Clinical characteristics of acute non-varicose upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the effect of endoscopic hemostasis

BACKGROUND Acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(ANVUGIB)constitutes a prevalent emergency within Gastroenterology,encompassing 80%-90%of all gastrointestinal hemorrhage incidents.This condition is distinguished by its abrupt onset,swift progression,and notably elevated mortality rate.AIM To gather clinical data from patients with ANVUGIB at our hospital in order to elucidate the clinical characteristics specific to our institution and analyze the therapeutic effectiveness of endoscopic hemostasis.METHODS We retrospectively retrieved the records of 532 patients diagnosed with ANVUGIB by endoscopy at our hospital between March 2021 and March 2023,utilizing our medical record system.Data pertaining to general patient information,etiological factors,disease outcomes,and other relevant variables were meticulously collected and analyzed.RESULTS Among the 532 patients diagnosed with ANVUGIB,the male-to-female ratio was 2.91:1,with a higher prevalence among males.Notably,43.6%of patients presented with black stool as their primary complaint,while 27.4%had hematemesis as their initial symptom.Upon admission,17%of patients exhibited both hematemesis and black stool,while most ANVUGIB patients primarily complained of overt gastrointestinal bleeding.Urgent routine blood examinations at admission revealed that 75.8%of patients had anemia,with 63.4%experiencing moderate to severe anemia,and 1.5%having extremely severe anemia(hemoglobin<30 g/L).With regard to etiology,53.2%of patients experienced bleeding without a definitive trigger,24.2%had a history of using gastric mucosa-irritating medications,24.2%developed bleeding after alcohol consumption,2.8%attributed it to improper diet,1.7%to emotional excitement,and 2.3%to fatigue preceding the bleeding episode.Drug-induced ANVUGIB was more prevalent in the elderly than middle-aged and young individuals,while bleeding due to alcohol consumption showed the opposite trend.Additionally,diet-related bleeding was more common among the young age group compared to the middle-aged group.Gastrointestinal endoscopy identified peptic ulcers as the most frequent cause of ANVUGIB(73.3%),followed by gastrointestinal malignancies(10.9%),acute gastric mucous lesions(9.8%),and androgenic upper gastrointestinal bleeding(1.5%)among inpatients with ANVUGIB.Of the 532 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding,68 underwent endoscopic hemostasis,resulting in an endoscopic treatment rate of 12.8%,with a high immediate hemostasis success rate of 94.1%.

Automatic detection of small bowel lesions with different bleeding risks based on deep learning models

BACKGROUND Deep learning provides an efficient automatic image recognition method for small bowel(SB)capsule endoscopy(CE)that can assist physicians in diagnosis.However,the existing deep learning models present some unresolved challenges.AIM To propose a novel and effective classification and detection model to automatically identify various SB lesions and their bleeding risks,and label the lesions accurately so as to enhance the diagnostic efficiency of physicians and the ability to identify high-risk bleeding groups.METHODS The proposed model represents a two-stage method that combined image classification with object detection.First,we utilized the improved ResNet-50 classification model to classify endoscopic images into SB lesion images,normal SB mucosa images,and invalid images.Then,the improved YOLO-V5 detection model was utilized to detect the type of lesion and its risk of bleeding,and the location of the lesion was marked.We constructed training and testing sets and compared model-assisted reading with physician reading.RESULTS The accuracy of the model constructed in this study reached 98.96%,which was higher than the accuracy of other systems using only a single module.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of the model-assisted reading detection of all images were 99.17%,99.92%,and 99.86%,which were significantly higher than those of the endoscopists’diagnoses.The image processing time of the model was 48 ms/image,and the image processing time of the physicians was 0.40±0.24 s/image(P<0.001).CONCLUSION The deep learning model of image classification combined with object detection exhibits a satisfactory diagnostic effect on a variety of SB lesions and their bleeding risks in CE images,which enhances the diagnostic efficiency of physicians and improves the ability of physicians to identify high-risk bleeding groups.

Abnormal uterine bleeding successfully treated via ultrasoundguided microwave ablation of uterine myoma lesions: Three case reports

BACKGROUND Microwave endometrial ablation(MEA)is a minimally invasive treatment method for heavy menstrual bleeding.However,additional treatment is often required after recurrence of uterine myomas treated with MEA.Additionally,because this treatment ablates the endometrium,it is not indicated for patients planning to become pregnant.To overcome these issues,we devised a method for ultrasound-guided microwave ablation of uterine myoma feeder vessels.We report three patients successfully treated for heavy menstrual bleeding,secondary to uterine myoma,using our novel method.CASE SUMMARY All patients had a favorable postoperative course,were discharged within 4 h,and experienced no complications.Further,no postoperative recurrence of heavy menstrual bleeding was noted.Our method also reduced the myoma’s maximum diameter.CONCLUSION This method does not ablate the endometrium,suggesting its potential appli-cation in patients planning to become pregnant.

Efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in treating cirrhotic esophageal-gastric variceal bleeding

BACKGROUND Esophageal-gastric variceal bleeding(EGVB)represents a severe complication among patients with cirrhosis and often culminates in fatal outcomes.Interven-tional therapy,a rapidly developing treatment modality over the past few years,has found widespread application in clinical practice due to its minimally inva-sive characteristics.However,whether transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)treatment has an impact on patient prognosis remains controversial.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on ninety-two patients presenting with cirrhotic EGVB who were admitted to our hospital between September 2020 and September 2022.Based on the different modes of treatment,the patients were assigned to the study group(TIPS received,n=50)or the control group(per-cutaneous transhepatic varices embolization received,n=42).Comparative ana-lyses were performed between the two groups preoperatively and one month postoperatively for the following parameters:Varicosity status;hemodynamic parameters[portal vein flow velocity(PVV)and portal vein diameter(PVD);platelet count(PLT);red blood cell count;white blood cell count(WBC);and hepatic function[albumin(ALB),total bilirubin(TBIL),and aspartate transaminase(AST)].The Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74 was utilized to assess quality of life in the two groups,and the 1-year postoperative rebleeding and survival rates were compared.RESULTS Following surgical intervention,there was an improvement in the incidence of varicosity compared to the preoperative status in both cohorts.Notably,the study group exhibited more pronounced enhancements than did the control group(P<0.05).PVV increased,and PVD decreased compared to the preoperative values,with the study cohort achieving better outcomes(P<0.05).PLT and WBC counts were elevated postoperatively in the two groups,with the study cohort displaying higher PLT and WBC counts(P<0.05).No differences were detected between the two groups in terms of serum ALB,TBIL,or AST levels either preoperatively or postoperatively(P<0.05).Postoperative scores across all dimensions of life quality surpassed preoperative scores,with the study cohort achieving higher scores(P<0.05).At 22.00%,the one-year postoperative rebleeding rate in the study cohort was significantly lower than that in the control group(42.86%;P<0.05);conversely,no marked difference was obser-ved in the 1-year postoperative survival rate between the two cohorts(P>0.05).CONCLUSION TIPS,which has demonstrated robust efficacy in managing cirrhotic EGVB,remarkably alleviates varicosity and improves hemodynamics in patients.This intervention not only results in a safer profile but also contributes significantly to a more favorable prognosis.

Outpatient management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding:A new perspective in high-risk patients

Mid-gastrointestinal bleeding accounts for approximately 5%-10%of all gastrointestinal bleeding cases,and vascular lesions represent the most frequent cause.The rebleeding rate for these lesions is quite high(about 42%).We hereby recommend that scheduled outpatient management of these patients could reduce the risk of rebleeding episodes.

Advancements in hemostatic strategies for managing upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A comprehensive review

Upper gastrointestinal(GI)hemorrhage presents a substantial clinical challenge.Initial management typically involves resuscitation and endoscopy within 24 h,although the benefit of very early endoscopy(<12 h)for high-risk patients is debated.Treatment goals include stopping acute bleeding,preventing rebleeding,and using a multimodal approach encompassing endoscopic,pharmacological,angiographic,and surgical methods.Pharmacological agents such as vasopressin,prostaglandins,and proton pump inhibitors are effective,but the increase in antithrombotic use has increased GI bleeding morbidity.Endoscopic hemostasis,particularly for nonvariceal bleeding,employs techniques such as electrocoagu-lation and heater probes,with concerns over tissue injury from monopolar electrocoagulation.Novel methods such as Hemospray and Endoclot show promise in creating mechanical tamponades but have limitations.Currently,the first-line therapy includes thermal probes and hemoclips,with over-the-scope clips emerging for larger ulcer bleeding.The gold probe,combining bipolar electrocoagulation and injection,offers targeted coagulation but has faced device-related issues.Future advancements involve combining techniques and improving endoscopic imaging,with studies exploring combined approaches showing promise.Ongoing research is crucial for developing standardized and effective hemorrhage management strategies.

Comprehensive approach to esophageal variceal bleeding:From prevention to treatment

Esophageal variceal bleeding is a severe complication often associated with portal hypertension,commonly due to liver cirrhosis.Prevention and treatment of this condition are critical for patient outcomes.Preventive strategies focus on reducing portal hypertension to prevent varices from developing or enlarging.Primary prophylaxis involves the use of non-selective beta-blockers,such as propranolol or nadolol,which lower portal pressure by decreasing cardiac output and thereby reducing blood flow to the varices.Endoscopic variceal ligation(EVL)may also be employed as primary prophylaxis to prevent initial bleeding episodes.Once bleeding occurs,immediate treatment is essential.Initial management includes hemodynamic stabilization followed by pharmacological therapy with vasoactive drugs such as octreotide or terlipressin to control bleeding.Endoscopic intervention is the cornerstone of treatment,with techniques such as EVL or sclerotherapy applied to directly manage the bleeding varices.In cases where bleeding is refractory to endoscopic treatment,transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt may be considered to effectively reduce portal pressure.Long-term management after an acute bleeding episode involves secondary prophylaxis using betablockers and repeated EVL sessions to prevent rebleeding,complemented by monitoring and managing liver function to address the underlying disease.In light of new scientific evidence,including the findings of the study by Peng et al,this editorial aims to review available strategies for the prevention and treatment of esophageal varices.

Predictive factors for percutaneous nephrolithotomy bleeding risks

Objective:This study aimed to identify predictive factors for percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL)bleeding risks.With better risk stratification,bleeding in high-risk patient can be anticipated and facilitates early identification.Methods:A prospective observational study of PCNL performed at our institution was done.All adults with radio-opaque renal stones planned for PCNL were included except those with coagulopathy,planned for additional procedures.Factors including gender,co-morbidities,body mass index,stone burden,puncture site,tract dilatation size,operative position,surgeon's seniority,and operative duration were studied using stepwise multivariate regression analysis to identify the predictive factors associated with higher estimated hemoglobin(Hb)deficiency.Results:Overall,4.86%patients(n=7)received packed cells transfusion.The mean estimated Hb deficiency was 1.3(range 0-6.5)g/dL and the median was 1.0 g/dL.Stepwise multivariate regression analysis revealed that absence of hypertension(p=0.024),puncture site(p=0.027),and operative duration(p=0.023)were significantly associated with higher estimated Hb deficiency.However,the effect sizes are rather small with partial eta-squared of 0.037,0.066,and 0.038,respectively.Observed power obtained was 0.621,0.722,and 0.625,respectively.Other factors studied did not correlate with Hb difference.Conclusion:Hypertension,puncture site,and operative duration have significant impact on estimated Hb deficiency during PCNL.However,the effect size is rather small despite adequate study power obtained.Nonetheless,operative position(supine or prone),puncture number,or tract dilatation size did not correlate with Hb difference.The mainstay of reducing bleeding in PCNL is still meticulous operative technique.Our study findings also suggest that PCNL can be safely done by urology trainees under supervision in suitably selected patient,without increasing risk of bleeding.

Current approaches to the management of jejunal variceal bleeding at the site of hepaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Jejunal variceal bleeding at the site of hepaticojejunostomy after pancre-aticoduodenectomy due to portal hypertension caused by extrahepatic portal vein obstruction is a life-threatening complication and is very difficult to treat.Pharma-cotherapy,endoscopic methods,transcatheter embolization of veins supplying the jejunal afferent loop,portal venous stenting,and surgical procedures can be used for the treatment of jejunal variceal bleeding.Nevertheless,the optimal mana-gement strategy has not yet been established,which is due to the lack of ran-domized controlled trials involving a large cohort of patients necessary for their development.

Recent advances in promising drugs for primary prevention of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding with cirrhotic portal hypertension

Background:Gastroesophageal variceal bleeding is one of the most severe complications of patients with cirrhosis.Although primary prevention drugs,including non-selectiveβ-blockers,have effectively reduced the incidence of bleeding,their efficacy is limited due to side effects and related contraindications.With recent advances in precision medicine,precise drug treatment provides better treatment efficacy.Data sources:Literature search was conducted in PubMed,MEDLINE and Web of Science for relevant articles published up to May 2022.Information on clinical trials was obtained from https://clinicaltrials.gov/and http://www.chictr.org.cn/.Results:The in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis and advances of portal hypertension has enabled the discovery of multiple molecular targets for promising drugs.According to the site of action,these drugs could be classified into four classes:intrahepatic,extrahepatic,both intrahepatic and extrahepatic targets and others.All these classes of drugs offer advantages over traditional treatments in prevention of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension.Conclusions:This review classified and summarized the promising drugs,which prevent gastroesophageal variceal bleeding by targeting specific markers of pathogenesis of portal hypertension,demonstrating the significance of using the precision medicine strategy to discover and develop promising drugs for the primary prevention of gastroesophageal variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension.

Artificial intelligence in detection of small bowel lesions and their bleeding risk:A new step forward

The present letter to the editor is related to the study with the title“Automatic detection of small bowel(SB)lesions with different bleeding risk based on deep learning models”.Capsule endoscopy(CE)is the main tool to assess SB diseases but it is a time-consuming procedure with a significant error rate.The development of artificial intelligence(AI)in CE could simplify physicians’tasks.The novel deep learning model by Zhang et al seems to be able to identify various SB lesions and their bleeding risk,and it could pave the way to next perspective studies to better enhance the diagnostic support of AI in the detection of different types of SB lesions in clinical practice.

Importance of risk assessment,endoscopic hemostasis,and recent advancements in the management of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(ANVUGIB)is a common medical emergency in clinical practice.While the incidence has significantly reduced,the mortality rates have not undergone a similar reduction in the last few decades,thus presenting a significant challenge.This editorial outlines the key causes and risk factors of ANVUGIB and explores the current standards and recent updates in risk assessment scoring systems for predicting mortality and endoscopic treatments for achieving hemostasis.Since ANUVGIB predominantly affects the elderly population,the impact of comorbidities may be responsible for the poor outcomes.A thorough drug history is important due to the increasing use of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants in the elderly.Early risk stratification plays a crucial role in deciding the line of management and predicting mortality.Emerging scoring systems such as the ABC(age,blood tests,co-morbidities)score show promise in predicting mortality and guiding clinical decisions.While conventional endoscopic therapies remain cornerstone approaches,novel techniques like hemostatic powders and over-the-scope clips offer promising alternatives,particularly in cases refractory to traditional modalities.By integrating validated scoring systems and leveraging novel therapeutic modalities,clinicians can enhance patient care and mitigate the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with ANVUGIB.

Navigating the controversy regarding antibiotic prophylaxis in acute variceal bleeding

Antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding is part of the standard of care according to most clinical guidelines.However,with recent evidence arguing against antibiotic prophylaxis,the role of this intervention has become less clear.

Endoscopic hemostasis using self-expandable metal stent combinedwith PuraStat® for patient with high risk of post-endoscopicsphincterotomy bleeding (with video)

To the Editor:Endoscopic sphincterotomy(EST)is an established technique for removal of bile duct stones and self-expandable metal stent(SEMS)deployment.However,bleeding can be considered an adverse event after EST,particularly for patients with high risk of bleeding such as those on hemodialysis.Among the various techniques reported for obtaining endoscopic hemostasis[1-3].

Computed tomography-based multi-organ radiomics nomogram model for predicting the risk of esophagogastric variceal bleeding in cirrhosis

BACKGROUND Radiomics has been used in the diagnosis of cirrhosis and prediction of its associated complications.However,most current studies predict the risk of esophageal variceal bleeding(EVB)based on image features at a single level,which results in incomplete data.Few studies have explored the use of global multi-organ radiomics for non-invasive prediction of EVB secondary to cirrhosis.AIM To develop a model based on clinical and multi-organ radiomic features to predict the risk of first-instance secondary EVB in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS In this study,208 patients with cirrhosis were retrospectively evaluated and randomly split into training(n=145)and validation(n=63)cohorts.Three areas were chosen as regions of interest for extraction of multi-organ radiomic features:The whole liver,whole spleen,and lower esophagus–gastric fundus region.In the training cohort,radiomic score(Rad-score)was created by screening radiomic features using the inter-observer and intra-observer correlation coefficients and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method.Independent clinical risk factors were selected using multivariate logistic regression analyses.The radiomic features and clinical risk variables were combined to create a new radiomics-clinical model(RC model).The established models were validated using the validation cohort.BACKGROUND Radiomics has been used in the diagnosis of cirrhosis and prediction of its associated complications.However,most current studies predict the risk of esophageal variceal bleeding(EVB)based on image features at a single level,which results in incomplete data.Few studies have explored the use of global multi-organ radiomics for non-invasive prediction of EVB secondary to cirrhosis.AIM To develop a model based on clinical and multi-organ radiomic features to predict the risk of first-instance secondary EVB in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS In this study,208 patients with cirrhosis were retrospectively evaluated and randomly split into training(n=145)and validation(n=63)cohorts.Three areas were chosen as regions of interest for extraction of multi-organ radiomic features:The whole liver,whole spleen,and lower esophagus–gastric fundus region.In the training cohort,radiomic score(Rad-score)was created by screening radiomic features using the inter-observer and intra-observer correlation coefficients and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator method.Independent clinical risk factors were selected using multivariate logistic regression analyses.The radiomic features and clinical risk variables were combined to create a new radiomics-clinical model(RC model).The established models were validated using the validation cohort.RESULTS The RC model yielded the best predictive performance and accurately predicted the EVB risk of patients with cirrhosis.Ascites,portal vein thrombosis,and plasma prothrombin time were identified as independent clinical risk factors.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)values for the RC model,Rad-score(liver+spleen+esophagus),Rad-score(liver),Rad-score(spleen),Rad-score(esophagus),and clinical model in the training cohort were 0.951,0.930,0.801,0.831,0.864,and 0.727,respectively.The corresponding AUC values in the validation cohort were 0.930,0.886,0.763,0.792,0.857,and 0.692.CONCLUSION In patients with cirrhosis,combined multi-organ radiomics and clinical model can be used to non-invasively predict the probability of the first secondary EVB.

Appendiceal bleeding caused by vascular malformation: A case report

BACKGROUND Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding(LGIB)is a common occurrence in clinical practice.However,appendiceal bleeding is an extremely rare condition that can easily be overlooked and misdiagnosed.The preoperative detection of appen-diceal bleeding often poses challenges due to the lack of related guidelines and consensus,resulting in controversial treatment approaches.CASE SUMMARY We presented a case of a 33-year-old female who complained of hematochezia that had lasted for 1 d.Colonoscopy revealed continuous bleeding in the appen-diceal orifice.A laparoscopic appendectomy was performed immediately,and a pulsating blood vessel was observed in the mesangium of the appendix,accor-dingly,active bleeding into the appendicular lumen was considered.Pathological examination revealed numerous hyperplastic vessels in the appendiceal mucosa and dilated capillary vessels.CONCLUSION The preoperative detection of appendiceal bleeding is often challenging,colo-noscopy is extremely important,bowel preparation is not routinely recommend-ed for patients with acute LGIB or only low-dose bowel preparation is recom-mended.Laparoscopic appendectomy is the most appropriate treatment for appendiceal bleeding.

Heterosis Analysis in Endogenous Substances in Root Bleeding Sap of Sorghum

Despite hybrid dominance contributing to the genetic improvement of crops,little is known about heterosis and inheritance patterns of endogenous substances in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)root bleeding sap.In this study,six sterile and six restorer lines of sorghum and 36 hybrid sorghum combinations formulated as incomplete double-row crosses were selected as test materials,and heterosis,combining ability,heritability,and their interrelationships of root bleeding sap endogenous substances in different hybrid sorghum combinations and their parents were investigated.The results showed that the root bleeding sap of the F1 generation of hybrid sorghum had a high heterosis in both soluble sugar content and amino acid content at the flowering stage,and the average high-parent heterosis was 129.34%and 74.57%,respectively.Indole-3-acetic acid(IAA),cytokinins(CTK),gibberellic acid(GA_(3)),abscisic acid(ABA),soluble sugar,amino acid,and root bleeding intensity were mainly affected by non-additive genetic effects of the genes.Soluble protein was affected by additive genetic effects of the genes and had a high narrow heritability(75.50%),which could be selected at low generations in breeding.The combining ability analyses showed that the sterile lines 521A and 170A,and the restorer lines Ji318R and 0–30 were promising parents with high general combining ability.Correlation analysis showed that all endogenous substances of root bleeding sap were positively correlated with the sum of parental general combining ability(GCA)at highly significant levels,and IAA,CTK,GA_(3),ABA,soluble sugar,amino acid,and root bleeding intensity were positively correlated with male GCA at significant or highly significant levels.Therefore,the GCA of the restorer lines root bleeding sap endogenous material or the sum of both parents’GCA can be used to predict the performance of wounding endogenous material in the F1 generation of hybrid sorghum.Overall,this study results can help elucidate heterosis mechanisms of root bleeding sap endogenous material and improve sorghum quality.

Efficacy and safety of over-the-scope-clips in the therapy of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding:Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding(ANVUGIB)is a frequent lifethreatening acute condition in gastroenterology associated with high morbidity and mortality.Over-the-scope-clip(OTSC)is a new endoscopic hemostasis technique,which is being used in ANVUGIB and is more effective.AIM To summarize and analyze the effects of the OTSC in prevention of recurrent bleeding,clinical success rate,procedure time,hospital stay,and adverse events in the treatment of ANVUGIB,to evaluate whether OTSC can replace standard endoscopic therapy as a new generation of treatment for ANVUGIB.METHODS The literature related to OTSC and standard therapy for ANVUGIB published before January 2023 was searched in PubMed,Web of Science,EMBASE,Cochrane,Google,and CNKI databases.Changes in recurrent bleeding(7 or 30 days),clinical results(clinical success rate,conversion rate to surgery,mortality),therapy time(procedure time,hospital stay),and adverse events in the OTSC intervention group were summarized and analyzed,and the MD or OR of 95%CI is calculated by Review Manager 5.3.RESULTS This meta-analysis involved 11 studies with 1266 patients.Total risk of bias was moderate-to-high.For patients in the OTSC group,7-and 30-days recurrent bleeding rates,as well as procedure time,hospital stay,and intensive care unit stay,were greatly inhibited.OTSC could significantly improve the clinical success rate of ANVUGIB.OTSC therapy did not cause serious adverse and was effective in reducing patient mortality.CONCLUSION OTSC may provide more rapid and sustained hemostasis,and thus,promote recovery and reduce mortality in patients with ANVUGIB.In addition,the safety of OTSC is assured.

Hemostatic radiotherapy for bleeding gastrointestinal

Hemostatic radiotherapy is a non-invasive treatment for bleeding gastrointestinal(GI)tumors,promoting tumor shrinkage,blood supply reduction,and fibrotic tissue formation.It is effective in cases where traditional interventions are insufficient or contraindicated and can prevent recurrent bleeding in patients with GI bleeding histories.Hypofractionation schedules are also effective for tumor control and patient compliance.

Development and validation of a machine learning-based early prediction model for massive intraoperative bleeding in patients with primary hepatic malignancies

BACKGROUND Surgical resection remains the primary treatment for hepatic malignancies,and intraoperative bleeding is associated with a significantly increased risk of death.Therefore,accurate prediction of intraoperative bleeding risk in patients with hepatic malignancies is essential to preventing bleeding in advance and providing safer and more effective treatment.AIM To develop a predictive model for intraoperative bleeding in primary hepatic malignancy patients for improving surgical planning and outcomes.METHODS The retrospective analysis enrolled patients diagnosed with primary hepatic malignancies who underwent surgery at the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University between 2010 and 2020.Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify potential risk factors for intraoperative bleeding.A prediction model was developed using Python programming language,and its accuracy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis.RESULTS Among 406 primary liver cancer patients,16.0%(65/406)suffered massive intraoperative bleeding.Logistic regression analysis identified four variables as associated with intraoperative bleeding in these patients:ascites[odds ratio(OR):22.839;P<0.05],history of alcohol consumption(OR:2.950;P<0.015),TNM staging(OR:2.441;P<0.001),and albumin-bilirubin score(OR:2.361;P<0.001).These variables were used to construct the prediction model.The 406 patients were randomly assigned to a training set(70%)and a prediction set(30%).The area under the ROC curve values for the model’s ability to predict intraoperative bleeding were 0.844 in the training set and 0.80 in the prediction set.CONCLUSION The developed and validated model predicts significant intraoperative blood loss in primary hepatic malignancies using four preoperative clinical factors by considering four preoperative clinical factors:ascites,history of alcohol consumption,TNM staging,and albumin-bilirubin score.Consequently,this model holds promise for enhancing individualised surgical planning.