Emotion processing in Parkinson's disease: a blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia are the major symptoms of the disease. These motor impairments are often accompanied by affective and emotional dysfunctions which have been largely studied over the last decade. The aim of this study was to investigate emotional processing organization in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease and to explore whether there are differences between recognition of different types of emotions in Parkinson's disease. We examined 18 patients with Parkinson's disease(8 men, 10 women) with no history of neurological or psychiatric comorbidities. All these patients underwent identical brain blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging for emotion evaluation. Blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging results revealed that the occipito-temporal cortices, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and parietal cortex which are involved in emotion processing, were activated during the functional control. Additionally, positive emotions activate larger volumes of the same anatomical entities than neutral and negative emotions. Results also revealed that Parkinson's disease associated with emotional disorders are increasingly recognized as disabling as classic motor symptoms. These findings help clinical physicians to recognize the emotional dysfunction of patients with Parkinson's disease.

Blood Oxygenation Level-dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Breast Cancer： Correlation with Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Background： Blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging （BOLD-MRI） is a functional MRI technique which involves using the paramagnetic properties of deoxyhemoglobin to image the local tissue oxygen concentration. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BOLD-MRI could evaluate hypoxia and angiogenesis of breast invasive ductal carcinoma （IDC）. Methods： Ninety-eight female patients with IDC were retrospectively included in this research. All patients underwent breast BOLD-MRI at 3.0 T before surgery. R2＊ values of BOLD-MR1 were measured. The expression of carbonic anhydrase IX （CA IX） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Spearman＇s correlation analysis was used to correlate R2＊ value with CA IX and VEGF levels. Results： Heterogeneous intensity on BOLD-MRI images was the main finding of IDCs. The mean R2＊ value was 52.8 ± 18.6 Hz. The R2＊ values in patients with axillary lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than the R2＊ values in patients without axillary lymph node metastasis （t = 2.882, P = 0.005）. R2＊ values increased with CA IX level and positively correlated with the level of CA 1X （r = 0.616, P 〈 0.001）; however, R2＊ value had no significantly correlation with the level of VEGF （r = 0.110, P = 0.281）. Conclusion： B OLD-MRI could noninvasively evaluate chronic hypoxia of IDC, but not angiogenesis.

Reduction of photodynamic damage of blood vessels in the protected region by(–)-epigallocatechin gallate

Photodynamic therapy(PDT)has been increasingly used in the clinical treatment of neoplastic,inflammatory and infectious skin diseases.However,the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS)may induce undesired side effects in normal tissue surrounding the treatment lesion,which is a big challenge for the clinical application of PDT.To date,(–)-Epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)has been widely proposed as an antiangiogenic and antitumor agent for the protection of normal tissue from ROS-mediated oxidative damage.This study evaluates the regulation ability of EGCG for photodynamic damage of blood vessels during hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether(Hemoporfin)-mediated PDT.The quenching rate constants of EGCG for the triplet-state Hemoporfin and photosensitized 1O2 generation are determined to be 6.8×10^(8)M^(−1)S^(−1),respectively.The vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the protected region treated with EGCG hydrogel after PDT is lower than that of the control region treated with pure hydrogel,suggesting an efficiently reduced photodamage of Hemoporfin for blood vessels treated with EGCG.This study indicates that EGCG is an efficient quencher for triplet-state Hemoporfin and 1O2,and EGCG could be potentially used to reduce the undesired photodamage of normal tissue in clinical PDT.

Effect of ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation on nerve function and function of the red blood cell membrane pump in patients with acute cerebral infarction

BACKGROUND： Ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation （UBIO） has obtained better clinical effect in treating acute cerebral infarction, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of UBIO on the nerve function and activities of K^＋-Na^＋-ATPase and Ca2^＋-Mg2^＋-ATPase activities on the red blood cell （RBC） membrane of patients with acute cerebral infarction. DESIGN： A randomized and controlled study.SETTING： Department of Neurology, Xiangfan Central Hospital.PARTICIPANTS： From January 2000 to December 2001, excluding those above 70 years old, 58 cases of 700 patients with acute cerebral infarction admitted in the Department of Neurology, Xiangfan Central Hospital, were recruited and divided into two groups according to the random number table： UBIO treated group （n=28）, including 17 males and 11 females, aged 40-68 years; and control group （n=30）, including 20 males and 10 females, aged 44-69 years. All the patients agreed to participate in the therapeutic program and detected items. The general informations were comparable without obvious differences between the two groups （P 〉 0.05）.METHODS： ① The patients in both groups received routine treatments, besides, those in the UBIO treated group were given UBIO treatment by using the XL-200 type therapeutic apparatus produced in Shijiazhuang, whose ultraviolet wave was set at 253.7 nm with the energy density of 0.568 J/m^2 per second, UBIO treatment started from the second day after admission, once every other day, with a single course consisting of 5-7 treatments. ② In the UBIO treated group, the venous blood was sampled before and after the first, third and the completion of the treatment course respectively, the venous blood was taken at each corresponding time point in the control group. After centrifugation of the blood at 10 000 rounds per minute, the RBC membrane was separated and then the activities of K^＋-Na^＋-ATPase and Ca2^＋-Mg2^＋-ATPase were detected by means of phosphorus determination.③ The nerve function was scored before and after treatment in both groups with European stroke scale, which included 13 items, the total score was 0-100 points, the higher the score, the better the nerve function. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ：①Score of European stroke scale before and after treatment in both groups.② Comparison of the activities of K^＋-Na^＋-ATPase and Ca2^＋-Mg2^＋-ATPase on RBC membrane between the two groups before treatment and after the first, third and the completion of the treatment. RESULTS： All the 58 patients with cerebral infarction were involved in the analysis of results.① The score of European stroke scale had no obvious difference between the two groups [（49.31±11.48）, （50.58±12.63）, P 〉 0.05], and it was obviously higher in the UBIO treated group than in the control group after treatment [84.66±13.75）, （77.05±11.17）, P 〈 0.05].②The activity of K^＋-Na^＋-ATPase on RBC membrane in the UBIO treated group was significantly increased after the first and third treatment as compared with before treatment [（31.56±19.25）, （27.64±15.83）, （17.67±13.83）, P 〈 0.01], it was still higher after the completion of the treatment than before treatment without obvious difference [（20.86±14.53）, P 〉 0.05]. After the first and third treatment, it was obviously higher in the UBIO treated group than in the control group [19.31±11.88）, （17.44±10.42）, P 〈 0.01]. ③ In the UBIO treated group, Ca2^＋-Mg2^＋-ATPase activity on RBC membrane significantly increased after the first treatment and remained higher than the pre-treatment level throughout the treatment [（27.49±14.72）, （17.41±4.82）, P 〈 0.01]. The activity of Ca2^＋-Mg2^＋-ATPase on RBC membrane was markedly higher in the UBIO treated group than in the control group after after the first, third and the completion of treatment respectively [（24.83±12.88）, （17.70±5.69）; （28.08±13.44）, （16.32±5.29）; （17.42±6.04）, P〈 0.05-0.01]. CONCLUSION： The effect of UBIO treatment against acute cerebral infarction may be mediated by the increased K^＋-Na^＋ ATPase and Ca2^＋-Mg2^＋-ATPase activities on RBC membrane, which enhances the RBC transformation ability so as to lower RBC aggregation and correct high blood viscosity.

The influence of ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation on oxygen free radicals metabolism in rabbits with soman intoxication

Objective: To investigate the effect of ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation (UBIO) on the metabolism of oxygen free radicals in rabbits with acute soman intoxication. Methods: One hundred rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal control group, intoxication group, routine therapy group. UBIO therapy group and combined therapy group. After 14 d, the concentration of malondiadehyde(MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathionperoxidase(GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) in serum were determined respectively. Results: Compared with the normal control group, the concentration of MDA and activity of CAT in the intoxication group were significantly higher (P < 0. 05). but SOD. GSH-Px activity and T-AOC were significantly lower (P<0. 05). After UBIO or combined therapy, serum MDA level was significantly lower in comparison with intoxication group (P<0. 05). but the activity of SOD. GSH-Px, CAT and T-AOC were higher than intoxication group(P<0. 05). Conclusion: There is an obvious oxygen free radical injury in rabbits with a-cute soman intoxication. UBIO can improve the antioxidation ability of rabbits and may be applied to treat acute soman intoxication as adjunctive therapy.

Experimental study on therapy of ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation in acute soman intoxication in rabbits

Objective:To study the therapy effect of ultraviolet blood irradiation and oxygenation （UBIO） on blood AChe activity and lung injury due to acute soman intoxication in rabbits. Methods:Forty rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group, intoxication group, routine therapy group and UBIO therapy group. Blood AChe activity and artery blood gas were analyzed 2 h after intoxication. ACP and AKP activities in BALF were determined respectively. Results:Blood AChe activity in intoxication group was lower than that in normal control group （P<0.05）. BALF ACP and AKP activities in intoxication group were higher than that in normal control group. Blood AChe activities in UBIO therapy group increased and were higher than that in intoxication and routine therapy groups. Compared with intoxication group, BALF ACP and AKP activities were decreased （P<0.05） in UBIO therapy group, while artery blood pH, PaO2 and SaO2 increased （P<0.05）. Conclusion: UBIO therapy can elevate blood AChe activity and alleviate lung injury induced by soman intoxication. So it may be a new way to treat acute soman intoxication.

Blood oxygen level–dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging can evaluate the efficiency of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is among the most common malignant tumors worldwide, and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE) technology has become the first-line treatment for advanced HCC. Another important, recently developed technique is blood oxygen level–dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging(BOLD-fMRI), which utilizes hemoglobin as an endogenous contrast agent and measures deoxygenated hemoglobin content by sampling the oxygen content of tissues, thus reflecting the hemodynamics and pathophysiologic changes in body organs. Currently this technology is being used in patients with liver tumors;that is, it serves as an important tool in follow-up after TACE. The present paper summarizes these developments.

Alterations of ATPase activity and erythrocyte oxygen consumption in patients with liver-blood deficiency syndrome

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3D numerical study of tumor blood perfusion and oxygen transport during vascular normalization

The changes of blood perfusion and oxygen transport in tumors during tumor vascular normalization are studied with 3-dimensional mathematical modeling and numerical simulation. The models of tumor angiogenesis and vascular-disrupting are used to simulate ＂un-normalized＂ and ＂normalized＂ vasculatures. A new model combining tumor hemodynamics and oxygen transport is developed. In this model, the intravasculartransvascular-interstitial flow with red blood cell（RBC） delivery is tightly coupled, and the oxygen resource is produced by heterogeneous distribution of hematocrit from the flow simulation. The results show that both tumor blood perfusion and hematocrit in the vessels increase, and the hypoxia microenvironment in the tumor center is greatly improved during vascular normalization. The total oxygen content inside the tumor tissue increases by about 67%, 51%, and 95% for the three approaches of vascular normalization,respectively. The elevation of oxygen concentration in tumors can improve its metabolic environment, and consequently reduce malignancy of tumor cells. It can also enhance radiation and chemotherapeutics to tumors.

Effects of emergency hyperbaric oxygen therapy on nerve injury, angiogenesis and cerebral blood perfusion in patients with acute cerebral infarction

Objective:To explore the effects of emergency hyperbaric oxygen therapy on nerve injury, angiogenesis and cerebral blood perfusion in patients with acute cerebral infarction.Methods:A total of118 patients with acute cerebral infarction who were treated in the hospital between April 2015 and October 2017 were selected as study subjects and divided into hyperbaric oxygen group (n=59) and control group (n=59) by random number table method. Control group received conventional therapy, hyperbaric oxygen group received conventional therapy combined with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and both groups were treated for 2 weeks. The differences in nerve injury, angiogenesis and cerebral blood perfusion were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Results: Differences in nerve injury, angiogenesis and cerebral perfusion were not significant between the two groups immediately after diagnosis. After 2 weeks of treatment, serum nerve injury indexes IGF-1, Copeptin, PAO, AQP4 and H-FABP contents of hyperbaric oxygen group were lower than those of control group;serum angiogenesis indexes PEDF, Ang-1 and VEGF contents were higher than those of control group whereas ES content was lower than that of control group;stenotic-side cerebral blood perfusion parameters CBF and CBV levels were higher than those of control group whereas TTP level was lower than that of control group.Conclusion: Emergency hyperbaric oxygen therapy can effectively reduce nerve injury, promote cerebral angiogenesis and increase cerebral blood perfusion in patients with acute cerebral infarction.

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for skin flap blood flow disorder: a case report

A female patient at the age of 17 received dilator implant on the right part of her face to prepare skin flap for her facial scar.The skin flap was in good conditions before scar cutting,but showed poor blood circulation after being transferred.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was given at 0.2 MPa(2ATA) in double pure oxygen cabins for 90 min every day for 10 d.The skin flap showed in sound viability and sound blood circulation after the treatment.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be used to treat blood circulation disorder in transferred skin flap.

Correlation of oxygen free radical items between blood and kidney of chronic renal failure rat

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Oxygen Ion Beam and Plasma Induced Blood Compatibility of Polyetherurethane

Surface blood compatibility of ion beam and plasma treatment on polyetherurethane has been studied.O^(+)implantation was performed at 80keV with various doses.O_(2) plasma treatment was carried out at 100 W with various exposure times.The results indicated that surface anticogulability was enhanced in varying degrees and anticalcific behavior was not decreased.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spin resonance analysis showed that the two methods not only broke some chemical bonds,but also produced some new N-O and C-O bonds and radicals in the surface,which affected the surface biomedical behavior.

Dependablity study on near-infrared parameters of blood oxygen and microvessel density of mammary gland phyma

Objective:To detect the reliability of near-infrared parameters of blood oxygen of mammary gland phyma from the microvessel density of tumor.Methods:181 cases of mammary gland phyma who had accepted the examination of the near-infrared TBO-I dual-wave length mammary gland phyma detector were classified by near-infrared parameters of blood oxygen,and were performed the pathologic examination to ascertain whether the tumor was benign or malignant.Among these cases,intratumoral microvessel density of 20 cases of malignant phyma and 20 cases of benign phyma were confirmed by S-P immunohistochemical method,then the relationship between near-infrared parameters and microvessel density were analyzed by medical statistics.Results:(1)The microvessel density and blood concentration of 28 cases of the"high blood" tumor were 24.56±8.110 and 1.891±0.850 respectively.The microvessel density and blood concentration of 12 cases of the"low blood"tumor were 17.98±8.729 and 0.698±0.283 respectively.There was significant difference between the"high blood"and"low blood"tumors(P<0.05).(2)The intratumoral microvessel density and blood concentration were linearly correlated respectively,and the linear correlation coefficient r=0.4208(P<0.05)in 40 cases of mammary gland phyma. Conclusion:The intratumoral microvessel density and blood concentration of benign or malignant mammary gland phyma were linearly correlated.Blood concentration(one of near-infrared parameters)is reliable to be used as diagnosis criterion of malignant mammary gland phyma.

Changes and significance of retinal blood oxygen saturation and oxidative stress indexes in patients with diabetic retinopathy

BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a diabetic complication that can severely affect the patients’vision,eventually leading to blindness.DR is the most important manifestation of diabetic micro-vasculopathy and is mainly related to the course of diabetes and the degree of blood glucose control,while the age of diabetes onset,sex,and type of diabetes have little influence on it.AIM To explore the changes in blood oxygen saturation and oxidative stress indices of retinal vessels in patients with DR.METHODS In total,94 patients(94 eyes)with DR(DR group)diagnosed at Jianyang people’s Hospital between March 2019 and June 2020,and 100 volunteers(100 eyes)(control group)without eye diseases,were included in this study.Arterial and venous blood oxygen saturation,retinal arteriovenous vessel diameter,and serum oxidative stress indicators in the two groups were compared.Based on the stage of the disease,the DR group was divided into the simple DR and proliferative DR groups for stratified analysis.RESULTS The oxygen saturation of the retinal vessels in the DR group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).The retinal vessel diameters between the DR and control groups were not significantly different.The serum malondialdehyde(MDA)and 8-hydroxydehydroguanosine(8-OHdG)levels in the DR group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The serum superoxide dismutase(SOD)and reduced glutathione(GSH)levels in the DR group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The oxygensaturation of the retinal vessels in the patients with proliferative DR was significantly higher thanthat in the patients with simple DR (P < 0.05). The retinal vessel diameter in patients with proliferativeDR was not significantly different from that of patients with simple DR (P > 0.05). SerumMDA and 8-OHdG levels in patients with proliferative DR were significantly higher than those inpatients with simple DR (P < 0.05). Serum SOD and GSH levels in patients with proliferative DRwere significantly lower than those in patients with simple DR (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONIncreased blood oxygen saturation of retinal arteries and veins and increased oxidative stressdamage in patients with DR may be associated with decreased retinal capillary permeability andarterial oxygen dispersion, possibly reflecting the patient’s condition.

Multispectral imaging of acute wound tissue oxygenation

This paper investigates the appropriate range of values for the transcutaneous blood oxygen saturation(StO2)of granulating tissues and the surrounding tissue that can ensure timely wound recovery.This work has used a multispectral imaging system to collect wound images at wave-lengths ranging between 520 nm and 600 nm with a resolution of 10 nm.As part of this research,a pilot study was conducted on three injured individuals with superfcial wounds of different wound ages at different skin locations.The S_(t)O_(2)value predicted for the examined wounds using the Extended Modified Lambert-Beer model revealed a mean S_(t)O_(2)of 61±10.3%compared to 41.6±6.2%at the surrounding tissues,and 50.1±1.53%for control sites.These preliminary results contribute to the existing knowledge on the possible range and variation of wound bed S_(t)O_(2)that are to be used as indicators of the functioning of the vasomotion system and wound health.This study has concluded that a high S_(t)O_(2)of approximately 60%and a large fuctuation in this value should precede a good progression in wound healing.

Correlation of Blood Lactate and Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation in Off-Pump CABG

Aim: To evaluate the correlation of blood lactate and mixed venous oxygen saturation to predict outcome in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Method: This is a randomized study including 30 patients. Blood lactate and mixed venous oxygen saturation were measured in 4 groups of patients—number of grafts, presence or absence of left main coronary artery disease, ejection fraction and serum creatinine. Blood samples were taken before induction, after grafting, on intensive care unit admission, 24 hours and 48 hours after surgery. The measured blood lactate and mixed venous oxygen saturation are compared to assess the outcomes in terms of duration of ventilation and intensive care unit stay. Results: The blood lactate and mixed venous oxygen saturation values increased post operatively but no statistically significant difference in three groups— number of grafts, left main coronary artery disease and ejection fraction. In serum creatinine group, the blood lactate value was found to be statistically significant after grafting in patients with creatinine <1.5 mg/dl, however, there was a significant disparity in numbers. Conclusion: Mixed venous oxygen saturation is a better predictor of morbidity than blood lactate in terms of intensive care unit stay in patients undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Improving Oxygen Binding of Desiccated Human Red Blood Cells

Desiccating human red blood cells (RBCs) to increase their storage life has been the subject of intense research for a number of years. However, drying RBCs invariably compromises their integrity and has detrimental effects on hemoglobin function due to autoxidation. We have previously demonstrated an RBC desiccation and rehydration process that preserves RBC antigenic epitopes better than frozen RBCs. This study expands on those observations by examining what effects this desiccation process has on RBC hemoglobin function with respect to oxygen binding properties. In this paper, we examined RBCs from normal donors which were desiccated to 25% moisture content and stored dry for 2 weeks at room temperature prior to rehydration with plasma followed by structural and functional studies. Our data showed that approximately 98% of the RBCs were intact upon rehydration based on hemolysis assays. Oxygen dissociation curves for the desiccated/rehydrated RBCs showed a left shift compared to fresh RBCs (pO2 = 17 mmHg vs. 26 mmHg, respectively). The desiccated/rehydrated RBCs also showed an increase in methemoglobin compared to fresh RBCs (4.5% vs 0.9%, respectively). 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate concentration of the desiccated/rehydrated RBCs was reduced by 20%. In conclusion, although this RBC dehydration process preserves RBC integrity and hemoglobin oxygen binding properties better than most other dehydration techniques described so far, further optimization and long-term studies are needed to make this procedure acceptable for human transfusion.

Effect of blood transfusion therapy on oxygen saturation in brain and intestinal tissues of children with premature anaemia

Objective: To study the effect of blood transfusion therapy on oxygen saturation in brain and intestinal tissues of children with premature anaemia. Methods: Ninety-five children with premature anaemia in our hospital from August 2016 to July 2018 were selected and divided into three groups according to the different degrees of anemia, namely, mild group (n=30), moderate group (n=30) and severe group (n=35), meanwhile, another 35 premature without anemia were set as control group. Then the basal vital signs, levels of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), as well as the oxygen saturation in brain and intestinal tissue were compared among the four groups. Results: The SBP and DBP between the four groups after treatment had no difference. The HR and RR after treatment in the control group and the mild group were significantly higher than those in the severe group. The RR of the mild group was significantly lower than that of the control group, with statistical difference. The Hb in the control group and the mild group was significantly higher than that in the moderate group and the severe group. The Hb in the moderate group was significantly higher than that in the severe group. Hct in the control group and the mild group was significantly higher than that in the severe group. The Hct in the moderate group had no statistic difference with that of the mild group and severe group. The cerebral oxygen saturation after treatment in the control group and the mild group was significantly higher than that in the severe group, meanwhile the intestinal tissue oxygen saturation after treatment of the control group was significantly higher than that in the severe group. Cerebral oxygen saturation after treatment showed no difference between the severe group and the moderate group, and the intestinal tissue oxygen saturation after treatment either had no difference among the severe group, the moderate group and the mild group. Conclusion: Blood transfusion therapy can significantly improve the oxygen saturation of brain and intestinal tissues in children with premature anaemia without affecting blood pressure, and improve the degree of anemia, which can be used reasonably under the strict control of clinical indications.