Evaluation of Recreation Service Quality of Slow Traffic Space in Urban Parks Based on IPA-Space Syntax Model

To build an“ecological and livable city”,it is important to figure out the relationship between human activity and urban park space and create a high-quality urban park through the integration of“people”and“park”.Taking Longhu Park in Huainan Province as an example,the study quantitatively analyzed and evaluated the characteristics and service quality of slow traffic space using importance-performance analysis(IPA)and space syntax,clarified the key indexes and areas to be optimized,and put forward corresponding design countermeasures and suggestions in combination with human activity demand.The results suggest that:①The mean performance of park recreation service quality is 3.63,less than the mean importance(3.95).Tourists pay special attention to the safety and convenience of slow traffic space,and the diversity and identiability of site functions is the focus“to be improved”.②The accessibility of Longhu Park shows a strong irregular shape in the southwest.The dead-end roads in the far lake area and the flora and fauna area on the northwest side have weak spatial perception,and the composite function carrying potential of slow traffic space is better reflected in a small range.Therefore,an optimization strategy for slow traffic space is proposed to enhance the continuity of road network,site identifiability,and functional diversification.The results will provide new thoughts of governance based on spatial humanism for the high-quality renewal of urban parks in the new era.

Tourists’Willingness to Pay for Recreation Services in Nyerere National Park,Tanzania:Are We Overvaluing or Undervaluing Our Nature Recreation Resources?

This study estimated tourists’Willingness to Pay(WTP)per day for recreation services in Nyerere National Park(NNP)and compared these values with daily travel costs that are incurred by tourists to visit NNP in order to inform whether recreation resources in the park are overvalued or undervalued.The study revealed that tourists’WTP per day for recreation services was estimated at$237.4 and$1521 for resident and non-resident tourists,respectively.The estimated tourists’WTP values exceed the daily travel costs currently incurred by tourists,which are$201.04 and$1517.97 for resident and non-resident tourists,respectively.This indicates that tourists are willing to spend more to enjoy recreation services in NNP,which signifies that recreation resources in NNP are slightly undervalued.In addi­tion,the findings disclosed that the largest share of tourist daily travel expenses is allocated to transportation services,and very little is paid to the park as a conservation fee.It was revealed that out of the daily travel expenses incurred by non-resident and resident tourists,only 4.62%and 2.23%are respectively paid directly to NNP as conservation fees.This study considers that allocation is not very fair;thus,NNP,in collaboration with TANAPA,needs to adjust the current entrance or conservation fee and reduce the transportation costs charged by tourist companies.The travel costs incurred by tourists,age,education,monthly income,site visited,substitute site,and quality of park were identified as significant factors in influencing tourists’WTP for recreation services in NNP.Thus,policies oriented to reduce tour­ists’transportation costs and improve the quality of national parks would attract more tourists to NNP.

A regionalized IO-model to value seasonal recreational ecosystem services in a mountain National Park in Spain

Recreational Ecosystem Services(RES)are among the most frequently evaluated ecosystem services.RES are seen as a major opportunity for sustainable development in areas of high ecological value resulting from the presence of emblematic species,habitats or scenery,often integrated in conservation areas,in particular in mountain areas affected by depopulation,rising environmental risks and poverty.Economically,the assessment of RES has been based on Contingent Valuation and Choice Experiments,methods with limitations related to their subjectivity.Alternatively,Input-Output(IO)models provide a very accurate and effective way of valuation of RES with regional information regarding interindustry transactions.Whilst data on nature tourist expenditure may be only available annually,tourism inflows have a strong seasonal behavior,which impacts the profitability of several local economic activities.In this paper,we firstly constructed a novel regionalized IO-model based on Cross-Industry Location Quotients using employment data and,secondly,based on Monte Carlo simulation,we estimated nature tourist expenditure monthly using data on nature tourism inflows.This method allowed for a more precise RES evaluation,estimating direct,indirect and induced monthly economic impacts of nature-based tourism.The method was applied to the Ordesa and Monte Perdido(OMP)National Park in the Spanish Pyrenees.To estimate the average tourist expenditure,we collected and analyzed spending on commerce,hospitality and restaurants,leisure,and transport of 385 visitors.Results suggest that using a regionalized IO model leads to a considerable reduction of over-estimation of the economic impact of tourist expenditure estimated by conventional methods.Taking into consideration the direct,indirect and induced effects of tourist expenditure in 2016-2018,the total annual output effect in the OMP National Park amounted to€208.8 million,while the total income effect amounted to€86.29 million.Also,a total of 2,429 jobs were created which indicates that for each thousand annual visitors to the National Park,3.8 jobs are created in the surrounding area.Overall,the proposed methodology can be easily applied to the remaining National Parks in Spain or other regions in the world,making it a valuable tool to estimate the value of RES in areas affects by strong seasonality,to set priorities and support regional policies for mountain sustainable development.

Application of Matrix Approach for Evaluation and Assessment the Potential of Recreational Ecosystem Service in Model Regions in Slovakia

Recreation and tourism are important for economic growth and human wellbeing. They are directly related to the cultural services provided by ecosystems. Recreational services, as part of tourism, have the greatest potential for development within the sector of services in the Slovak economy, and they are able to generate a significant number of new jobs especially in small rural regions. There is a gap in the literature providing assessments of geographically small regions in relation to their potential to provide different types of ecosystem services. The aim of the article was to evaluate and assess the recreational potential of ecosystem services in two small pilot regions of the Slovak Republic, Brezno district and Krupina district. Modified matrix of indices was used. Results showed that Brezno district has a higher area of ecosystems with a higher potential for recreation, therefore the conditions for recreation and tourism are much better in comparison to Krupina district. However, the use of recreation potential in Brezno district is negatively affected by the availability of sites and transport options, which is reflected in a lower ratio of visitors to the capacity of recreation potential. This finding opens up discussion about opportunities to create new jobs within sustainable tourism in Brezno district. This study provides an alternative view to the assessment and evaluation of the recreational potential of ecosystem services in small regions. Moreover, the methodology developed in this paper is replicable and could be applied by planners using geographical information systems.

Examining the Level of Service in the Context of Recreational Carrying Capacity in the Erzurum Urban Forest,Turkey

Urban forests are confronted with high using pressure because of the increasing demand for recreation and accessibility of these settings. For that purpose, defining and managing recreational carrying capacity is considered as significant in ensuring ecological value’s and recreational satisfaction’s continuity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the carrying capacity of Erzurum Urban Forest with respect to Level of Service (LOS) as a new management technique that focuses on service quality and visitor satisfaction. The data were obtained by self-administered questionnaire conducted with 166 visitors on weekends and holidays during summer season of the year 2014. Data were analyzed by dimensions/indicators of recreational satisfaction and socio-demographic characteristics with intent to identify tolerance range of visitors. The contribution and relative importance of each of the indicators to the overall satisfaction were analyzed by using Ordinal Logistic Model (OLM). The results indicated that the four indicators were at the greatest degree;“distance from picnic spot to toilets” and “quantity of children’s playground facilities” were decease of overall satisfaction while “distance from picnic spot to parking” and “level of shade at picnic spot” had a positive contribution to the overall satisfaction. The outputs from these analyses were used to calculate LOS. It was revealed that the level of service (0.40) in Erzurum Urban Forest was below the moderate level. Planning and managing strategies for optimizing the LOS were developed and discussed by considering these results.

Assessing Sport and Recreation Programmes＇ Service Quality at Hotels and Resorts＂ Towards Enhancing Customer Participation

Many issues and challenges are faced by the managers programmes today. Although many previous researches on and professionals in managing sport and recreation service quality provided by the organizations had been explored, very few studies pertaining to service quality in sport and recreation programmes in local hotels and resorts have been emphasized. This study aims to assess customers＇ perceptions of service quality in sport and recreation programmes and to determine the differences between customers＇ perceptions of service quality in terms of their gender and nationality. A total of 450 respondents from the hotels and resorts located in coastal areas of the northern Peninsular Malaysia participated in the survey. They were asked to respond to a series of the adapted service quality （SERVQUAL） items to measure five dimensions of service quality including tangibles, assurance, responsiveness, reliability, and empathy. Results from this study revealed that the customers＇ perceptions of the overall services in sport and recreation programmes provided by the hotels and resorts were satisfactory. It was also indicated that there was no significant difference between male and female customers＇ perceptions of service quality in sport and recreation programmes. Conversely, the results revealed that there was a significant difference between local and foreign customers＇ perceptions of sport and recreation services provided. These findings had implications on sport and recreation programmes in relation to designing effective management and marketing strategies at hotels and resorts.

基于“生态-气候适应性-游憩”多功能耦合的复合绿地生态网络格局优化

城市生态环境问题日益突出,如何构建多功能耦合的绿地生态网络格局是促进人居环境可持续发展的重要议题。以成都市为研究区,基于“源-汇”理论,综合运用形态学空间格局分析(Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis,MSPA)、景观连通性指数、电路理论等方法对生物多样性保护、热环境改善、游憩服务构建单因子网络,分析源地、廊道、生态战略点等空间要素特征,形成基于“生态-气候适应性-游憩”多层级、多功能复合生态网络优化格局。结果表明:(1)筛选出“源”-“汇”景观(生态159—29个,气候适应性30—14个,游憩208—40个)。生物迁徙廊道在研究区中部、西南部呈团簇状分布;气候适应性廊道呈中部集聚、东西稀疏的分布特征;游憩廊道相对密集,以中心城区为核心向四周扩散。(2)多层级“源-汇”景观网络中,总长度上,游憩廊道>生物迁徙廊道>气候适应性廊道;总面积上,生物迁徙廊道>游憩廊道>气候适应性廊道。一、二级廊道的适宜宽度为生态廊道200、100m,气候适应性廊道100、60m;游憩廊道60、30m。(3)叠加多目标廊道获得生态关键点753个,干扰点2371个。游憩源地中8.18%的面积应退让给生态廊道和气候适应性廊道。多功能耦合的生态网络优化格局可激活不同景观资源的潜在价值,对协调生态保护与城市发展的双向需求,实现绿地资源在城市空间中的最优配置具有重要意义。

生态系统休闲游憩价值评估--以北京密云区为例

作为生态产品总值核算的重要内容,生态系统文化服务主要包括休闲游憩、旅游康养与景观增值三个核算内容,但受公共产品性质的影响,休闲游憩服务缺乏市场价值,因此目前的研究很少涉及对生态系统休闲游憩价值的评估。而随着公园绿地等区域被广泛利用,其能为人们带来的休闲游憩服务也逐渐成为生态系统文化服务中不可忽视的重要组成部分。因此以北京密云区的公园绿地、滨水带与山地健身区为研究对象,运用替代成本法与支付意愿法对生态系统的休闲游憩价值进行评估与比较。结果表明,替代成本法评估的结果相对更合理;公园绿地、滨水带与山地健身区的休闲游憩价值分别为2.93亿元、4.54亿元、2.78亿元;密云区生态系统的休闲游憩价值为10.25亿元,其中费用成本6.69亿元,时间成本3.56亿元。

城市绿地游憩服务网络特征及不同出行模式的响应差异

【目的】随着经济社会的快速发展,城市居民亲近自然的游憩需求显著增长。在城市尺度提升绿地的蓝色和绿色游憩服务效率成为当前亟须解决的问题。【方法】以武汉市为研究区域,通过提取居民游憩出行的最短路径,利用社会网络分析软件Ucinet 6.0分别构建步行、骑行和驾车3种出行模式下的5 min、10 min和15 min城市绿地的游憩服务网络,并分析网络的整体特征、节点功能和节点类型,进而探究这些特征在不同出行模式下的响应差异。【结果】当出行时长为5 min时,骑行和驾车模式能够组织超过85%的城市绿地节点协同联系形成游憩服务网络,而步行模式下游憩服务则呈零星局部组团分布。随着出行时长的增加,3种出行模式下游憩服务网络的核心集聚功能节点占比呈上升趋势,且节点类型主要以绿色游憩服务为主。骑行和驾车模式下的边缘汇聚功能节点占比则随出行时长增加而逐渐下降,但其蓝色游憩服务型核心集聚节点的占比则逐渐上升。【结论】城市绿地游憩服务网络效率的整体提升须系统考虑不同出行模式下居民的游憩需求,并协同整合蓝色和绿色游憩空间。这些发现可以为城市绿地游憩体系的构建和完善,以及游憩资源的系统整合提供直接支持。

山地旅游区生态系统文化服务供需匹配空间格局与影响因素——以贵州省为例

山地旅游区是提供生态系统文化服务(CES)的重要场所,评估其CES供需匹配关系对区域生态景观与游憩空间的规划管理和提升人类福祉至关重要。以贵州省为典型山地旅游区案例地,结合社交媒体文本与MaxEnt模型的综合评估方法量化CES的实现需求与潜在供给,运用ArcGIS对CES供需及匹配关系的空间格局进行制图与评估,并基于地理探测器探究CES供需匹配的影响因素。研究表明:(1)美学、休闲娱乐、文化多样性、康养价值、生物多样性、研学价值、遗产价值和精神宗教是贵州省CES的主要表征类型。(2)CES需求以省内知名旅游景区和中心城区为核心集聚区,并向四周逐渐递减,高需求和中等需求在空间上呈现“分散式、多核心”分布格局,而CES高供给和中等供给则集中在各城市区域、旅游景区和交通线网附近,呈现多核心团簇状分布和沿交通干线呈条带状集聚分布的“多核心、多条带”分布格局。(3)根据CES供需匹配关系可将贵州省划分为文化服务需求区、平衡区和潜力区三类,三类分区的空间分布均具有较强的异质性,文化服务潜力区面积远大于其他分区。(4)CES供需匹配影响因子间交互作用的空间解释力相较于单因子强,其中高程和土地利用的影响最为显著,CES的自然因素解释力整体强于社会因素。研究为厘清贵州省CES供需及匹配的空间分布格局与影响因素,通过对CES供需热点区域进行潜力点识别和价值转化,以实现山地旅游区自然资源的合理配置和生态游憩空间的保护开发与结构优化提供理论借鉴与实践参考。

基于地理探测器和随机森林模型的区域景观游憩服务潜在供应评估方法研究——以亚热带湿润淮阳低山景观区为例

游憩服务(RS)是自然对人类的贡献(NCP)之一,也是区域尺度下主要的人类需求,由于其具有无形、主观、非物质等特点,量化RS一直是当前研究的难点与热点。既往研究的评估方法依赖于利益相关者的认知,缺乏通用性,并多为对各类土地类型或植被的RS潜在供应能力进行“一刀切”式直接赋值,鲜有考虑地域特征。研究旨在探究景观特征及其要素如何影响RS供给,从而提出一种因地制宜的RS潜在供应量客观评估方法。以“亚热带湿润淮阳低山景观区”为例,首先将风景资源点分为5类,利用核密度分析量化各类RS实际供应;然后利用地理探测器分类评估景观特征的RS贡献度;再基于随机森林模型对景观特征要素与RS潜在供应能力进行关联量化分析;最后测算出各景观类型的RS潜在供应量。研究结果表明:(1)不同景观特征的RS贡献度具有差异,不同景观特征要素具备不同的RS潜在供应能力;(2)景观特征的RS贡献度和景观特征要素的RS潜在供应能力在不同地理气候条件下具有空间分异特征,应当因地制宜进行评估;(3)景观特征的贡献度和景观特征要素的RS潜在供应能力取决于RS的类型,在评估RS潜在供应量时,应对RS进行分类探讨;(4)由于景观类型是景观特征要素的聚类簇,基于景观类型测算RS潜在供应量可以反映出若干景观特征要素RS潜在供应能力的协同性。强调了景观特征及其要素在RS评估方面的关键作用,所提出的量化方法突破了主观性的局限,具有客观优势,最终可为全域旅游规划和风景资源点建设选址提供参考。

供需匹配视角下老工业区绿地游憩服务的分异特征及优化研究--以哈尔滨香坊老工业区为例

伴随着城市化发展而出现的一系列城市生态问题和生态扰动,其根源在于生态系统服务与人类需求间的不平衡。老工业区由于绿地的建设条件、数量规模及空间布局等限制条件,均无法适应当代城市发展。退休职工的聚居也使居民对休闲游憩的需求急剧增加,导致游憩服务供需矛盾进一步凸显。因此,以哈尔滨香坊老工业区为例,构建适配于老工业区绿地游憩服务供需量化及二者匹配分析的方法体系,为生态系统服务供需分析和老工业区绿地评估提供新的思路。首先,对供需分异极端化地块进行分类解析,明确了绿地优化的重点对象,即Ⅴ类和Ⅰ类供需分异区,为老工业区的绿地建设提供时序依据。其次,基于匹配结果,提出针对性优化策略,强调提升边缘闲置空间的供给能力和内部附属绿地的多功能性,以此满足老工业区集中性和日常性的高游憩活动需求,最终实现城市整体的可持续协调发展和老工业区人居环境质量的提升。

基于多源数据的社区公园游憩规律及其空间特征关联研究——以上海为例

【目的】对社区公园进行精细化游憩规律分类,并探索游憩规律与空间特征的关系,对社区公园游憩效率的提升具有指导意义。【方法】对上海市中心城区110个社区公园进行研究,基于手机信令数据,识别社区公园绿地周期游憩活跃规律并进行频谱聚类;结合多源数据,提取区域功能、交通可达性和公园空间特征并与游憩到访率进行关联。【结果】社区公园日周期游憩规律可分为单波峰活跃型和多波峰活跃型2类,包括晨间、午间、晚间波峰活跃型和早晚间、中下午、中晚间波峰活跃型,活跃类型与周边用地功能呈现直接关联。游憩到访率与空间特征要素的关联中,总体与周边空间商业用地占比、公交站点密度、道路密度呈现强相关,不同游憩活跃类型中也各呈现出与公共管理用地占比、绿地可达性、公园面积、硬质景观占比等指标的相关性。【结论】各游憩活跃类型的绿地游憩效率提升应结合游憩规律考虑不同的指标,例如中晚间波峰活跃型绿地宜更加关注绿地可达性、硬质活动场地的面积等。这些发现为研究城市社区公园游憩时空行为、精准提升社区公园服务水准提供了新视角。

基于可达性分析的游憩服务流与服务级联研究——以秦皇岛碣石山风景区为例

理解游憩服务流动机制与服务级联对于实现生态系统服务与社会福祉协同提升具有促进作用。文章在明确游憩服务流与服务级联产生机制的基础上,提出游憩服务级联模式,即以游憩资源-服务潜力-游憩服务-使用者受益-福祉形成5个阶段来理解从游憩服务供给到人类福祉的过程;应用成本距离法和栅格耗费距离法,结合问卷调查与可达性和人口密度分析,对秦皇岛市碣石山风景区的市域尺度和区域尺度游憩服务流形态特征和流动机制进行研究,结果表明:不同空间尺度上的服务流模式主要有3种,即碣石山—秦皇岛模式,通过田园观光等游憩服务提供身心放松等最直接的收益形式;碣石山—秦皇岛—京津冀模式,作用于从身心健康到自我实现各个层级的福祉;碣石山—京津冀模式,以放松解压、锻炼身体为主要的游客受益形式。

海洋休闲渔业气象服务技术研究--以海南海钓气象服务为例

近年来,随着传统渔业的结构转型,海洋渔业和旅游业融合发展形成了一种新的旅游形态--海洋休闲渔业,海钓就是其中一种形式。海南作为我国所辖海洋面积最大的省份,在休闲渔业旅游开发方面有着得天独厚的优势,海钓旅游资源丰富。作为一项户外休闲运动,海钓过程重度依赖天气,在游玩体验上天气状况直接影响着行程的舒适与否。通过调查问卷的统计、气象数据的分析得出海钓舒适度指数,以期让游客可以合理安排出行、获得良好的旅游体验,也可以为政府的旅游宣传和决策提供技术依据,促进海钓项目的发展,为海南休闲渔业的转型研究提供参考。

国家公园游憩舒适性的探索性研究——基于生理-心理-精神-社会动态模型(BP2S)新视角

游憩舒适性对国家公园游憩文化生态系统服务价值实现和游憩体验质量提升具有重要影响。文章以武夷山国家公园为研究对象,采用扎根理论和网络文本分析方法探索游憩舒适性的定义、结构维度及其生成机理。研究结果表明:(1)国家公园游憩舒适性定义为国家公园游憩舒适物与游憩体验共同作用下通过游憩者主观感受生理、心理、精神和社会的非物质性惠益,并对游憩文化生态系统服务功能做出质量反馈,包含4个核心范畴、12个主范畴和38个附属范畴;(2)游憩舒适物由自然舒适物、人文舒适物、服务舒适物和氛围舒适物4个要素构成,是国家公园游憩舒适性生成的客观驱动因素;(3)基于生理-心理-精神-社会动态模型,构建了国家公园游憩舒适性生成的内在作用机理模型,并强调了身体主体性、沉浸体验性、意义体验性和社会适应性4个主观驱动因素。文章有助于丰富和发展国家公园生态系统文化服务理论,为国家公园游憩空间建设提供理论和实践指导。

城市公园体系游憩服务覆盖绩效评估——以天津市市内六区为例

城市公园体系作为城市公共服务的重要空间组成,合理评估其游憩服务覆盖绩效有助于推进城市基本公共服务的公平公正。统筹评估不同规模城市级、社区级公园的游憩服务覆盖范围差异,从游憩服务供给效率和游憩服务承载强度两方面构建城市公园体系游憩服务覆盖绩效评估体系,并以天津市市内六区公园体系为例进行实证研究,分析其在各街道单元的游憩服务覆盖绩效差异。结果表明,天津市市内六区公园体系游憩服务覆盖绩效在各个街道单元呈现显著不均衡特点,从高到低5个等级的街道单元个数占比分别为11.11%、12.70%、39.68%、20.63%、15.87%。其中,城市公园体系游憩服务覆盖绩效相对较低的街道单元数量是相对较高的街道单元数量的1.53倍,多分布于市内六区中心区域或东西侧、东南侧的边缘区域。研究结果可为多层级多类型城市公园体系的游憩服务覆盖绩效评估及公园体系规划布局决策提供参考。

社区老年人互助养老需求与双向社会支持的现状及关系研究

目的了解社区老年人互助养老需求与双向社会支持现状,并分析其相关关系,为针对性干预提供参考。方法于2022年6-9月方便抽取湖南省3个社区256名居家老年人,采用一般资料问卷、社区居家互助养老需求量表及简版双向社会支持量表进行调查。结果社区居家互助养老需求总分为(34.86±7.35)分;双向社会支持总分为(38.64±4.08)分。社区居家互助养老需求总分与双向社会支持总分呈正相关(r=0.398,P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,社区老年人的居住方式、锻炼情况、所患慢性病数量及双向社会支持得分是互助养老需求的主要影响因素(均P<0.05),共能解释39.8%的变异。结论社区老年人互助养老需求及双向社会支持处于中等偏低水平,互助养老需求受多种因素影响。应针对老年人个体特征及需求予以干预,以促进互助养老模式开展。

厦门文化服务类海洋生态产品核算研究——以休闲娱乐服务为例

文化服务类海洋生态产品是海洋生态系统为提高人类生活质量提供的非物质收益,包括休闲娱乐服务、景观增值服务、科学研究和教育服务。休闲娱乐服务作为文化服务类海洋生态产品的关键构成要素之一,可为人类提供有价值的休闲旅游机会,为沿海城市经济发展做出贡献。本研究以厦门市海洋生态系统提供的休闲娱乐服务为研究对象,从核算的角度,研究了2006-2020年厦门市休闲娱乐服务实物量和价值量的变化情况。结果表明:①厦门市休闲娱乐服务的实物量即滨海旅游人次由1677.70万人次增加到6036.55万人次;②厦门市休闲娱乐服务的价值由67.60亿元增加到251.97亿元;③基于休闲娱乐服务价值的核算结果,厦门核算区范围内单位海域面积的平均价值由22.14元/m^(2)增加到82.97元/m^(2)。核算结果反映出在城市经济加速发展的背景下,虽然厦门市海域面积有所减少,但厦门市海洋生态系统提供海洋生态产品的能力并没有下降,反而明显提升;而且随着人民收入水平的提高,反映出人们对文化服务类海洋生态产品的需求在不断增加。本研究还提出了明晰产权归属、创新经营模式和鼓励多元主体参与等有关提升并实现休闲娱乐服务价值的机制建议。

Design of Intelligent Recreation Facilities in Smart Garden

In this paper,how to use“Internet+”thinking and other new generation of information technology to integrate with modern ecological garden in construction process of smart garden is studied.It should strengthen coordinating development of social service and comprehensive functions,and take garden recreation facilities as important carrier of public service.Additionallly,intelligent development demand and design direction in construction of smart garden are studied.