The relationship between the level of activation markers of platelets in peripheral blood around operation and lung cancer

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the activation markers of platelets and the lung cancer. Meth- ods: Based on international stages of lung cancer in 1997, lung cancer patients of 120 cases diagnosed by pathology as well as with operation indication were selected as the experimental group. During the process of experiment, 60 cases concluded as healthy in the physical examination were chosen as control group. The activation markers of platelets were detected by FCM method. The experimental result would be processed by SPSS 11.5. Results: The level of activation markers of platelets in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients was significantly higher than those healthy people (P < 0.01). The level of activation markers of platelets in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients on the seventh postoperative day was significantly lower than that before operation and on the first postoperative day (P < 0.01). The level of activation markers of platelets in peripheral blood of lung cancer patients was closely related to the size of the primary tumor, lymph node status and stages, but not to the grade of cell differentiation, type of tumor, age, sex of the patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Elevation of the level of activation markers of platelets in peripheral blood exists in lung cancer patients and the levels of activation marker of platelets plays an important role in tumor growth and lymphatic metastasis. The levels of activation markers of platelets maybe a predictor for prognosis.

Considerations on Blood Platelets: A Neuron’s Mirror for Mood Disorders?

This work aims to be a reflection concerning a remarkable similarity between platelet and neuron. Through a series of experimental tests which have affected the fatty acid composition of the membrane of platelets, it was possible to provide a contribution to the scientific literature, which had already reported strong similarities between platelet and neuron. The work performed could be of great interest to investigate, by studying the interactome of the platelet, the molecular behavior of the neuron.

Blood platelet and monocyte activations and relation to stages of liver cirrhosis

AIM: Blood platelets (pIt) and monocytes are the cells that play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver damage and liver cirrhosis (LC). In this paper, the analysis of mutual relationship between platelets and monocytes activation in LC was conducted. METHODS: Immunofluorescent flow cytometry was used to measure the percentage of activated platelet populations (CD62P, CD63), the percentage of plt-monocyte aggregates (pma) (CD41/CD45), and activated monocytes (CD11b, CD14, CD16) in the blood of 20 volunteers and 40 patients with LC. Platelet activation markers: sP-selectin, platelet factor 4 (PF4), beta-thromboglobulin (PTG) and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 (MCP-1) were measured and compared in different stages of LC. RESULTS: Platelet activation with the increase in both βTG serum concentration and elevation of pIt population (CD62P and CD63 as well as MIF CD62P and CD63) is elevated as LC develops and thrombocytopenia rises. There is a positive correlation between medial intensity of fluorescence (MIF) CD62P and MIF CD63 in LC. We did not show any relationship between monocyte activation and pma level. SP-selectin concentration correlates positively with pIt count and pma, and negatively with stage of pIt activation and MIF CD62P and MIF CD63. There was no correlation between MCP-1 concentration and pIt, monocyte activation as well as pma level in LC. CD16 monocytes and MIF CD16 populations are significantly higher in the end stage of LC. A positive correlation occurs between the value of CDllb monocyte population and MIF CD14 and MIF CD16 on monocytes in LC. CONCLUSION: Platelet and monocyte activation plays an important role in LC. Platelet activation stage does not influence monocyte activation and production of pIt aggregates with monocytes in LC. With LC development, thrombocytopenia may be the result of pIt consumption in platelet-monocyte aggregates.

Evaluation of Red Blood Cell Contribution to Platelet Activation in the Bulk Applying Red Blood Cell—Platelet Thrombus as a Point Source Model

In this study, a point source mathematical model is proposed to describe the diffusion of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) from either damaged red blood cell (RBC) or activated platelet. The convective diffusion equation is reduced to describe the suggested problem. The final differential equation is solved using Laplace transforms and ADP concentration profiles around the source are obtained. Thrombi of 5 to 20 μm3 containing platelets and a range of red blood cells (RBCs) (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) concentrations are used to apply the model. Reported ADP concentrations in the literature are used and its dynamic release from the point source is calculated. Results suggest that RBC chemical contribution to platelet aggregation in the bulk is much less than that of platelet (almost) negligible. However, the physical effect of RBCs is dominant in the bulk through augmentation of released ADP and platelets diffusivities. Moreover, the chemical contribution reported in previous studies is suggested to be as a result of interaction of RBC with the surface under the influence of shear stresses in the boundary region.

Effects of procainamide on 0morphological parameter of dense granule and a granule in blood platelet

Objective: To study the protective effect of procainamide (PA) on the ultrastructure of blood platelets.Methods:The stereology measurement was used to study the effects of PA on morphological parameters of dense granule and a granule. Results: 8. 5, 34. 0 and 136. 0 μmol· L-1 PA ascended morphological parameter values of dense granule and a granule significantly. The increasing percentages were 153. 6% ~ 256. 2% (SS ), 81. 6% ~188. 9% (Sv) and 96. 3% ~145. 4 % (St ) for surface parameter values; 144. 0% ~499. 7% (Vv) and 221. 3% ~1593. 4 % (Vt ) for volume parameter values in dense granule. In a granule, the increasing percentages were 68. 2 %~335. 9% (Nv) and 14. 8%~ 696. 0% (N) for number parameter values; 45. 4%~ 87. 5% (S), -(50.7% 57. 1 % ) (SS), 160. 3% -558. 0% (Sv ) and 181. 5%~395. 7% (St ) for surface parameter values ; 87. 8%~127. 7% (D). 81. 4 %~ 202. 3% (V), 410. 5% ~773. 6% (Vv) and 195. 8% ~297. 8% (Vt) for volume parameter values. Conclusion: PA protects dense granule and a granule from AA-stimulating changes of morphology.

Effect of platelet activating factor on blood spinal cord barrier following cervical cord injury

Effect of platelet activating factor(PAF) on blood spinal cord barrier in cervical cord injury was investigated. Methods: Spinal cord injury at C6 segment was induced with Allen’s ’method in cats. PAF and PAF receptor antagonist BN52021 were administered by arachnoid space and intravenous injection respectively, and their effects on PAF levels, blood spinal cord barrier and cervical cord edema in the injuried zone and adjacent cervical cord tissue following cervical cord injury were investigated. Results: PAF levels, Evens content and water content in the injuried and adjacent cervical cord tissues significantly increased following trauma. PAF levels, Evens content and water content were evidently elevated with PAF by arachnoid space injection. PAF receptor antagonist BN52021 could inhibit the increase in PAF levels and reduce Evens and water content in the cervical cord tissue following trauma. Conclusion: PAF is an important contributing factor causing post-traumatic damage to the blood spinal cord barrier, while PAF receptor antagonist can effectively relieve post-traumatic damage to the blood spinal cord barrier.

Effects of Procainamide on Human Blood Platelet Aggregation

We had demonstrated that procainamidc inhibitodarachonic aad, thnxnbin, donidine and caldum chlo-ride·itduoed platebet agtion inbits and guin-eathis study observed the e6ects of proc}inamideon Hood

Usefulness of white blood cell count to mean platelet volume ratio for predicting long-term prognosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Background and Objective The white blood cell count to mean platelet volume ratio(WMR)has recently been described as a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of admission WMR in predicting outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS).

Effect of Shuxuetong injection on platelet function, hemorheology and cerebral blood flow in patients with ischemic stroke

Objective:To investigate the effect of Shuxuetong injection on platelet function, hemorheology and cerebral blood flow in patients with ischemic stroke.Methods: One hundred cases of ischemic stroke admitted in our hospital from February 2015 to January 2017 were randomly divided into control group and observation group. The control group was given routine treatment. The observation group was given Shuxuetong injection on the basis of the control group. The changes of platelet function, hemorheology and cerebral blood flow before and after treatment were detected in both groups.Results: After treatment, the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen level in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment. The whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen level in the observation group were (4.18±0.05) mPa?s, (1.66±0.12) mPa?s and (3.45±0.08) g/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than the control group;After treatment, the levels of MCA, ACA and PCA in both groups were significantly increased. MCA, ACA and PCA levels in the observation group were (70.82±4.13) cm/s, (60.62±3.55) cm/s and (54.11±2.36) cm/s, which were significantly higher than those in the control group;After treatment, the maximum platelet aggregation rate, PLT, MPV and PDW levels in the two groups significantly decreased. The maximum platelet aggregation rate, PLT, MPV and PDW levels in the observation group were (27.93±1.44)% and (155.32±13.46)×109/L, (9.42±0.32) fL and (9.12±0.24) fL, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusions: Shuxuetong injection can effectively improve the patient's hemorheology and platelet function, improve the level of cerebral blood flow in patients with significant effect, it is worth further clinical application.

Red cell distribution width/platelet ratio estimates the 3-year risk of decompensation in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease-induced cirrhosis

BACKGROUND For compensated advanced chronic liver disease(cACLD)patients,the first decompensation represents a dramatically worsening prognostic event.Based on the first decompensation event(DE),the transition to decompensated advanced chronic liver disease(dACLD)can occur through two modalities referred to as acute decompensation(AD)and non-AD(NAD),respectively.Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension(CSPH)is considered the strongest predictor of decompensation in these patients.However,due to its invasiveness and costs,CSPH is almost never evaluated in clinical practice.Therefore,recognizing noninvasively predicting tools still have more appeal across healthcare systems.The red cell distribution width to platelet ratio(RPR)has been reported to be an indicator of hepatic fibrosis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease(MASLD).However,its predictive role for the decompensation has never been explored.AIM In this observational study,we investigated the clinical usage of RPR in predicting DEs in MASLD-related cACLD patients.METHODS Fourty controls and 150 MASLD-cACLD patients were consecutively enrolled and followed up(FUP)semiannually for 3 years.At baseline,biochemical,clinical,and Liver Stiffness Measurement(LSM),Child-Pugh(CP),Model for End-Stage Liver Disease(MELD),aspartate aminotransferase/platelet count ratio index(APRI),Fibrosis-4(FIB-4),Albumin-Bilirubin(ALBI),ALBI-FIB-4,and RPR were collected.During FUP,DEs(timing and modaities)were recorded.CSPH was assessed at the baseline and on DE occurrence according to the available Clinical Practice Guidelines.RESULTS Of 150 MASLD-related cACLD patients,43(28.6%)progressed to dACLD at a median time of 28.9 months(29 NAD and 14 AD).Baseline RPR values were significantly higher in cACLD in comparison to controls,as well as MELD,CP,APRI,FIB-4,ALBI,ALBI-FIB-4,and LSM in dACLD-progressing compared to cACLD individuals[all P<0.0001,except for FIB-4(P:0.007)and ALBI(P:0.011)].Receiving operator curve analysis revealed RPR>0.472 and>0.894 as the best cut-offs in the prediction respectively of 3-year first DE,as well as its superiority compared to the other non-invasive tools examined.RPR(P:0.02)and the presence of baseline-CSPH(P:0.04)were significantly and independently associated with the DE.Patients presenting baseline-CSPH and RPR>0.472 showed higher risk of decompensation(P:0.0023).CONCLUSION Altogether these findings suggest the RPR as a valid and potentially applicable non-invasive tool in the prediction of timing and modalities of decompensation in MASLD-related cACLD patients.

不同剂量替格瑞洛治疗ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的有效性和安全性:基于倾向性评分匹配

背景双联抗血小板治疗是接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PPCI)的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者治疗的基础。阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛是STEMI患者抗血小板治疗的首选方案,与氯吡格雷相比,其能够更快、更有效地抑制血小板,并改善预后。但是尚缺乏在接受PPCI治疗的STEMI患者中应用减量替格瑞洛的研究。目的基于倾向性评分匹配(PSM)的方法,对比分析不同剂量替格瑞洛治疗STEMI患者的有效性和安全性。方法连续选取2019年6月—2021年5月在河北医科大学第二医院心血管内五科行PPCI并接受替格瑞洛治疗的STEMI患者为研究对象。根据应用替格瑞洛的维持剂量将患者分为减量组(60例:替格瑞洛60 mg/次,2次/d)和标准组(180例:替格瑞洛90 mg/次,2次/d)。采用PSM法对两组患者进行1∶1匹配,匹配变量包括性别、年龄、既往病史、入院时Killip分级和介入治疗相关参数等,最终减量组和标准组各纳入54例患者。分别于出院1、3、6个月时,对两组患者进行随访,记录和比较两组患者血小板功能相关参数和临床事件的发生情况。结果PSM后两组患者基线资料、介入治疗参数和住院期间主要不良心血管事件发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。基线时,两组患者血小板计数(PLT)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);减量组患者血小板聚集率(PAR)低于标准组(P<0.05)。出院时,减量组患者MPV高于标准组,PDW低于标准组(P<0.05)。出院1个月时,两组患者PLT、MPV、PDW、PAR比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。出院3个月时,减量组患者PDW高于标准组(P<0.05)。出院6个月时,减量组患者MPV高于标准组(P<0.05)。减量组患者出院前后PLT、PAR比较,标准组患者出院前后PLT、PDW比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。减量组、标准组患者出院时MPV高于基线,减量组患者出院时PDW低于基线,标准组患者出院时PAR低于基线(P<0.05)。减量组患者出院1、3、6个月MPV低于出院时,PDW高于出院时(P<0.05);标准组患者1、3、6个月PAR低于基线,高于出院时(P<0.05)。两组患者随访期间主要不良心血管事件、严重出血事件发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在接受PPCI的STEMI患者中替格瑞洛60 mg治疗是安全有效的。

Effect of Liangxuehuayu Recipe on hemorheology in rats with blood stasis syndrome

Objective:To investigate the effects of Uangxuehuayu Recipe on hemorheology in rats with blood stasis syndrome induced by mutifactor stimuli.Methods:SD rats were divided into control, model,Uangxuehuayu Recipe(high,middle and low dose,18,9,4.S g/kg accordingly).Except the control group,blood stasis model was established in the rest groups.The hemorheological parameters were measured and compared.Results:Blood viscosity at high,moderate and low level in rats with blood stasis significantly increased(P【0.05),but blood viscosity at high level and plasma viscosity was significantly decreased in rats induced by some stimuli after Uangxuehuayu Recipe were intra-gastrically administered for I weeks(P【0.01,P【0.05). Conclusions:Uangxuehuayu Recipe is effective in improving hemorheology,and has important application value in the prevention of occurrence and development of ischemic stroke.

Antibacterial effects of platelet-rich fibrin produced by horizontal centrifugation

Platelet-rich fibrin(PRF)has been widely used owing to its ability to stimulate tissue regeneration.To date,few studies have described the antibacterial properties of PRF.Previously,PRF prepared by horizontal centrifugation(H-PRF)was shown to contain more immune cells than leukocyte-and platelet-rich fibrin(L-PRF).This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of PRFs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in vitro and to determine whether the antibacterial effects correlated with the number of immune cells.Blood samples were obtained from eight healthy donors to prepare L-PRF and H-PRF.The sizes and weights of L-PRF and H-PRF were first evaluated,and their antibacterial effects against S.aureus and E.coli were then tested in vitro using the inhibition ring and plate-counting test methods.Flow-cytometric analysis of the cell components of L-PRF and H-PRF was also performed.No significant differences in size or weight were observed between the L-PRF and H-PRF groups.The H-PRF group contained more leukocytes than the L-PRF group.While both PRFs had notable antimicrobial activity against S.aureus and E.coli,H-PRF demonstrated a significantly better antibacterial effect than L-PRF.Furthermore,the antimicrobial ability of the PRF solid was less efficient than that of wet PRF.In conclusion,H-PRF exhibited better antibacterial activity than L-PRF,which might have been attributed to having more immune cells.

Can mean platelet volume play a role in evaluating the severity of acute pancreatitis?

AIM To investigate serum mean platelet volume(MPV) levels in acute pancreatitis(AP) patients and assess whether MPV effectively predicts the disease severity of AP.METHODS We included 117 consecutive patients with AP as the AP group and 34 consecutive patients with colorectal polyps(before endoscopic treatment) as the control group. Complete blood counts, liver function, platelet indices(MPV), coagulation parameters, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and C-reactive protein(CRP) were measured on days 1, 2, 3 and 7 after admission. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of MPV, white blood cell(WBC), LDH and CRP in predicting AP severity. The Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score(m GPS) and the 2012 revised Atlanta criteria were used to evaluate disease severity in AP.RESULTS MPV levels were significantly lower in the AP group than in the control group on day 1(P = 0.000), day 2(P = 0.029) and day 3(P = 0.001) after admission.In addition, MPV values were lower on day 1 after admission than on day 2(P = 0.012), day 3(P = 0.000) and day 7(P = 0.002) in all AP patients. Based on the m GPS, 78 patients(66.7%) were diagnosed with mild and 39 patients(33.3%) with severe AP. There was no significant difference in mean MPV levels between patients diagnosed with mild and severe AP based on the m GPS(P = 0.424). According to the 2012 revised Atlanta criteria, there were 98 patients(83.8%) without persistent organ failure(OF) [non-severe acute pancreatitis(non-SAP) group] and 19 patients(16.2%) with persistent OF(SAP group). MPV levels were significantly lower in the SAP group than in the non-SAP group on day 1 after admission(P = 0.002). On day 1 after admission using a cut-off value of 6.65 f L, the overall accuracy of MPV for predicting SAP according to the 2012 revised Atlanta criteria(AUC = 0.716) had a sensitivity of 91.8% and a specificity of 47.4% and was superior to the accuracy of the traditional markers WBC(AUC = 0.700) and LDH(AUC = 0.697).CONCLUSION MPV can be used at no additional cost as a useful, noninvasive biomarker that distinguishes AP with persistent OF from AP without persistent OF on day 1 of hospital admission.

Significance of platelet count and platelet-based models for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence

AIM:To explore the effects of platelet count(PLT)and11 platelet-based indices on postoperative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 172 HCC patients who were treated by partial hepatectomy.Preoperative data,including laboratory biochemical results,were used to calculate the 11 indices included in the analysis.We performed receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to determine the optimal cut-off values for predicting recurrence.Cumulative rates of HCC recurrence were calculated using KaplanMeier survival curves and differences were analyzed by log-rank tests.Multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of recurrence,early recurrence(within one year after surgery),and late recurrence in HCC.To obtain better prognostic models,PLT-based indices were analyzed separately after being expressed as binary and continuous variables.Two platelet-unrelated,validated HCC prognostic models were included in the analyses as reference indices.Additional analyses were performed after patients were stratified based on hepatitis B virus infection status,cirrhosis,and tumor size to investigate the significance of platelets in different subgroups.RESULTS:In the study cohort,44.2%(76/172)of patients experienced HCC recurrence,and 50.6%(87/172)died during a median follow-up time of 46mo.PLT and five of the 11 platelet-related models were significant predisposing factors for recurrence(P<0.05).Multivariate analysis indicated that,among the clinical parameters,presence of ascites,PLT≥148×109/L,alkaline phosphatase≥116 U/L,and tumor size≥5 cm were independently associated with ahigher risk of HCC recurrence(P<0.05).Independent and significant models included the aspartate aminotransferase/PLT index,fibrosis index based on the four factors,fibro-quotient,aspartate aminotransferase/PLT/γ-glutamyl transpeptidase/alpha-fetoprotein index,and the PLT/age/alkaline phosphatase/alphafetoprotein/aspartate aminotransferase index.There were different risk factors between early and late recurrences,and PLT and these indices were more inclined to influence late recurrence.PLT was only predictive of recurrence in non-cirrhotic HCC patients,and was not influenced by tumor size,which was a critical confounder in our study.CONCLUSION:PLT and PLT-basednoninvasive models are effective tools for predicting postoperative recurrence,especially late recurrence.Larger cohorts are needed to validate our findings.

Effect of the Principle of Activating Blood Circulation to Break Stasis on GMP-140 and D_2 Dimer in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction

Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy of the principle of activating blood circulation to break stasis (ABCBS) and its influence on platelet membranous protein particle (GMP-140) and D 2 dimer (D-dimer) before and after treatment. Methods: Eighty-eight patients with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) of acute cerebral infarction (ACI) were randomly divided into two groups, both of which were treated with conventional treatment, i.e. with western medicine (WM), with Salvia injection added through intravenously dripping.One of the two groups was used as the control and the other group as the treated group who had ABCBS herbs orally taken in addition. The duration of treatment course for both groups was 3 weeks. Results: There were changes in both groups over clinical symptoms, nerve function deficit scoring and GMP-140, D-dimer, but the treated group showed significantly better than that of the control group, ( P <0.05). Conclusion: ABCBS principle could serve as an important auxiliary treating method for BSS of ACI, as it can effectively alter the blood of ACI patients which was viscous, condense, coagulant and aggregating.

Low preoperative platelet counts predict a high mortality after partial hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM： To assess the validity of our selection criteria for hepatectomy procedures based on indocyanine green disappearance rate （KICG）, and to unveil the factors affecting posthepatectomy mortality in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）. METHODS： A retrospective analysis of 198 consecutive patients with HCC who underwent partial hepatectomies in the past 14 years was conducted. The selection criteria for hepatectomy procedures during the study period were KICG≥0.12 for hemihepatectomy, KICG≥0.10 for bisegmentectomy, KCG≥0.08 for monosegmentectomy, and KICG≥ 0.06 for nonanatomic hepatectomy. The hepatectomies were categorized into three types： major hepatectomy （hemihepatectomy or a more extensive procedure）, bisegmentectomy, and limited hepatectomy. Univariate （Fishers exact test） and multivariate （the logistic regression model） analyses were used. RESULTS： Postoperative mortality was 5% after major hepatectomy, 3% after bisegmentectomy, and 3% after limited hepatectomy. The bhree percentages were comparable （P = 0.876）. The platelet count of ≤ 10× 10^4/μL was the strongest independent factor for postoperative mortality on univariate （P = 0.001） and multivariate （risk ratio, 12.5; P= 0.029） analyses. No patient with a platelet count of 〉7.3× 10^4/μL died of postoperative morbidity, whereas 25% （6/24 patients） of patients with a platelet count of ≤7.3×10^4/μL died （P〈0.001）. CONCLUSION： The selection criteria for hepatectomy procedures based on KICG are generally considered valid, because of the acceptable morbidity and mortality with these criteria. The preoperative platelet count independently affects morbidity and mortality after hepatectomy, suggesting that a combination of KICG and platelet count would further reduce postoperative mortality.

Assessment of platelet activation and phagocytic activity in gastric cancer patients

AIM:To assess the activation of platelets and their phagocytic activity in the course of gastric cancer.METHODS:Forty-three gastric cancer patients were recruited to the study.The patients were divided into 3 groups depending on tumor stage.Group E included 6 patients with early gastric cancer;group A 18 patients with locally advanced cancer;and group M-19 with metastatic cancer.The investigations were performed twice,prior to surgery and 12-14 d afterwards.RESULTS:The platelet count and the level of soluble platelet selectin(sP-selectin) were found to increase with the disease progression.The level of sP-selectin was lowest in early cancer and was observed to increase after surgery in all the study patients.Irrespective of tumor stage,a statistically significant decrease was noted in the percentage of phagocytizing platelets and in the phagocytic index in gastric cancer patients as compared to healthy subjects.Despite increasedplatelet count and stimulation of thrombocytopoiesis,the phagocytic functions of blood platelets were markedly impaired.Tumor development seems to impair metabolic processes.CONCLUSION:A decreasing phagocytic activity can promote both inflammatory processes and cancer growth.

Application of Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics Method for Modelling Blood Flow with Thrombus Formation

Thrombosis plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis or in haemostasis when a blood vessel is injured.This article focuses on using a meshless particle-based Lagrangian numerical technique,the smoothed particles hydrodynamic(SPH)method,to study the flow behaviour of blood and to explore the flow parameters that induce formation of a thrombus in a blood vessel.Due to its simplicity and effectiveness,the SPH method is employed here to simulate the process of thrombogenesis and to study the effect of various blood flow parameters.In the present SPH simulation,blood is modelled by two sets of particles that have the characteristics of plasma and of platelet,respectively.To simulate coagulation of platelets which leads to a thrombus,the so-called adhesion and aggregation mechanisms of the platelets during this process are modelled by an inter-particle force model.The transport of platelets in the flowing blood,platelet adhesion and aggregation processes are coupled with viscous blood flow for various low Reynolds number scenarios.The numerical results are compared with the experimental observations and a good agreement is found between the simulated and experimental results.