Nanofibrillation of a Bleached Acacia Pulp by Grinding with Carboxymethylation Pretreatment

In this study,carboxymethylation,which introduces carboxyl groups to hydroxyl sites in pulp fibers,was used as a pretreatment before mechanical nanofibrillation.The carboxyl group content of the pulp fibers was greatly affected by the dosage of chloroacetic acid and the reaction temperature.During the following fibrillation process,it was found that pulp fibers with higher carboxyl group content exhibited higher water holding capacities and smaller dimensions.A more homogenous structure with a higher amount of individual fibrils was also observed in FE-SEM images of pulp fibers with high carboxyl group content.This can be explained by a high ionic group content in the fiber wall resulting in lower delamination resistance,making the fibrils easier to separate.Carboxymethylation pretreatment as a facilitator of fibrillation in cellulosic pulps is an efficient way to obtain cellulose nanofibrils and consequently decrease the energy consumption of the process.

Effects of Mg-based Alkaline Peroxide Bleaching on Physical Properties of Poplar Bleached Chemi-thermomechanical Pulp and Its Influence Mechanism

In this study,Mg O was partially used as an alkali source in the peroxide bleaching process of bleached chemi-thermomechanical pulp(BCTMP).The effects of substitution percentage of Mg O for Na OH on the bulk,optical,and physical properties of bleached pulp,and the main effluent characteristics were analyzed.In addition,the influencing mechanism of Mgbased alkali on the strength properties of the BCTMP was further investigated.Strength properties of the BCTMPs were investigated as a function of charge characteristics,fiber morphology,surface lignin content,relative bonding area,and hydrogen bonds of the BCTMP.The results showed that cationic demand(CD) and chemical oxygen demand(COD_(Cr)) of the bleaching effluent decreased as the substitution percentage of Mg O for Na OH increased; meanwhile,the bulk and optical properties of the BCTMP increased.Nevertheless,the strength properties(tensile,tear,and burst indices) of the bleached pulp decreased as the substitution percentage of Mg O for Na OH increased.The decrease in the fiber charge density and increase in the surface lignin content affected the fiber swelling,resulting in a decline in pulp interfibers bonding strength and further loss of the tensile and burst indices.

Treatment of pulpless coloured anterior tooth by bleaching the interior of pulp cavity and filling the cavity with composite

A method of treating pulpless coloured anterior tooth is presented.Most part ofthe coloured dentin of the labial crown was removed and the dental structure was bleachedwith 30% hydrogen peroxide for 5min.The pulp cavity was then filled with whitephoto-curing composite.The result of the treatment is quite satisfactory.With our treatment,the intact contour of the crown and the hardness and gloss of the enamel are preserved.SEM proved that the composite was tightly bound with the enamel of the medial wall of thepulp cavity,forming an entity with the tooth,thus guaranteeing the strength of the crown.

Evaluating the effectiveness of using ClO_2 bleaching as substitution of traditional Cl_2 on PCDD/F reduction in a non-wood pulp and paper mill using reeds as raw materials

The effectiveness of ClO_2 bleaching as a replacement for conventional Cl_2 bleaching,which is intensively practiced in developing countries,to reduce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)in non-wood pulp and paper mills has not been field tested.The first field study was performed to investigate PCDD/F variations when ClO_2 bleaching was used as a substitute for conventional Cl_2 bleaching in a non-wood pulp and paper mill.It was found that the PCDD/F toxic equivalents(TEQs)in solid and effluent samples were approximately 1.3–14.9 times lower when ClO_2 bleaching was used instead of the conventional Cl_2 bleaching.2,3,7,8-Substituted tetrachlorinated dibenzofurans(2,3,7,8-TCDF)were the dominant contributors to total PCDD/F TEQs in samples from the investigated mill when using conventional Cl_2 bleaching.The formation amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDF were reduced from 1.56–2.76 pg TEQ/g to 0.02–0.32 pg TEQ/g in solid samples when ClO_2 bleaching was used instead of the conventional Cl_2 bleaching.The replacement of Cl_2 with ClO_2 might decrease the chlorination reactions of dibenzofuran as potential precursors,and thus reduce the formation amounts of 2,3,7,8-TCDF.The results could provide important knowledge for suggesting the best available technique for PCDD/F reduction for non-wood pulp and paper mills in developing countries.

INFLUENCES OF BLAECHING ADDITIVES ON REED PULP FAST BLEACHING

The influences of bleaching additives on hypochlorite single-stage high temperature fast bleaching of neutral-sulfite reed pulp were studied. The influencing factors of bleaching velocity and result were as follows: the order and time of adding imide type additives, additives dosage, the dosage of NaOH and MgO used as buffer to turn up pH.

XYLANASE PREBLEACHING ON NaOH-AQ WHEAT STRAW PULP

Before calcium hypochlorite bleaching (H) and chlorination,alkaline extraction, calcium hypochlorite three-stage-bleaching (CEH),we used a kind of hemicellulase, xylanase, to treat wheat straw pulp from Gaoyou Papermill. Xylanase pretreatment contained tow stages, the first stage was xylanase treatment, which was followed by alkaline extraction, the second stage. The xylanase could act on partial lignin and carbohydrate, chiefly xylan. The following alkaline extraction could dissolve something that could not be removed during the first stage. The result of pretreatment was to facilitate penetration of bleaching chemicals, to reduce effective chlorine consumption and to lower pollution loading of bleaching effluent. In the case of these two bleaching processes, the enzymatic pretreatment substantially enhanced the optical properties of the pulps. To calcium hypochlorite bleaching, strength properties of pulps were improved.

THE OXYGEN-ALKALI BLEACHING OF THE STRAW PULP

The influences on the brightness, viscosity and Kappa of the straw pulp under the different oxygen-alkali bleaching conditions have been studied in this paper.

STUDY ON THE ELEMENTAL CHLORINE FREE BLEACHING OF BAMBOO KRAFT PULP

The influential factors of DQP bleaching, chlorine dioxide bleaching, chelation and hydrogen peroxide bleaching, of bamboo kraft pulp were studied. The pH value in D stage, dosage of EDTA in Q stage and charge of MgSO4 in P stage were optimized. The results indicated that good results of chlorine dioxide bleaching were obtained under the conditions of ClO2 2.0%,pH 4, and the highest final brightness(86.4%ISO) and the lowest final Kappa number(1.37) were attained when the charge of EDTA in Q stage was 0.4%, charge of MgSO4 in P stage was 0.2%, and the other conditions of P stage : pulp consistency 10%, H2O2 charge 2.5%, NaOH charge 1.4%, temperature 90℃ and time 120 min. A comparison of bleaching results, pulp strength and effluent characteristics of bamboo kraft pulp between DQP and CEH sequences was done. The results indicated that bamboo kraft pulp could be bleached to brightness of above 83%ISO by both DQP and CEH sequences. Compared with CEH bleached pulp, DQP bleached pulp had slightly lower brightness, better brightness stability, higher pulp viscosity, better strength properties and lower pollution loads.

STUDY OF COORDINATED PRETREATMENT OF XYLANASE AND LACCASE ON SODA-AQ WHEAT STRAW PULP BEFORE CEH BLEACHING

Coordinated pretreatment of xylanase and laccase on Soda-AQ wheat straw pulp before CEH bleaching was studied. Results show: Pretreatment of xylanase and laccase has better effect than of sole xylanase and sole laccase; Coordination can increase pulp brightness and bleachability, improve pulp filterability of water, lighten degree of effluent pollution in bleaching workshop, and develop overall strength properties of bleached pulp.

EXAMINATION OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURANS INTO PROCESS WATER OF KRAFT PULP BLEACHING MILL FROM ASPECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL WATER QUALITY

Process water of a pulp mill with kraft cooking, oxygen delignification and chlorine bleaching or chlorine dioxide (ECF) bleaching was examined from an aspect of a new level for environmental water quality in Japan. According to the new level, a concentration of dioxins consisting of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in environmental water is restricted to less than 1 pg- TEQ/L. We clarified that the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) concentrations were 0.5 pg/L or less. In addition, a main source of 1,3,6,8- and 1,3,7,9-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in the process water seemed to be an agrochemical in water supplied from a river.

Enzymatic Method for Rapid Determination of Oxalic Acid in Bleaching Filtrates from the Pulp and Paper Industry

Bleaching with oxygen-containing agents and recirculation of process streams in the pulp and paper industry has increased the accumulation of oxalic acid and danger for precipitation of calcium oxalate encrusts, scaling. Analysis and control of oxalic acid in bleaching filtrates is therefore becoming increasingly important in the pulp and paper industry.Chromatographic methods, such as IC and HPLC, are generally more time-consuming but are valuable as standard methods for determination of oxalic acid. However, the instrumentation needed is expensive and stationary. In this study, an enzymatic method based on oxalate oxidase and peroxidase was developed to determine oxalic acid in authentic bleaching filtrates using a spectrophotometer. The results showed that bleaching filtrates contain some compounds interfering with the enzymatic method.Pretreatment of the samples with activated charcoal was a successful approach for decreasing problems with interference. By using dilution followed by charcoal treatment, the results obtained from five bleaching filtrates with the colorimetric method correlated very well with those obtained using IC. This study offers a selective, fast and mobile analysis method to determine oxalic acid in bleaching filtrates from the pulp and paper industry. The convenient enzyme-based method improves the possibilities for control of critical oxalic acid concentrations in closed-loop bleaching streams.

ECF Bleaching with Molybdenum Activated Acid Peroxide and its Impact on Eucalyptus Pulp Properties and Effluent Quality

Acid hydrogen peroxide catalyzed with molybdenum (PMo stage) is effective to decrease pulp kappa number and potentially minimize chlorine dioxide demand in subsequent ECF bleaching. This study aimed at developing cost-effective methods for applying PMo as the first stage bleaching for eucalyptus kraft pulp and evaluating their impact on pulp properties and effluent quality in relation to current ECF bleaching techniques. The PMo(EP)DP and A/PMo(EP)DP sequences proved to be most cost-effective for PMo stage application. The pulp properties and effluent quality derived from bleaching with these two sequences were compared with those of the conventional bleaching with the DHT(EP)DP sequence. The PMo(EP)DP sequence produced pulp of refinability and physical properties similar to that of the reference but the A/PMo(EP)DP one resulted in pulp of 20% lower refinability and 10% lower tearing strength. Untreated effluents of the PMo(EP)DP and A/PMo(EP)DP sequences presented similar COD, but lower AOX and color than the DHT(EP)DP effluents. None of the effluents exhibited acute toxicity. The effluents from the PMo(EP)DP sequence showed much lower BOD and BOD/COD ratio than that of the A/PMo(EP)DP one. All effluents were readily treated in bench-scale reactors, and achieved COD removal efficiencies of greater than 70%.

Effect of Optical Brightening Agent(OBA)on Bleaching Process on Paper of Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp

In integrated factories of pulp and paper, the bleaching control is made by kappa number and/or brightness. However, the product paper is evaluated and valued for its whiteness. The level of final brightness of pulp certainly affects the demand for optical brighteners in paper manufacturing, nevertheless, there is not a direct correlation between consumption of optical brightener and final brightness, being the method of bleaching pulp, especially from the final stage of bleaching, also important in relation to this demand. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of using the parameter whiteness as a tool to control bleaching pulp, instead of the traditional brightness and evaluate the impacts of different methods of bleaching and the pulp final brightness level in action of optical brighteners, to improve their performance. It was observed that the whiteness and brightness of the pulp are highly correlated and that the control of the bleaching plant can be done by any one of these two parameters. It was also concluded that, considering current prices of bleaching reagents and of optical brighteners, it is better to bleach the pulp up to lower brightness values (e.g. 88% ISO) and use larger amounts of optical brighteners to brighten the mass until the whiteness of 130 CIE. This conclusion is valid for whiteness measured before the size press. Further studies are needed to validate this conclusion considering the finished product.

Using Additives for the Removal of Extractives in Kraft Pulping and Bleaching of Hardwood

The effect of four additives (surfactants and dispersant) that were supplied by Hercules Chemicals Singapore Pte Ltd on kraft pulping and bleaching of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium has been studied. The use of additives results in a more removal of extractives, and in a more uniform cook with lower screen rejects in eucalyptus, lower residual alkali, and in an improvement in brightness of eucalyptus pulps. At low additive charge level, a reduction of kappa number generated without clear loss of pulp yield in acacia cook.

预浸渍溶出物对巨尾桉机械浆漂白性能的影响

以巨尾桉热磨机械浆为研究对象,研究了3种化学品用量下(氢氧化钠10 kg/t、氢氧化钠30 kg/t、氢氧化钠10 kg/t+过氧化氢30 kg/t),3种预浸渍溶出物保留工艺对后续浆料漂白性能的影响。利用元素分析及裂解气质联用,比较了3种预浸渍溶出物的化学结构。结果表明,预浸渍处理浆的漂白性能均比桉木单段漂浆料漂白性能有较大提升,不同化学品用量预浸渍处理产生的预浸渍溶出物,在不同保留程度下,会对后续浆料的漂白性能有不同程度的负面作用。浆料中氮元素的溶出程度与浆料后续漂白性能的提升具有一定关联性。

过氧化氢漂白过程中慈竹机械浆发色基团演变及溶出机制

在常规工艺下难以制备高白度(>78%)竹材化学机械浆是制约竹类资源在高附加值纸产品领域规模化应用的关键技术瓶颈。使用乙醇-水二元介质碱性过氧化氢漂白体系可以突破当前慈竹机械浆漂白上限,将纸浆白度提升至80%以上。以慈竹机械浆为原料,对比研究了常规过氧化氢用量(90 kg/t)水相体系两段漂工艺、高过氧化氢用量(180 kg/t)水相四段漂工艺和高过氧化氢用量(180 kg/t)乙醇-水二元介质相四段漂工艺中各段处理所得纸浆的发色基团结构特点,以及3种工艺漂白段溶出物的结构特点,以此探索二元体系漂白过程中发色基团形成和溶出规律。结果表明,在漂白过程中,慈竹机械浆中的苯环类共轭结构含量逐渐降低,但在化学品用量较大的漂白段会生成在水相体系无法被破坏和溶出的呋喃类共轭结构。在漂白体系中引入乙醇,可以显著提高呋喃类共轭结构的溶出效率,同时发现浆料中溶出的部分苯环结构发生了开环反应,推测碱性条件下乙醇电离的微量乙氧根离子对呋喃类共轭结构的脱除具有关键性作用。慈竹机械浆发色基团演变及溶出机制可为开发经济上可行的竹类机械浆漂白工艺提供理论基础。

化学机械浆漂白生产过程氢氧化钠用量的优化

对杨木化学机械浆(化机浆)漂白段氢氧化钠的最佳用量进行了优化。当H2O2和氢氧化钠的质量比为1∶1时,获得纸浆的白度最高。如以提高化机浆的强度指标为目的,应适当增加氢氧化钠的用量;若以提高松厚度和不透明度为目的,则应减少氢氧化钠的用量。为了防止化机浆在储浆塔放置一段时间后返黄,至少保证漂后化机浆中的残余H2O2为漂白段H2O2总用量的10%以上。根据实验结果对化机浆生产线的漂白工艺进行了调整优化,化机浆质量达到了预期的效果。

比较两种漂白剂髓室内漂白后对牙体抗力的影响

目的 比较过氧化氢(HP)与过硼酸钠(SP)在髓室内漂白后对牙体抗力的影响。方法 40颗进行根管治疗的完整离体前磨牙,随机分为HP组、SP组、SP+HP组、对照组,每组10颗。对照组进行水处理、HP组进行过氧化氢处理, SP组进行过硼酸钠处理, SP+HP组进行过氧化氢+过硼酸钠处理。四组牙齿均建立体外髓室内漂白模型,最后置于万能试验机上测试最大载荷,记录每个样本最大承受压力。比较四组牙齿的抗力值。结果 HP组、SP组、HP+SP组抗力值分别为(868.37±94.47)、(796.07±32.88)、(1072.09±56.34)N,均低于对照组的(1244.17±98.40)N,差异有计学意义(P<0.05)。HP组与SP组抗力值比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HP+SP组抗力值高于HP组及SP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 过氧化氢及过硼酸钠用于髓室内漂白均会降低牙体抗力,过硼酸钠更为显著,但两者联合时对牙体抗力的影响变小。

脱油樟木APMP制浆性能研究

分析了蒸汽脱油后樟木片的材性和化学组分,实验室和工厂中试评估了该原料APMP制浆性能并分析了制浆过程中的废水负荷情况,探讨了樟木APMP浆碱性H_(2)O_(2)漂白的可漂性能。结果表明,在漂白温度90℃、浆浓25%、NaOH用量60 kg/t浆、H_(2)O_(2)50 kg/t浆条件下,樟木APMP浆的物理强度略低于杨木APMP浆、高于桉木APMP浆,可漂性低于杨木APMP浆和桉木APMP浆,樟木APMP制浆过程废水总COD负荷为杨木、桉木的2倍,当H_(2)O_(2)用量70 kg/t浆时,樟木APMP浆白度可达75.0%,得率82.5%。微漂APMP制浆中试结果表明,当H_(2)O_(2)用量27kg/t浆时,樟木APMP浆白度达35.9%。在打浆度44.0°SR时,纸张抗张指数达28.5N·m/g,松厚度2.57cm^(3)/g,可用于配抄中高端包装纸产品。