Investigation of the block toppling evolution of a layered model slope by centrifuge test and discrete element modeling

Primary toppling usually occurs in layered rock slopes with large anti-dip angles.In this paper,the block toppling evolution was explored using a large-scale centrifuge system.Each block column in the layered model slope was made of cement mortar.Some artificial cracks perpendicular to the block column were prefabricated.Strain gages,displacement gages,and high-speed camera measurements were employed to monitor the deformation and failure processes of the model slope.The centrifuge test results show that the block toppling evolution can be divided into seven stages,i.e.layer compression,formation of major tensile crack,reverse bending of the block column,closure of major tensile crack,strong bending of the block column,formation of failure zone,and complete failure.Block toppling is characterized by sudden large deformation and occurs in stages.The wedge-shaped cracks in the model incline towards the slope.Experimental observations show that block toppling is mainly caused by bending failure rather than by shear failure.The tensile strength also plays a key factor in the evolution of block toppling.The simulation results from discrete element method(DEM)is in line with the testing results.Tensile stress exists at the backside of rock column during toppling deformation.Stress concentration results in the fragmented rock column and its degree is the most significant at the slope toe.

Finite Element Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Mixed Convection in a Lid-Driven Trapezoidal Enclosure Having Heated Triangular Block

A numerical research on magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection flow in a lid-driven trapezoidal enclosure at non-uniform heating of bottom wall has been studied numerically. The enclosure consists of insulated top wall and cold side walls, too. It also contains a heated triangular block (Rot = 0° - 90°) located somewhere inside the enclosure. The boundary top wall of the enclosure is moving through uniform speed U0. The geometry of the model has been represented mathematically by coupled governing equations in accordance with proper boundary conditions and then a two-dimensional Galerkin finite element based numerical approach has been adopted to solve this paper. The numerical computations have been carried out for the wide range of parameters Prandtl number (0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 2), Reynolds number (60 ≤ Re ≤ 120), Rayleigh number (Ra = 103) and Hartmann number (Ha = 20) taking with different rotations of heated triangular block. The results have been shown in the form of streamlines, temperature patterns or isotherms, average Nusselt number and average bulk temperature of the fluid in the enclosure at non-uniform heating of bottom wall. It is also indicated that both the streamlines, isotherm patterns strongly depend on the aforesaid governing parameters and location of the triangular block but the thermal conductivity of the triangular block has a noteworthy role on the isotherm pattern lines. Moreover, the variation of Nuav of hot bottom wall and θav in the enclosure is demonstrated here to show the characteristics of heat transfer in the enclosure.

Automatic identification of rock discontinuity and stability analysis of tunnel rock blocks using terrestrial laser scanning

Local geometric information and discontinuity features are key aspects of the analysis of the evolution and failure mechanisms of unstable rock blocks in rock tunnels.This study demonstrates the integration of terrestrial laser scanning(TLS)with distinct element method for rock mass characterization and stability analysis in tunnels.TLS records detailed geometric information of the surrounding rock mass by scanning and collecting the positions of millions of rock surface points without contact.By conducting a fuzzy K-means method,a discontinuity automatic identification algorithm was developed,and a method for obtaining the geometric parameters of discontinuities was proposed.This method permits the user to visually identify each discontinuity and acquire its spatial distribution features(e.g.occurrences,spac-ings,trace lengths)in great detail.Compared with hand mapping in conventional geotechnical surveys,the geometric information of discontinuities obtained by this approach is more accurate and the iden-tification is more efficient.Then,a discrete fracture network with the same statistical characteristics as the actual discontinuities was generated with the distinct element method,and a representative nu-merical model of the jointed surrounding rock mass was established.By means of numerical simulation,potential unstable rock blocks were assessed,and failure mechanisms were analyzed.This method was applied to detection and assessment of unstable rock blocks in the spillway and sand flushing tunnel of the Hongshiyan hydropower project after a collapse.The results show that the noncontact detection of blocks was more labor-saving with lower safety risks compared with manual surveys,and the stability assessment was more reliable since the numerical model built by this method was more consistent with the distribution characteristics of actual joints.This study can provide a reference for geological survey and unstable rock block hazard mitigation in tunnels subjected to complex geology and active rockfalls.

Finite Element Analysis of Fretting Behavior Between an Engine Cylinder Block and a Main Bearing Cap

The finite element analysis of the fretting behavior between a cylinder block and a main bearing cap is presented. The stresses, relative fretting slip, frettin g friction work parameter W and crack initiation location parameter Gon the fretting contact surface of the cylinder block are obtained and analyzed. It shows that the fretting fatigue problem of the cylinder block can be quantitat ively explained by WorG. The effects of pretightening force, friction factor and material combination of the cylinder block and the main bearing cap are studied. The computational results indicate that the fretting fatigue of the cylinder block can be allayed by increasing the elastic modulus of the cylinder block, but not by changing the other two factors.

New approaches to quantify progressive damage and associated dynamic rock mass blockiness

In the past decade, numerical modelling has been increasingly used for simulating the mechanical behaviour of naturally fractured rock masses. In this paper, we introduce new algorithms for spatial and temporal analyses of newly generated fractures and blocks using an integrated discrete fracture network (DFN)-finite-discrete element method (FDEM) (DFN-FDEM) modelling approach. A fracture line calculator and analysis technique (i.e. discrete element method (DEM) fracture analysis, DEMFA) calculates the geometrical aspects of induced fractures using a dilation criterion. The resultant two-dimensional (2D) blocks are then identified and characterised using a graph structure. Block tracking trees allow track of newly generated blocks across timesteps and to analyse progressive breakage of these blocks into smaller blocks. Fracture statistics (number and total length of initial and induced fractures) are then related to the block forming processes to investigate damage evolution. The combination of various proposed methodologies together across various stages of modelling processes provides new insights to investigate the dependency of structure's resistance on the initial fracture configuration.

沉积矿床中重要(变价)金属元素与古海洋环境关系综述--以新元古代-早古生代扬子板块周缘为例

对氧化—还原敏感元素和生命必需元素地球化学性质和相关沉积矿产形成机制及其时空分布特征的分析、总结和归纳,有助于对古海洋环境演化与相关沉积矿产形成关系的深入认识,这对沉积矿床学理论的发展具有重要意义。新元古代南华纪—早古生代早志留世,扬子板块周缘黑色岩系中依次沉积了举世瞩目的南华纪锰矿、震旦纪—早寒武世沉积磷块岩、早寒武世重晶石矿、镍—钼—钴多金属矿、钒矿和早志留世铀矿的完整沉积矿床系列,不同时代地层、同一时代不同沉积环境地层赋存不同类型的沉积矿产,有必要对其成矿机理进行系统研究、总结和归纳。笔者等在对氧化—还原敏感金属元素、生命必需元素和海底热液元素等元素地球化学性质综述的基础上,兼论了它们在结合黄铁矿矿物学对氧化—还原环境、生物生产力和盆地限制性分析方面具体作用;进一步结合新元古代—早古生代扬子板块古环境演化特征,对扬子板块周缘特定时代中特定沉积矿产的分布、成因机理进行分析、总结和归纳;最终得出扬子板块周缘相关沉积矿产,是在全球氧化事件、冰期—间冰期、Rodina大陆裂解大背景下,海洋中成矿金属元素得到长期积累,在特定时代区域性海水—海底热液—生物作用(根据不同矿种各有侧重)影响下,在相关重要元素地球化学性质的控制下、局部区域特殊氧化—还原环境的控制下形成的特定矿产的初步认识。最后,结合相关沉积矿床研究中存在的问题,提出下一步解决方案与展望。

基于块体离散元法的盾构掘进围岩与管片变形模拟研究

针对有限差分法及有限元法等连续介质数值方法无法模拟砂卵石地层的离散介质属性的问题,基于块体离散元方法,建立离散元模型,模拟盾构穿越砂卵石地层的掘进过程,研究盾构掘进过程中砂卵石地层中块体或颗粒间结构面的位移以及围岩与管片变形;将砂卵石地层等效为连续介质,建立有限差分模型模拟盾构掘进过程,并且对比离散元模型与有限差分模型计算结果之间的差异。结果表明:离散元模型中结构面正法向位移超过0.1 mm的区域主要集中在仰拱处,结构面负法向位移超过0.1 mm的区域位于两侧拱腰处,结构面切向位移超过0.4 mm的区域主要集中在仰拱处;对于围岩和管片的变形,离散元法的计算结果均大于有限差分法,因此采用离散元方法对砂卵石地层中隧道及管片的设计方案进行验证相对更加安全、合理。

大型钛电极块的压制工艺与仿真分析

本文研究了利用海绵钛压制钛电极块的成型理论,分析了现有钛电极块生产工艺中的不足,仿真分析了大型钛电极块的新型生产工艺。本文采用了多次加料、分步压制的工艺模式,分析了大型钛电极块在压制过程中的受力、应力和密度分布状态。在实际生产过程中采用大型液压机压制出了典型的钛电极产品,满足了产品性能要求。

ICP-AES法测定废电解铝阳极碳块中铁、锂、钾、钙、镁含量

废电解铝阳极碳块经过高温碳化,通过盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸三酸溶解完全后,冷却,完全溶解盐类加入10 mL 1.19 g/mL的盐酸,在优选出最优的仪器工作状态下,创建了ICP-AES法测定废电解铝阳极碳块样品中Fe、Li、K、Ca、Mg的化学分析方法。每个元素的校准曲线相关系数均大于0.999,同时对以上多种元素进行检出限、加标回收试验研究,结果表明其相对标准偏差(n=8)为0.60%~2.24%,加标回收率在97.1%~104%。

超声振动在旋振筛筛分中堵孔的研究

为了降低筛分过程中筛面堵孔对筛分效率的影响,基于离散元法对旋振筛的筛分过程进行模拟。首先,建立三维模型,研究颗粒形状、振动频率、振动幅值对筛面堵孔的影响,通过绘制不同参数与堵孔率以及透筛率之间的关系图,分析并确定最佳参数;其次,在此基础上加入超声振动进行实验,实验表明,超声波能够清除堵塞在筛孔中的颗粒,在保证较高透筛率的同时有效地改善了筛面堵孔情况;最后,结合仿真数据与实验验证得到筛面堵孔改善的最佳组合参数。结果表明:当颗粒形状为球体、振动频率为12 Hz、振幅为2.5 mm时,效果最佳,堵孔率低且保证了较高的透筛率,超声振动加入后有效地降低了筛孔的堵孔率,改善了筛面的堵孔情况。

隧道断面面积与测点偏离值通用计算方法

隧道及地下工程设计阶段需确定隧道断面设计线的组合形式、计算设计断面面积以及建筑限界和受力分析;施工阶段则需测量实际轮廓并与设计断面线比较,计算超欠挖量和测点偏离值。针对现行隧道断面设计和计算存在的不足,提出了引入里程概念并采用积木法确定隧道断面设计线;通过计算设计线任意里程点坐标获取设计断面面积,以及通过测点坐标反算其对应隧道断面设计线的里程和偏距,进而计算超欠挖面积的方法,适用于由任意线元构成的隧道设计断面,且每一线元无须确定始终点和圆心坐标;卵形曲线可作为隧道断面设计线,为隧道空间利用和受力提供了更多选项。

Implementation of configuration dependent stiffness proportional damping for the dynamics of rigid multi-block systems

The distinct element method(DEM)has been used successfully for the dynamic analysis of rigid block sys- tems.One of many difficulties associated with DEM is modeling of damping.In this paper,new procedures are proposed for the damping modeling and its numerical implementation in distinct element analysis of rigid muhi-block systems.The stiff- ness proportional damping is constructed for the prescribed damping ratio,based on the non-zero fundamental frequency ef- fective during the time interval while the boundary conditions remain essentially constant.At this time interval,the funda- mental frequency can be estimated without complete eigenvalue analysis.The damping coefficients will vary while the damp- ing ratio remains the same throughout the entire analysis.A new numerical procedure is developed to prevent unnecessary energy loss that can occur during the separation phases.These procedures were implemented in the development of the dis- tinet element method for the dynamic analyses of piled multi-block systems.The analysis results |or the single-block and two-block systems were in a good agreement with the analytic predictions.Applications to the seismic analyses of piled four- block systems revealed that the new procedures can make a significant difference and may lead to much-improved results.

基于Voronoi块体模型的深部断层破碎带巷道大变形机制研究

通过采用Voronoi算法生成Voronoi块体,并利用UDEC离散元运算软件系统,对深部破碎围岩巷道的变形破坏途径及其非线性大变形机理进行了深入探究,以期获得更准确的结果。研究发现,巷道开挖后围岩会逐渐变形并破坏,破坏区域内应力几乎为0,底部和底板处存在张拉破坏区;局部关键块体的运动会导致巷道出现非线性变形和失稳破坏。基于此,应用分步联合支护方法,控制淮南矿区某矿-848 m西翼胶带机大巷破碎围岩变形。数值模拟和现场监测表明,该方案能够有效控制这一过程。

块体单元法安全系数取值标准研究

边坡稳定性问题涉及矿山工程、水利工程等诸多工程领域,对边坡稳定性进行分析的方法主要有极限平衡法(LEM)、有限单元法(FEM)、块体单元法(BEM)、离散单元法(DEM)、边界单元法(BEM)、界面元法(ISEM)、不连续变形分析方法(DDA)等等。选取刚体极限平衡法、有限单元法和块体单元法,对单面滑动、双面滑动的算例进行了安全系数计算和对比分析,进而建议在滑动破坏模式一致的情况下,块体单元法的安全系数取值可参照刚体极限平衡法或有限单元法的标准选取,结果偏于安全。

页岩层理弱面对裂缝穿层扩展的影响数值模拟研究

层理弱面是影响页岩油气水力裂缝穿层扩展的关键因素之一,而层理弱面强度主要由黏结强度、内摩擦角以及抗张强度决定。为探究层理弱面对水力裂缝穿层扩展的影响机理,基于三维块体离散元法建立了含层理弱面页岩压裂数值模型,研究了黏结强度、抗张强度以及内摩擦角对水力裂缝穿层和裂缝扩展形态的影响。数值模拟结果表明:层理黏结强度对水力裂缝穿层扩展存在显著影响,黏结强度较低时水力裂缝主要为横向扩展,并伴随着较大的层理激活程度;而高黏结强度下水力裂缝穿层能力较强,主要呈近圆形扩展;层理激活主要为剪切破坏,即层理抗张强度对水力裂缝扩展无明显影响,在实际工程中可忽略不计;水力裂缝的穿层能力随内摩擦角的增大而增强,在低内摩擦角下水力裂缝易沿层理扩展。

超大尺寸承台预制混凝土围堰施工与计算分析

马来西亚石晶咖大桥主桥为(200+400+200)m预应力混凝土双塔斜拉桥,主墩承台采用八边形结构,长42.5 m、宽30 m、高5 m。该桥主墩承台采用预制混凝土围堰施工,围堰主要由围堰壁板系统(包括预制混凝土壁板、现浇湿接缝、安装支撑)和围堰底板系统(包括预制混凝土底板、底板梁、现浇湿接缝、局部现浇混凝土层)组成。为缩短建设工期,提高施工便捷性和安全性,结合马来西亚水上建设条件,围堰采用分块设计、分块施工方案,即壁板及底板分块工厂预制,现场拼装后焊接连接钢筋,而后浇筑混凝土形成整体。为验证施工方案的安全性,采用MIDAS Civil软件建立围堰有限元模型,分析高水位和低水位2种最不利工况下围堰结构的弯矩。计算结果表明:2种工况下结构的受力均满足规范要求,该桥采用的预制混凝土围堰施工方案可以满足结构安全性要求。该桥承台围堰底板已完工,底板各部位受力状况与设计基本一致。

智能反射面辅助的无线网络加权和速率优化设计

针对智能反射面(intelligent reflecting surface,IRS)辅助的无线网络传输设计的目标是通过联合设计基站处的发送波束形成向量和IRS的反射系数,在满足基站发射功率和IRS单位模约束的条件下,使多个地面用户的加权和速率最大化。为了求解非凸的目标函数,提出一种交替优化方法,其中采用黎曼流形梯度(Riemannian manifold gradient,RMG)方法来优化反射系数,使用二分搜索法优化发送波束形成向量。此外,为了降低RMG方法的复杂度,设计了一种智能元素块坐标下降方法。仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性,并且表明通过优化设计反射系数,IRS可显著提高无线网络的频谱效率。

果园秸秆覆盖机弹齿式解捆防堵装置设计与试验

针对果园秸秆覆盖机解捆铺料装置易堵塞问题,该研究基于秸秆解捆过程力学分析,设计了一种弹齿式防堵装置。首先建立防堵装置-秸秆捆离散元模型,通过EDEM仿真比较了加装和未加装防堵装置情况下秸秆扰动情况和出料口秸秆密度变化,阐释了解捆铺料作业过程中秸秆堵塞的形成机制。与未加装防堵装置的仿真结果相比,在刀齿线速度2.3 m/s、秸秆捆前进速度0.05 m/s下,加装防堵装置后出料口内侧秸秆平均密度降低了46%,出料区单位质量流率下的解捆阻力矩降低了28.1%,表明防堵装置可有效降低刀齿扰动区域和出料口秸秆密度,避免秸秆在下料口滞留和高压区形成,进而降低解捆阻力矩。以解捆铺料装置阻力矩标准差为指标开展正交试验,得到最佳工作参数为解捆铺料装置主动辊转速225 r/min、刮板主动辊转速5.0 r/min、弹齿间距100 mm。验证试验表明,与未加装防堵装置相比,185、225和265 r/min三个解捆铺料装置主动辊转速下(刮板主动辊转速和弹齿间距不变),解捆铺料装置阻力矩标准差降低率分别为29.5%、34.0%和30.7%,同时平均阻力矩和峰值阻力矩降低率分别为16.1%和28.5%,所设计的防堵装置作业效果良好。研究结果可为果园秸秆覆盖机防堵装置研制提供依据。

垂直敷设方式下电力电缆电磁-流体-温度场研究

温度分布是决定电力电缆能否安全稳定运行的关键因素之一,主要受载流量、敷设方式及运行环境等影响。为研究垂直敷设方式下的电缆温度分布特性,首先以高层建筑电缆竖井为研究对象,构建简化的三维电缆竖井多物理场仿真模型,采用有限元法计算电缆竖井内部流体及温度分布情况,分析温度变化规律。其次,对比研究载流量及防火封堵材料等因素对电缆温度分布的影响。研究结果表明:相比于水平敷设方式,垂直敷设电缆温度更易受电缆竖井内部空气流动的影响,空气流动导致电缆不同部位的温度分布差异较大;而负载电流升高及添加防火封堵材料则会造成电缆温度的局部升高及不同楼层间电缆温度分布规律的变化。

基于离散元方法的层理发育地层水力裂缝扩展规律

层理发育是页岩储层的典型特征,水力裂缝能否穿过层理面继续扩展决定了裂缝形态的复杂程度,其中层理强度是影响水力裂缝穿层行为的关键因素。为了探究层理强度对水力裂缝穿层行为的影响,采用块体离散元方法,分别计算了层理面的抗剪强度(黏聚力)和抗拉强度对水力裂缝在层状地层内扩展行为的影响。结果表明,水力裂缝遇到水平层理后的形态可分为转向层理面扩展和继续竖向扩展两种类型。层理面强度对水力裂缝的穿层能力具有显著影响,当层理面的抗拉强度和抗剪强度均较低时,水力裂缝的穿层能力差,水力裂缝不能穿过层理;当层理面的抗拉强度和抗剪强度均较高时,水力裂缝的穿层能力增强,水力裂缝穿过层理面扩展;当层理面的某一个强度较低时(抗拉或抗剪),则低强度因素成为主控因素,另一强度参数的增加不会改变水力裂缝的穿层能力。厘清了层理强度对水力裂缝穿层行为的影响,对层理发育地层的水力压裂施工具有重要的理论指导意义。