam need to be well characterized for an accurate FE analysis. Based on a similar AA5182 FSW blank, the metallographic observation and micro-Vickers hardness analysis upon the weld cross-section are performed to identify the interfaces of different sub-zones, i.e., heat affected zone（HAZ）, thermal-mechanically affected zone（TMAZ） and weld nugget（WN）. Based on the rule of mixture and hardness distribution, a constitutive model is established for each sub-zone to characterize the inhomogeneous mechanical properties across the weld seam. Uniaxial tensile tests of the AA5182 FSW blank are performed with the aid of digital image correlation（DIC） techniques. Experimental local stress-strain curves are obtained for different weld sub-zones. The experimental results show good agreement with those derived from the constitutive models, which demonstrates the feasibility and accuracy of these models. The proposed research gives an accurate characterization of inhomogeneous mechanical properties across the weld seam produced by FSW, which provides solutions for improving the FE simulation accuracy of FSW sheet forming.

Investigation of the Process Parameters on the Blanking of AISI 304 Stainless Steel by Using Finite Element Method

Blanking is a major process and has a wide range of usage in manufacturing industry. The general concept of blanking seems a simple one but governing parameters are many and have a complex relationship which directly affect the quality of the produced parts （blanks） and also the energy efficiency of the process. The main problem is the lack of prediction capabilities of the effect of these parameters that lead to time, money and labor consuming trial and error procedures in experimental studies. Usage of FEM based programs to simulate blanking to obtain numerical results and observe the shearing mechanism is a cheap and a detailed way for industrial applications. In this study five different clearances （1%, 3%, 5%, 10% and 20%） and three different thicknesses （t = 2 mm, t = 3 mm and t = 4 mm） were used for simulation and experimental studies of the blanking process. Simulations were executed by using the FEM program, Deform 2-D. Investigations were made on the parameters related to crack progression like crack initiation and crack propagation angles, indentation angle, rollover angle and depth and also the related blanking energy values. The results of the present paper are in agreement with the results of experimental studies.

Research on horizontal electromagnetic continuous casting of copper tube blanks

The effect of commercial frequency electromagnetic field on the solidification structure and mechanical propertiesof copper hollow blanks prepared by horizontal continuous casting method was investigated. The results show thatwhen the electromagnetic field is imposed, columnar grains are evidently refined and fine equiaxed grains areobtained in the inner side of the cross-section. Moreover, with the increase of input current, the equiaxed grain regionwidens and the grains distribute more uniformly in the circumferential direction. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties areremarkably improved by the application of electromagnetic field. When the input current is 140 A, the tensile strengthincreases 15% and the elongation increases 10%. However, the electromagnetic field has no effect on the distribution ofmicroelements.

前箱熔体温度对8011铝合金铸轧板坯组织性能的影响

为了稳定提高双零铝箔用铸轧坯料质量,使用电解铝液配料生产规格为7.0 mm×1300 mm的8011铝合金铸轧铝板卷,并利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)及电子万能拉伸试验机等手段,研究了不同前箱铝熔体温度(680,690,700,710℃)对8011铝合铸轧板坯微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:随着前箱熔体温度的升高,铸轧板坯晶粒的尺寸呈略微增大再急剧变大的趋势,其抗拉强度和断后伸长率均呈先缓慢降低后急剧下降的趋势;当前箱熔体温度控制在680~700℃时,可获得综合力学性能较佳的铸轧板坯,其平均纵向抗拉强度和横向抗拉强度分别不低于141.87 MPa和138.84 MPa,平均纵向断后伸长率和横向断后伸长率分别不低于29.8%和26.4%.

Damage mechanism and evaluation model of compressor impeller remanufacturing blanks:A review

The theoretical and technological achievements in the damage mechanism and evaluation model obtained through the national basic research program“Key Fundamental Scientific Problems on Mechanical Equipment Remanufacturing”are reviewed in this work.Large centrifugal compressor impeller blanks were used as the study object.The materials of the blanks were FV520B and KMN.The mechanism and evaluation model of ultra-high cycle fatigue,erosion wear,and corrosion damage were studied via theoretical calculation,finite element simulation,and experimentation.For ultra-high cycle fatigue damage,the characteristics of ultra-high cycle fatigue of the impeller material were clarified,and prediction models of ultra-high cycle fatigue strength were established.A residual life evaluation technique based on the“b-HV-N”(where b was the nonlinear parameter,HV was the Vickers hardness,and N was the fatigue life)double criterion method was proposed.For erosion wear,the flow field of gas-solid two-phase flow inside the impeller was simulated,and the erosion wear law was clarified.Two models for erosion rate and erosion depth calculation were established.For corrosion damage,the electrochemical and stress corrosion behaviors of the impeller material and welded joints in H2S/CO2 environment were investigated.KISCC(critical stress intensity factor)and da/dt(crack growth rate,where a is the total crack length and t is time)varied with H2S concentration and temperature,and their variation laws were revealed.Through this research,the key scientific problems of the damage behavior and mechanism of remanufacturing objects in the multi-strength field and cross-scale were solved.The findings provide theoretical and evaluation model support for the analysis and evaluation of large centrifugal compressor impellers before remanufacturing.

异型坯结晶器与铸坯热力耦合数值模拟

为研究异型坯连铸结晶器内铸坯凝固和变形过程,采用ABAQUS软件建立了异型坯连铸结晶器和铸坯的二维瞬态热力耦合有限元模型,编制ABAQUS用户自定义子程序GAPCON实现结晶器内壁和铸坯之间的传热模拟.计算模型中考虑了铸坯的凝固和热变形、气隙对传热的影响以及铸坯与结晶器之间的接触应力.分别对2种不同水缝设计结晶器进行了数值模拟,数值分析结果表明,小孔水缝设计的结晶器温度峰值较低、热面温度分布更均匀,因而比大孔水缝设计结晶器具有更长的使用寿命和更优的铸坯质量,这一结论与现场试验结果一致.

基于主成分分析与BP神经网络的激光拼焊板力学性能预测

为了预测并控制激光拼焊板的力学性能,本文通过对0.8～1.5mm的St12板及其镀锌板进行差厚、等厚拼焊,在此基础上建立了以焊接工艺参数为输入变量的基于主成分分析的BP神经网络拼焊板力学性能预测模型。通过实例验证表明,本文所建预测模型对拼焊板抗拉强度及伸长率的预测精度均达91%以上。充分表明该模型与试验结果吻合良好,验证了该预测模型的合理性及适用性。

基于变形区显微状态分析的精冲成形机理研究

通过实验和变形区流线变化、金相组织和显微硬度的变化,对精冲成形的过程、特点、精冲成形机理进行了研究。

基于双侧齿圈压边的厚板精密冲裁成形力学分析

针对普通冲裁方式获得的厚板冲裁件常存在尺寸精度低、断面质量差及翘曲严重等问题,采用双侧齿圈压边的方式对厚板精密冲裁成形进行模拟和力学分析,建立了厚板的精冲数学模型及有限元模型,研究了成形中应力应变问题及静水应力、材料流动的规律,并通过对6、8、10和12mm厚板进行有限元模拟,探讨了不同板厚对双侧齿圈压边精冲的影响,最后进行实验验证,分析结果表明双侧齿圈压边冲裁方式能够增加厚板剪切变形区的静水压力,充分发挥材料的塑性,提高厚板冲裁件断面质量。

8011铝箔坯料退火后AlFeSi相对气泡形成机理影响的研究

8011铝箔坯料退火后产生了贯通气泡和微鼓区,气泡内部出现了大量AlFeSi相富集。气泡是由于内部AlFeSi相的富集促进氢富集和氢析出,外部致密的氧化膜阻碍氢析出共同作用形成的。微鼓区的内部AlFeSi相较少,也形成了类似气泡的空腔。因此,AlFeSi相的富集不是气泡形成的必要条件。

村庄规划中的留白机制探索与实践

为应对村庄土地权属的复杂性、村庄建设的不确定性及上位规划调整的随机性,增强村庄规划的弹性,研究提出了村庄规划留白的实现路径,以湖南省某村庄为例进行了规划实践。研究表明:(1)在村庄规划中按空间留白(建设用地空间留白、暂未明确用途的空间留白)和指标留白,并明确地块的准入条件、负面清单、用地条件、启用条件等是村庄规划留白的有效机制。(2)该机制为乡村基础设施建设、产业发展等用地需求提供了弹性空间,顺应了乡村发展和演变的不确定性,可有效保障乡村振兴战略的实施。

精密冲裁成形仿真技术研究进展

精密冲裁是在普通冲裁基础上发展起来的一种先进的金属精密塑性成形工艺,是一个局部剧烈塑性大变形的过程。材料在狭小的凸凹模间隙附近形成塑性剪切带,发生剧烈的剪切流动,使成形过程的数值模拟存在许多难点。本文从延性损伤、韧性断裂准则及裂纹萌生与扩展仿真3个方面回顾了相关技术在精密冲裁成形过程数值模拟中的研究进展。

基于铸辗复合成形工艺的Q235B环形铸坯

短流程铸辗复合成形工艺利用铸造环坯直接辗扩成形,具有节能、节材和缩短工艺流程等优点。在这种新工艺中,冶炼、铸造工艺对铸坯质量、组织、力学性能有很大的影响。以法兰常用的Q235B碳素钢为研究对象,设计了冶炼铸造工艺,应用ProCAST有限元分析软件对环件的砂型铸造工艺过程进行数值模拟,得到了铸坯不同位置的微观组织,并对缩孔缩松进行了预测;采用砂型铸造工艺对环件铸坯进行工业实验,分析了铸坯的显微组织和力学性能。结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合;采用该铸造工艺得到的环件铸坯具有较好的力学性能,为后续辗扩工艺的顺利进行提供了有力保障。

Q235B环形铸坯显微组织和力学性能的研究

针对短流程铸辗复合成形工艺,以法兰常用材料Q235B碳素钢作为研究对象,通过金相观察、力学性能测试和断口扫描等试验,研究砂型铸造方式和离心铸造方式对环形铸坯组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,Q235B碳素钢的室温组织主要由铁素体和珠光体组成;砂型铸坯中的铁素体以块状的形式存在,且晶粒较为粗大,离心铸坯中的铁素体以针状和块状的形式存在,且晶粒较为细小。离心铸坯的抗拉强度和塑性、冲击韧度均明显优于砂型铸坯。砂型铸坯的拉伸断口呈现韧窝和准解理并存的混合断裂特征,冲击断口几乎为完全的脆性解理断裂特征;离心铸坯的拉伸断口几乎为完全的韧性断裂特征,冲击断口由撕裂韧窝区域和解理区域组成。

连杆毛坯锻件的金相组织及力学性能

研究了国产轿车五气门发动机连杆毛坯锻件与德国毛坯锻件的化学成分、金相组织及力学性能。结果表明 ,非调质钢连杆的硬度分布均匀 ,金相组织、力学性能、切削性能均达到德国同类产品技术要求。用非调质钢代替 40Cr钢制造轿车五气门发动机连杆是可行的 ,既保证了产品质量又简化了生产工艺流程 。

直线焊缝差厚拼焊板的成形规律

基于直线焊缝差厚拼焊板半球胀形和经典力学理论,在低碳钢直线焊缝差厚拼焊板半球胀形试验的基础上,分析直线焊缝差厚拼焊板板厚比与板料成形能力之间的关系,提出直线焊缝差厚拼焊板板厚比与板料成形能力关系的力学模型。结合物理试验以及有限元仿真模型,分析焊缝移动量与板厚比的关系以及胀形高度与板厚比的关系,得到不同板厚比组合情况下的拼焊板成形性能结果,分析差厚拼焊板焊缝移动和成形能力下降的机理,归纳出差厚拼焊板板厚比与焊缝移动和成形高度之间的规律,可为生产实际提供理论指导。

Fe^(3+)对羟磷灰石溶解特性的影响

羟基磷灰石(HAP)对溶解性Fe^(3+)具有良好的去除作用,其反应机理尚未明确。基于HAP的溶解规律探究Fe^(3+)去除过程的思路,研究了HAP在空白溶液和含Fe^(3+)溶液中溶解特性。对比研究结果表明:Fe^(3+)对HAP溶解的影响主要为表面吸附过程的抑制作用和溶解沉淀过程的促进作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越强。溶解初期(t≤4min)溶解-沉淀过程起主导作用,溶解速度快;后期(t>4min)表面吸附起主导作用,溶解速度慢。

毛坯尺寸基准设计方法研究

传统毛坯尺寸基准设计忽略了工艺过程的差异,而统一将零件图中各尺寸基准作为毛坯尺寸基准,导致毛坯在后续加工过程中余量误差增大而浪费材料,为了实现粗加工余量公差最小以及加工面与非加工面尺寸及位置误差最小的目的,提出了基于不同工艺过程的毛坯尺寸基准设计的新方法,该方法对提高机械产品质量、降低材料损耗有重要意义。