Top-down控制图法评定石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血中铅含量的不确定度

采用Top-down控制图法评定石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血中铅含量的不确定度。依据GBZ/T 316.1—2018《血中铅的测定第1部分:石墨炉原子吸收光谱法》,不同人员每周测定铅质量浓度为(104±15)μg/L的冻干牛血质控样品1次,连续测定35次。对检测的35组数据进行离群值、正态性、独立性验证,并用Top-down控制图法评定铅含量的不确定度。血中铅质量浓度质控测试结果为(105.97±12.04)μg/L(95%包含概率)。Top-down控制图法评定血中铅含量的不确定度,简单、易操作,可以作为血铅含量检测的质量控制手段,对实验室检测结果进行趋势性分析,发现潜在的影响检测结果的因素,规避实验室风险。

Effects of Environmental Lead Pollution on Blood Lead and Sex Hormone Levels among Occupationally Exposed Group in An E-waste Dismantling Area

Objective To study the effects of environmental multi-media lead pollution on blood lead and sex hormone levels among lead exposed males engaged in E-waste dismantling, and the correlation between confounding factors and sex hormone levels. Methods An E-waste dismantling area in Taizhou of Zhejiang Province was selected as the research site. One hundred and fifty two samples were collected from the groundwater, soil, rice, corn, chicken, and pork in the dismantling area. The effects of the multi-media lead pollution on the male blood lead and sex hormone levels of FSH, LH, and T, as well as the correlation with confounding factors, were studied. Results The blood lead concentrations in the males aged under 31, from 31 to 45 and from 46 to 60 were 98.55, 100.23, and 101.45 I~/L, respectively. Of all the environmental media lead exposures, the groundwater, rice and soil were main contributing factors to the lead accumulation in humans. FSH and LH levels increased with the age while the T levels decreased with the age instead. There was a significant correlation between the FSH and LH levels and wearing masks. Conclusion There was correlation between the FSH, LH, and T levels, and the mean values of lead concentrations in environmental media, and the sex hormone levels were correlated with the confounding factor of wearing masks.

Umbilical Cord Blood Lead Levels in Shanghai, China

This study was designed to determine the cord blood lead (BPb) levels of babies born in one urban area of Shanghai, and to preliminarily identify the demographic, social environment and prenatal factors which have an effect on the cord BPb concentrations. From August to November 1993, umbilical cord blood samples were obtained from 605 live newborns in the Yangpu Maternal and Child Hospital. 257 samples were excluded from measurement because of clotting. In 348 cord samples, the geometric mean of cord BPb levels was 9. 2μg/dl, with a 95 % confidence interval of the mean 8. 86-9. 54 (μg/dl). 142 babies (40. 8 % ) had cord BPb levels of 10μg/dl or greater. As a result of this high percentage of newborns with BPb levels equal to or greater than 10 μg/dl, we estimate that each year in the Shanghal City about 60,000 newborns are at risk for developing neuropsychological deficiencies caused by maternal lead exposure during pregnancy. To investigate the factors affecting cord blood levels, the subjects with levels greater than the 70th percentile (10. 7μg/dl) (n = 104) and less than the 3oth percentile (7. 4μg/dl) (n = 104) were selected to compare the demographic, environ ment and prenatal medical history. Increased BPb levels at birth were associated with maternal passive smoking, a family member being occupationally exposed to lead, proximity to major traffic way, household coal combustion, neighborhood coal combustion, low level of meternal occupations, and the increasing occurrence of having the high lead foodstuff pidan (preserved duck egg) during pregnancy. We conclude that prenatal lead exposure has become an impor tant health issue for young children in Shanghai

A Systematic Assessment of Blood Lead Level in Children and Associated Risk Factors in China

In this study, we searched multiple databases for all relevant original articles (1996-2013). To investigate blood lead levels (BLL) and possible risk factors for lead exposure among children in China A total of 388 articles met our inclusion criteria. The overall geometric mean (GM) BLL was 71 μg/L, and the prevalence of elevated BLL (EBLL, defined as BLL ≥100 μg/L) was 18.48% among children. The prevalence of EBLL remained significantly higher among boys. In children less than 6 years of age, there were significantly increasing trends in both BLL and prevalence of EBLL in an age-dependent manner. The ban on leaded gasoline significantly reduced the BLL as well as EBLL prevalence; however, children whose parents had lower educational levels or were exposed to lead in the workplace had a higher EBLL prevalence. Despite its decline over time, the average BLL among children in China remains higher than the average level most recently reported in the United States. Childhood lead poisoning remains a public health problem in China.

Blood Lead Dynamics of Lead-Exposed Pregnant Women and Its Effects on Fetus Development

The dynamics of blood lead (Pb-B) and blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP-B) of women in early pregnancy and parturient women with lead exposure and the effects on fetus development were investigated. Pb-B of lead-exposed women was high: 0.984 μmol/L (20.38 μg/dl) and ZPP was 84.52μg/dl. Cord blood Pb-B was 0.896 μmol/L(18.56μg/dl)and cord blood ZPP was 69.24μg/dl. In the control group, Pb-B was 0.261μmol/L(5.41μg/dl), ZPP-B, 37.59 μg/dl, cord blood, Pb-B 0.34 μmol/L (7.93 μg/dl), and cord ZPP-B 49.0μg/dl. There was a significant correlation between blood lead and blood ZPP, maternal Pb-B and cord Pb-B, maternal Pb-B and cord ZPP-B. The significance of the consistency of high level Pb-B and the effects on fetus development is discussed.

Blood Lead Levels During Pregnancy and Its Influencing Factors in Nanjing,China

Objective To investigate the blood lead levels （BLLs） in the duration of pregnancy and 6-12 weeks after delivery, and analyze the influencing factors of BLLs in healthy pregnant women. Methods Pregnant women were recruited from September 2009 to February 2010 at the prenatal clinic in Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital. Altogether 174 healthy pregnant women without pregnant or obstetric complications or abnormal pregnancy outcomes were enrolled as the gravida group, and 120 healthy non-pregnant women as the control group. BLLs during pregnancy were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results BLLs in all the three pregnancy trimesters and postpartum were 59.8±24.3, 55.4±20.1, 55.9±19.7, and 67.6±17.4 μ/L, respectively, and the mean BLL in control group was 67.5±21.3 μg/L. BLLs during all the three trimesters were lower in the gravida group than in the control group （P=0.043, 0.021, and 0.028）. Furthermore, occupations, nutrients supplementation, and time of house/apartment painted were associated with BLLs in pregnant women. Lead-related occupations, cosmetics use, and living in a house painted less than 1 year before are risk factors of high BLLs among pregnant women, while calcium, iron, zinc, and milk supplements are protective factors. Conclusion Supplementing calcium, iron, zinc, and milk, or avoiding contact with risk factors may help people, especially pregnant women, to reduce lead exposure.

Low Blood Lead Concentrations and Cognitive Development of Primary School Children from Three Areas in Malaysia

A study on to identify the relationship between blood lead and cognitive development was conducted on primary school children in Malaysia. About 413 children aged 62^/1 - 82^/1 years from urban （236）, rural （80） and industrial areas （97） were studied. Blood lead was analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer （GFAAS）. Cognitive development was measured by the ＇McCarthy Scales of Children＇s Abilities Test＇ （MSCA）. Significant differences found in the mean cognitive scores between the urban （94.40）, industrial （102.90） and suburban children （101.24） （p 〈 0.001）, with the blood lead between the urban （3.66 p.g/dL）, industrial （3.54 μg/dL） and suburban children （3.04μg/dL） （p = 0.022）. Significant inverse correlations between blood lead and cognitive scores found for all groups （p 〈 0.001）, urban （p 〈 0.001） and suburban children （p 〈 0.001）. Low blood lead significantly influenced the cognitive development for all children after adjusting for confounders （p _〈 0.001）. The urban children＇s cognitive scores were significantly influenced by blood lead levels and household income （p 〈 0.001）. However, for the suburban children, the cognitive score were significantly influenced by the blood lead levels, the mothers＇ education, number of siblings, sequence in the family and the household income （p 〈 0.001 ）. Blood lead below 10μg/dL influenced the cognitive development. Urban children had higher blood lead but suburban children with lower blood lead were also vulnerable to the effect of lead on their cognitive development.

Lead Pollution Research of Resident Children around Some Industrial Park

Lead is an important toxic heavy metal among environment pollution. Some industrial parks were founded in 2005 including non-ferrous metal processing and smelting plants. In order to identify the consequence of lead pollution on children around the industry park, blood samples of neighboring children were collected and analyzed in laboratory. The results showed that the involved children have suffered serious harms from Pb pollution. Almost 75% of the children＇s blood lead levels （BLLs） exceeded the limit of normal blood lead. Worse still, 26.17% of them were at the level of Moderate lead poisoning. The group aged 0-7 showed more susceptibility to Pb than that aged 8-14. Only 19.05% of the children aged 0-7 were at the level of normal blood lead, compared with 45.45% in the group aged 8-14. There was no significant difference between the values of blood lead concentration for male and female or among different age groups. Some approaches, which include controlling the Pb pollution from the industry park and safeguarding the residents, esp. the children were suggested.

Environmental Exposure to Lead as a Risk for Prostate Cancer

Objective To evaluate the possible role of environmental exposure to lead as a risk factor for prostate pathology in patients suffering from prostate cancer (PCA) and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Methods Blood lead (BPb) level was determined in PCA and BPH cases using a graphite furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and compared with those in a control group living in the similar socioeconomic environment. Results BPb was significantly higher in PCA and BPH cases than in normals (P<0.05). Blood levels of zinc and copper were significantly lower in PCA and BPH cases when compared with controls (P<0.05). In all the three groups, a statistically significant positive correlation between lead and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TEARS) measured as malondialdehyde, and negative correlation between blood lead and antioxidant GSH level, indicative of possible generation of reactive oxygen species, were also observed after adjusting for age as a possible confounders. However, positive association between blood lead and TEARS was relatively higher in PCA patients (r=0.77, P<0.05) than in BPH (r=0.32, P<0.05) and normal (r=0.30, P<0.05). Conclusion These results with limited power seem to suggest for the first time that environmental exposure of aging males to lead may be a risk factor for prostate cancer and/or benign prostate hyperplasia possibly through generation of reactive oxygen species and/or reducing the level of zinc which acts as a cellular growth protector.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Hygenall^©Leadoff^TMFoaming Soap in Reducing Lead on Workers’ Hands and the Uptake of Lead on Bridge Painting Projects

Although considerable research has been conducted regarding airborne lead exposures during lead paint removal, little data has been collected measuring the lead concentration on workers’ hands in the construction industry. As a result, there are gaps in our understanding of the effectiveness of a standard work practice control (handwashing) in the prevention and control of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) in the workplace. The primary objective of this study was to assess if a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) formulation intended to remove lead from skin (Hygenall© LeadoffTM Foaming Soap) is more effective than a commonly used soap in the industrial painting industry (Zep Cherry Bomb Soap) in reducing the concentration of lead on workers’ hands after exposure. A secondary aim was to assess if using LeadoffTM Foaming Soap during handwashing reduces worker uptake of lead on bridge painting projects. We evaluated hand wipe, air sample and blood lead level data collected by two industrial bridge painting contractors. Airborne exposures ranged from 350 μg/m3 to 19,700 μg/m3. The geometric mean lead concentration remaining on workers’ hands after using Zep Cherry Bomb Soap was 77 μg per hand wipe compared with 61 μg per hand wipe after use of LeadoffTM Foaming Soap for all work classifications. The geometric lead concentration on workers’ hands decreased by 16 μg/hand wipe for all work classifications combined after using LeadoffTM Foaming Soap—a decrease of 21%. The use of Hygenall LeadoffTM Foaming Soap reduced the maximum lead concentration on workers’ hands by 85%. The geometric mean BLL for all work classifications was 12.1 μg/dl before the use of LeadoffTM. After two months of airborne exposure and use of LeadoffTM Foaming Soap at breaks and at the end of the workday, the geometric mean BLL for all work classifications increased to 18.1 μg/dl. Worker BLLs increased despite the reduction in the concentration of lead measured on workers’ hands—most likely a result of ineffective inhalation exposure controls. We found that the LeadoffTM Foaming Soap was more effective in removing lead from workers’ hands than Zep Cherry Bomb.

Assessment of Lead Exposures during Abrasive Blasting and Vacuuming in Ventilated Field Containments: A Case Study

Painting contractors have struggled with implementation and assessment of lead exposure controls leading to persistently elevated blood lead levels in this high-risk group of workers. The objective of this study was to assess the intensity of lead exposures based on commonly used air velocities inside field containment structures during abrasive blasting and vacuuming. Exposures were assessed over 14 days from April to July 2021 at a tainter gate and bridge lead paint removal project. Personal air samples, skin wipes, air velocity readings, and blood lead samples were collected. The geometric mean (GM) lead exposure for abrasive blasters and vacuumers was ≥4 × the OSHA Lead Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 50 μg/m3. There was high variability in the personal lead exposures (Geometric standard deviation (GSD) 4.0 - 5.0). The GM hand wipe exposures exceeded a Dermal PEL of 500 μg/wipe (abrasive blaster 564 μg/wipe and vacuumer 754 μg/wipe). Residual lead was measured on workers’ hands in 67% of the post hand washing samples. Air velocities measured inside of the field containments ranged from 107 feet per minute to 229 feet per minute. The effect of air velocity on the concentration of lead on workers’ hands after work (F = 0.58, p = 0.35) and airborne lead concentration was not significant (F = 0.36, p = 0.48). Six of the eight workers’ blood lead levels increased after exposure to lead. There was a non-statistically significant relationship between lead remaining on workers’ hands after handwashing and an increase in blood lead level. This is the first study that assessed both ventilation flow rates used in the industrial painting industry and measurements of airborne and dermal (hands) lead exposures. For the projects evaluated, the collected exposure data indicate that air velocities frequently used in the industrial painting industry to ventilate field containment structures did not tend to prevent an increase in worker blood lead and were ineffective for adequately controlling elevated concentrations of airborne lead and preventing contact with workers’ hands.

引血下行化痰逐瘀降压牛膝方对痰湿壅盛高血压大鼠尾动脉血压、血管紧张素Ⅱ影响随机平行对照研究

[目的]观察引血下行中药对痰湿壅盛高血压大鼠尾动脉血压、血管紧张素Ⅱ影响。[方法]使用随机平行对照方法,将健康Wistar大鼠60只,使用随机数字表法分为6组,10只/组;空白组、模型组、卡托普利组、降压牛膝方低、中、高剂量组。除空白组外,各药物干预组均使用饮食诱导构建法复制痰湿壅盛高血压大鼠模型(高糖饲料并配合饮用1.5%Na Cl溶液)。造模第4周灌胃干预,卡托普利组:10mg/kg·d-1,1次/d;降压牛膝方低、中、高剂量:20ml/kg·d-1,2次/d;正常组及模型组:相同体积蒸馏水;连续干预6周(实验第10周)禁食12h,次日晨取腹主动脉取血。观测尾动脉血压(造模前、干预后)、血管紧张素Ⅱ。[结果]尾动脉血压(收缩压):药物干预前(实验造模第4周)各药物干预组及模型组大鼠较空白组均显著升高(P<0.05),药物干预后(实验造模第10周),各干预组均有所下降(P<0.01,P<0.05),降压方牛膝中、低剂量组血压下降均低于卡托普利组(P<0.01);降压方牛膝中剂量组高于降压方牛膝低剂量组(P<0.05);降压方牛膝高剂量组降压与卡托普利无显著差异(P>0.05);AngⅡ水平:药物干预后(实验造模第10周),模型组显著高于空白组(P<0.05),各干预组皆低于模型组(P<0.05);降压牛膝方高剂量组明显低于模型组(P<0.05),低于卡托普利组(P<0.05),接近空白组(P>0.05);降压牛膝方低剂量组与模型组无明显差异(P>0.05)。[结论]引血下行化痰逐瘀降压牛膝方可降低痰湿壅盛高血压大鼠尾动脉血压、血管紧张素Ⅱ,且呈量效关系,高剂量组降低作用更为明显。

Blood lead levels among children aged 0 to 6 years in 16 cities of China, 2004-2008

Background The adverse health effects of lead for children under 6 years are well known.Studies to assess the lead exposure among children in China are small in sample size and lack of national representative data.The aim of this study therefore was to describe blood lead levels and identify risk factors for lead exposure among children aged 0 to 6 years living in 16 cities in China.Methods We analyzed data from blood lead levels surveillance in China carried out in 16 large cities between 2004 and 2008.A stratified clustered random sampling strategy was used.A total of 69 968 children aged 0 to 6 years were included.We conducted multiple Logistic regression analyses to explore risk factors to high blood lead level.Results The geometric mean blood lead level of the children was 4.50 μg/dl （median：4.90 μg/dl; IQR：3.20-7.00 μg/dl）.Overall prevalence of blood lead level ≥10.00 μg/dl among 0-to 6-year-old children was 7.57%.But the proportion of blood lead level ≥5.00 but 〈10.00 μg/dl was 42.12%.Blood lead levels were significantly higher in boys （4.63 μg/dl） than in girls （4.35 μg/dl） （P 〈0.0001）.The geometric mean blood lead levels and prevalence of blood lead level ≥10.00 μg/dl increased with age （P 〈0.0001 for the two trends）.After controlling for sociodemographic,dietary and behavior factors,multivariable analysis indicated that lower maternal education,male gender,younger age,often biting pencil or/and toys,walking or playing for long time on the street,not washing hands before eating are major risk factors for higher lead levels.Conclusions The blood lead levels among Chinese children in urban areas are lower than previous studies but close to those of developed countries.However,children with low lead exposure account for almost half and the sociodemographic factors （age,male sex,and low mother education level） continue to be associated with higher blood lead levels.

Association of Bone Turnover Levels with MTHFR Gene Polymorphisms among Pregnant Women in Wuhan, China

Pregnancy is a critical stimulator of bone mineral resorption. We used to find the MTHFR gene polymorphisms are related with blood lead levels among pregnant women. Pregnancy-stimulated bone turnover may be associated with MTHFR gene polymorphisms too. In this article, we aimed to determine the relationship between MTHFR gene polymorphisms and bone turnover rates among the pregnant women. The participants including pregnant and non-pregnant women were selected and recruited during their routine prenatal or physical examination from July to October in 2012. A total of 1000 participants, including 250 pregnant women in the first, second, and third trimesters and 250 non-pregnant women, were enrolled in the study. Finally, after excluding 27 participants unable to provide blood samples, 973 eligible participants （i.e., 234, 249, and 248 pregnant women in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively, and 242 non-pregnant women） were included in the research. The MTHFR gene 1298CC homozygote carriers were more susceptible to yield higher plasma homocysteine levels than the 1298AA/AC carriers, with standardized coefficients of 0.086 （P〈0.05） and 0.104 （P〈0.01） of all the participants and the pregnant women, respectively. The MTHFR gene 1793AA homozygote carriers more likely showed higher plasma osteocalcin levels （standardized β=0.091, P〈0.01） than the 1793GG/GA carriers among all the subjects. Plasma homocysteine levels were positively correlated with blood lead levels among the participants and the pregnant women with standardized coefficients of 0.320 （P〈0.01） and 0.179 （P〈0.01）, respectively. Plasma osteocalcin levels were positively associated with blood lead levels among pregnant and non-pregnant women with standardized coefficients of 0.084 （P〈0.05） and 0.125 （P〈0.01）, respectively. In conclusion, homocysteine and osteocalcin contents in plasma are associated with the MTHFR gene A1298C polymorphism and blood lead levels among pregnant women. The MTHFR gene A1298C polymorphism-related homocysteine is a possible risk factor for increased blood lead levels among Chinese women.

Nanomotor-based adsorbent for blood Lead(II)removal in vitro and in pig models

Blood lead(Pb(II))removal is very important but challenging.The main difficulty of blood Pb(II)removal currently lies in the fact that blood Pb(II)is mainly complexed with hemoglobin(Hb)inside the red blood cells(RBCs).Traditional blood Pb(II)removers are mostly passive particles that do not have the motion ability,thus the efficiency of the contact between the adsorbent and the Pb(II)-contaminated Hb is relatively low.Herein,a kind of magnetic nanomotor adsorbent with movement ability under alternating magnetic field based on Fe3O4 nanoparticle modified with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA)was prepared and a blood Pb(II)removal strategy was further proposed.During the removal process,the nanomotor adsorbent can enter the RBCs,then the contact probability between the nanomotor adsorbent and the Pb(II)-contaminated Hb can be increased by the active movement of nanomotor.Through the strong coordination of functional groups in DMSA,the nanomotor adsorbent can adsorb Pb(II),and finally be separated from blood by permanent magnetic field.The in vivo extracorporeal blood circulation experiment verifies the ability of the adsorbent to remove blood Pb(II)in pig models,which may provide innovative ideas for blood heavy metal removal in the future.

Effect of occupational lead exposure on the blood pressure of lead-exposed workers

Objective To investigate the effect of occupational lead exposure on blood pressure and provide supportive evidence of health protection on lead-exposed workers.Methods 612 workers(452 lead-exposed workers,160workers as control)were recruited in the battery factory.The blood lead concentration and blood pressure were detected by occupational health examination and

Towards prenatal biomonitoring in Nanjing, China： lead and cadmium levels in the duration of pregnancy

Background Prenatal lead and cadmium exposure will not only influence the mother＇s organ systems,but also will provide an environment that may influence the fetus and neonate in a harmful way.In the present study,we detected the blood lead levels （BLLS） and cadmium levels for the duration of pregnancy and 6-12 weeks after delivery and to analyze the influencing factors of BLLs in healthy pregnant women.Methods A cohort study survey was carried out.We recruited 174 healthy pregnant women without pregnancy or obstetric complications or abnormal pregnancy outcomes as the gravida group,and 120 healthy non-pregnant women as the control group.Results The lead concentrations in the three pregnancy trimesters and in the postpartum period were：（5.98±2.43）,（5.54±2.01）,（5.59±1.97）,and （6.76±1.74） μg/dl; and （6.75±2.13） μg/dl in the control group.The cadmium concentrations in the three pregnancy trimesters and postpartum period were 1.61±0.45,1.63±0.46,1.64±0.49,and 1.67±0.57.We found that the BLLs in the gravida group were lower than in the control group during all three trimesters.Occupations,supplement nutritional elements （dietary supplements and nutritional （food） elements）,and the time of house painting could affect BLLs in pregnant women.Lead-related occupations,using cosmetics,and living in a house painted more recently than one year previously are risk factors of high BLLs among pregnant women,while calcium,iron,zinc,and milk supplements are protective factors.Conclusions These findings may help people,especially pregnant women,to reduce lead exposure via supplements of calcium,iron,zinc,and milk or avoiding contacting risk factors.