FEM SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE SHEET BLANKING

Both experiment and simulation are made on the AlMg4 . 5Mn0 .4 sheet blanking with 1 % , 10% and 20% relative clearance respectively. The cutting force curves and the cutting surface parameters which can be used to describe the quality of the blankings are measured. Simulation is accomplished by MARC Autoforge software package. Calculated cutting forces are always bigger than measured ones. All difference between experiment and simulation is not greater than 20% . It is feasible making virtual experiment on workstation to estimate the cutting force and to predict the quality of the workpiece for new material using certain blanking technical parameters.

Ductile damage and simulation of fine-blanking process by FEM

Based on the Curson Tvergaard void damage plastic potential equation and by using orthogonal rules of plastic material, the influence of void volume fraction on stress and strain fields was introduced into Levy Mises flow rules. The variation principle of rigid plastic material with void degradation was demonstrated. Furthermore, FEM equations coupled with damage factor were presented to study the void growth and the criterion to judge the damage was also given. Using the developed system, the fine blanking process was simulated and the sheared surface of the part edge was predicted. Meanwhile, the influence of process parameters, such as punch die clearance, V ring force, counter force, radius of punch and die edges, on the height and quality of the sheared surface was analyzed. The calculation results were compared with the experiments, which can be used to guide the design of fine blanking process.

The Applied Research of Fracture in Three-point Bending to Blanking of Bearing Steel

The application of fracture in three-point bending to blanking of bearing steel is studied in this paper. Several mechanical models of stress blanking are discussed at first. And then the experiments have been made in special equipment of three-point bending designed by us. Several problems, such as the suitable span, the relations between bending and tension bending complex, the ratio of blanking length to the diameter, the relations of blank length to force, the feature of fracture, are studied through the experiments. The suitable parameters of three-point bending to blanking, depth and tip radius of notch and the ratio between blanking length and stick diameter have been proposed.

Dynamic Constitutive Model of Physical Simulation in High-Speed Blanking for C5191 Phosphor Bronze

Strain hardening,strain rate strengthening and thermal softening data of C5191 phosphor bronze at highspeed blanking are not easy to be obtained with a general measure method,therefore,it is quite difficult to establish the dynamic constitutive model.To solve this problem,the tensile properties at a strain rate of 1 s^(-1) by GLEEBLE-3500,and dynamic tensile conditions at strain rates of 500,1 000 and 1 500 s^(-1) by split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB) apparatus are studied.According to these test data,the classic Johnson-Cook equation is modified.Furthermore,the modified Johnson-Cook equation is validated in the physical simulation model of high-speed blanking.The results show that the strength of C5191 phosphor bronze maintains a certain degree of increase as the strain rate increasing and presents a clear sensitivity to strain rate.The modified Johnson-Cook equation,which has better description accuracy than the classical Johnson-Cook equation,can provide important material parameters for physical simulation models of its high-speed blanking process.

Effects of Break-through State and System Rigidity on Vibration and Noise in Blanking

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OPTIMIZING THE CUTTER FOR SLANTING KNIFE CUTTING OPERATION AND ITS BLANKING FORCE

The cutting force under a slanting cutter is discussed.It is not only related to the sheet to be cut and the slanting cutter height,but also to the shape of the cutter.It is from this point of view that the question of optimizing the cutter for slanting knife cutting operation is addressed.Then the general differential equations for the optimum cutter are obtained,and analytic solutions for the workpiece,the contour of which consists of straight lines and arcs,are obtained.A method for solving the general equations is also presented.The cutting force and breaking noise will be minimized for a given slanting cutter height and workpiece if the optimum cutter is employed.

wbForming mechanism of collapse angle of fine blanking parts with sharp corners and influence of position of V-ring indenter of die on it

Fine blanking parts with sharp corners produce collapse angles in the fine blanking process,and larger collapse angles can affect the parts’ performance and lifetime. In this paper,a fine blanking part with sharp corners was taken as an example to analyze the forming mechanism of the collapse angles by DEFORM 3 D,then studying the influence of the position of the V-ring indenter of die on the collapse angle. It was concluded that the material’s metal flow line was intensive near the blanking clearance;The equivalent stress area of the material was mainly concentrated around the blanking clearance,and then gradually shrinked to joint of part and scrap;the closer the distance L was,and the smaller equivalent stress area was mainly concentrated around the blanking clearance was,and the smaller collapse angle was.

Multi-Objective Optimization of VBHF in Deep Drawing Based on the Improved QO-Jaya Algorithm

Blank holder force(BHF)is a crucial parameter in deep drawing,having close relation with the forming quality of sheet metal.However,there are different BHFs maintaining the best forming effect in different stages of deep drawing.The variable blank holder force(VBHF)varying with the drawing stage can overcome this problem at an extent.The optimization of VBHF is to determine the optimal BHF in every deep drawing stage.In this paper,a new heuristic optimization algorithm named Jaya is introduced to solve the optimization efficiently.An improved“Quasi-oppositional”strategy is added to Jaya algorithm for improving population diversity.Meanwhile,an innovated stop criterion is added for better convergence.Firstly,the quality evaluation criteria for wrinkling and tearing are built.Secondly,the Kriging models are developed to approximate and quantify the relation between VBHF and forming defects under random sampling.Finally,the optimization models are established and solved by the improved QO-Jaya algorithm.A VBHF optimization example of component with complicated shape and thin wall is studied to prove the effectiveness of the improved Jaya algorithm.The optimization results are compared with that obtained by other algorithms based on the TOPSIS method.

Parameter identification and blanking simulations of DP1000 and Al6082-T6 using Lemaitre damage model

This work provides numerical and experimental investigations of blanking process,where the shear-enhanced Lemaitre’s damage model is fully characterized and successfully applied in blanking process to predict the cutting force and cutting edge geometry under different blanking process parameters.Advanced high strength steel DP1000 and an aluminum alloy Al6082-T6 are selected for series of experiments.To obtain the damage parameters in Lemaitre’s damage model the flat rectangular notched specimens tensile test was conducted and the inverse parameter identification procedure was performed.For characterizing the crack closure parameter h in the shear enhanced Lemaitre’s damage model,an in-plane torsion test with novel specimen design was conducted.The finite element model(FEM)of this test was established with the minimum mesh size of 0.01 mm which was consistent with the minimum mesh size in the shear zone of the FEM for blanking process simulation.The longitudinal strain distributions of four kinds of initial notch radius or central-hole specimen were measured and compared with simulation results to validate the FEMs for these four tests.Deformation analysis of blanking of a circular work piece also was performed under three clearances.The effects of blanking conditions on sheared part morphology were detected.Stress triaxiality distribution of the blank sheet was revealed taking advantage of the successfully established FEM.The availability of the testing method and the determination method of the parameters was investigated.

Experimental and numerical investigations of the mechanical behavior of half sandwich laminate in the context of blanking

In this study,the complex mechanical behavior of an aluminum/low-density polyethylene(LDPE)half sandwich structure was investigated during the blanking process.Mechanical tests were conducted for the polymer and metal layer and the delamination behavior of the adhesive between the two layers.A new testing device was designed for detecting the delamination under tensile mode.Corresponding finite element models were established for the mechanical tests of the metal layer and the delamination of both layers for inverse parameter identifcation.Material parameters for Lemaitre-type damage,Drucker-Prager,and cohesive zone modeIs were identified for the metal,polymer,and adhesive,respectively.A finiteelement(FE)model was established for the blanking process of the sandwich structures.The experimental forcedisplacement curves,obtained in the blanking process of the half sandwich sheet,were compared with the predicted results of the FE model.The results showed that the predicted force-displacement curves and the experimental results were in good agreement.Additionally,the correlation between cutting clearance and changes in the forcedisplacement curves was obtained.Three feature values quantitatively described the imperfection of the experimental cutting edge.The effect of punch clearance on these values was studied numerically and experimentally.The results indicated that a smaller clearance generated a better cutting-edge quality.The stress state of the half sandwich structure during blanking was analyzed using the established FE model.

Modeling Target Detection and Performance Analysis of Electronic Countermeasures for Phased Radar

Interference is a key factor in radar return misdetection.Strong interference might make it difficult to detect the signal or targets.When interference occurs in the sidelobes of the antenna pattern,Sidelobe Cancellation(SLC)and Sidelobe Blanking are two unique solutions to solve this problem(SLB).Aside from this approach,the probability of false alert and likelihood of detection are the most essential parameters in radar.The chance of a false alarm for any radar system should be minimal,and as a result,the probability of detection should be high.There are several interference cancellation strategies in the literature that are used to sustain consistent false alarms regardless of the clutter environment.With the necessity for interference cancellation methods and the constant false alarm rate(CFAR),the Maisel SLC algorithm has been modified to create a new algorithm for recognizing targets in the presence of severe interference.The received radar returns and interference are simulated as non-stationary in this approach,and side-lobe interference is cancelled using an adaptive algorithm.By comparing the performance of adaptive algorithms,simulation results are shown.In a severe clutter situation,the simulation results demonstrate a considerable increase in target recognition and signal to noise ratio when compared to the previous technique.

Application of Blank Symbols in Japanese Architecture and Indoor Designs

A symbol is an expression of meaning,while blank symbols express special meanings.By focusing on the application of blank symbols in Japanese architecture and indoor designs,we analyzed the aesthetic principles in Japanese architecture and indoor designs from the perspective of semiotics,such as“Kongji,”“Emptiness,”and“Dying out,”and their minimalist and pure design concepts.Traditional Chinese culture was also further explored,especially the profound influence of the“Chan sect”and the philosophy of“unity of heaven and mankind”on Japanese architecture and designs.This study aims to facilitate the coexistence and mutual appreciation of Chinese and Japanese architectural designs.

Research on microstructure and properties of boron/Q235 steel laser welded dissimilar joints under synchronous thermal field

The mechanical mismatch effect frequently occurs in the dissimilar materials welded joints, thus leading to plastic gradient at the interface between the weld and heat-affected zone(HAZ). In this work, the boron steel and Q235 steel were selected for laser tailor welding,which obtained boron/Q235 steel tailor-welded blanks(TWBs). The method of welding with synchronous thermal field(WSTF) was utilized to eliminate the mismatch effects in TWBs. The WSTF was employed to adjust cooling rates of welded joints, thereby intervening in the solidification behaviors and phase transition of the molten pool. Boron/Q235 steel was welded by laser under conventional and WSTF(300-600 ℃) conditions, respectively. The results show that the microstructure of weld and HAZ(boron) was adequately transitioned to ferrites and pearlites instead of abundant martensite by WSTF. Meanwhile, the discrepancy of microhardness and yield strength between various regions of welded joints was greatly reduced, and the overall plasticity of welded joints was enhanced by WSTF. It is indicated that WSTF can effectively contribute to reducing plastic gradient and achieving mechanical congruity in welded joints by restraining the generation of hardbrittle phase, which could significantly improve the formability of TWBs in subsequent hot stamping.

提升CDMA1x网络容量-1x增强技术研究、试验及策略

文章重点介绍了cdma2000网络的增强技术—Smart Blanking、FET、EVRCNW、PC Enhancement、QOF、EQLIC和RLIC的实现原理,以及各种技术对网络的改造要求和终端要求,并对采用增强技术后的CDMA1x网络容量增益进行了测试,测试结果表明,采用这些增强技术,可以获得约130%～140%的容量增益。

基于遗传程序设计的作物水分生产函数研究

利用遗传程序自动搜索模型结构能力强的优点,建立了基于遗传程序设计的作物水分生产函数模型。该方法通过演化计算自动寻找最优的模型结构,比传统统计方法具有较大的灵活性和智能性,避免了预先建立具体数学表达式的不便。将基于遗传程序设计作物水分生产函数模型同BP神经网络模型、Jensen模型以及Blank模型进行比较,实例表明,遗传程序设计的作物水分生产函数模型适应性强,拟合精度高,为作物水分生产函数的计算提供了新的有效方法。

基于变厚板(VRB)的汽车前纵梁内板开发

使用变厚板零件是实现汽车轻量化的有效方法之一。针对变厚板的板厚及材料力学性能非均一性,文章采用数字散斑单向拉伸试验对变厚板等厚区和厚度过渡区的力学性能进行研究,探讨退火工艺对变厚板不同厚度区域材料性能的影响,提出结合数字散斑单向拉伸试验和厚度分区离散的变厚板过渡区力学性能表征;仿真分析某汽车前纵梁内板变厚板冲压成形性,并与试制样件进行对比,结果表明,采用该文提出的变厚板过渡区表征方法正确可靠,且变厚板制作的汽车前纵梁内板件成形性良好。

番茄产量对各生育阶段土壤水分的响应分析

为了解不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对番茄产量的影响,根据番茄第一穗果的发育情况,将番茄全生育期划分为苗期、始花结果期、果实生长初期、快速膨大期和品质形成期五个生育阶段,采用五元二次通用旋转组合设计进行盆栽试验,建立产量与土壤含水率间回归模型,对各单一因素效应及两两因素的耦合效应进行分析,并基于Jensen和Blank模型,分析产量对各阶段耗水的敏感性。结果表明,在其它生育阶段土壤含水率为中间水平时,番茄产量随果实生长初期、快速膨大期、品质形成期土壤含水率的增加呈上升趋势,随始花结果期增加呈开口向下的抛物线变化,不随苗期而变化。始花结果期与果实生长初期和品质形成期、果实生长初期与快速膨大期土壤含水率间的交互作用均表现为促进番茄产量的提高。番茄产量对各生育阶段水分亏缺的敏感性依次为品质形成期、果实生长初期、始花结果期、快速膨大期、苗期,相应的Jensen模型水分敏感指数为0.1658、0.1275、0.0941、0.0448、-0.1813。当苗期、始花结果期、果实生长初期、快速膨大期与品质形成期土壤相对含水率分别为50%∽60%、90%∽100%、90%∽100%、90%∽100%、90%∽100%时,番茄可达最高单株产量1 406.04 g。综合分析表明,保证果实生长初期、品质形成期和快速膨大期灌水,减少苗期灌水,适当控制始花结果期灌水可有效提高番茄产量。

基于春玉米微咸水灌溉的水盐生产函数研究

在石羊河流域开展微咸水灌溉试验,综合考虑水分与盐分因素对春玉米生长的影响,以国际上通用的水分生产函数Blank模型和Jensen模型为基础进行作物水盐模型的构建,通过引入盐分胁迫因子,将水分生产函数转变为水盐生产函数。通过2009年和2010年春玉米不同矿化度微咸水灌溉试验,结合函数求解,探求春玉米各生育阶段的盐分敏感指数,得出春玉米的盐分敏感程度顺序为苗期>拔节期>抽雄灌浆期>成熟期。同时以交替灌溉试验进行验证,结果表明微咸水安排在盐分敏感程度小的生育阶段更有利于作物的生长。

设施延迟栽培葡萄不同水分生产函数比较

为了探究设施延迟栽培葡萄生育期灌溉水量的优化配置,根据2013—2014年设施延迟栽培葡萄不同生育期水分胁迫处理下的耗水量与产量关系的资料,分别分析了Stewart模型、Blank模型和Jensen模型3种不同水分生产函数对设施延迟栽培葡萄的适应性,计算了不同模型对应的设施延迟栽培葡萄不同生长阶段的水分敏感指数。结果表明,设施延迟葡萄水分敏感指数在果实膨大期最大,该时期为需水关键期,亏水处理会明显降低产量;萌芽期最小,该时期适度亏水对产量提高有积极影响。确立了Stewart模型和Blank模型为适用于设施延迟栽培葡萄的水分生产函数模型,在灌溉水量有限的条件下,应采取萌芽期适度亏水,将灌溉水量调配给果实膨大期的灌溉水配置方式,以期在合理调配灌溉水量的同时获得最佳经济效益。