Although there are many measures of variability for qualitative variables, they are little used in social research, nor are they included in statistical software. The aim of this article is to present six measures of ...Although there are many measures of variability for qualitative variables, they are little used in social research, nor are they included in statistical software. The aim of this article is to present six measures of variation for qualitative variables of simple calculation, as well as to facilitate their use by means of the R software. The measures considered are, on the one hand, Freemans variation ratio, Morals universal variation ratio, Kvalseths standard deviation from the mode, and Wilcoxs variation ratio which are most affected by proximity to a constant random variable, where the measures of variability for qualitative variables reach their minimum value of 0. On the other hand, the Gibbs-Poston index of qualitative variation and Shannons relative entropy are included, which are more affected by the proximity to a uniform distribution, where the measures of variability for qualitative variables reach their maximum value of 1. Point and interval estimation are addressed. Bootstrap by the percentile and bias-corrected and accelerated percentile methods are used to obtain confidence intervals. Two calculation situations are presented: with a sample mode and with two or more modes. The standard deviation from the mode among the six considered measures, and the universal variation ratio among the three variation ratios, are particularly recommended for use.展开更多
为解决传统的实验室人工管理费时、费力问题,提出基于MVC模式的多层架构的实验室管理系统。利用Visual Studio 2012开发平台、MySQL数据库软件和人脸指纹识别技术,采用MVC模式、Bootstrap框架和Ajax技术,使得Web页面呈现出高交互性,实...为解决传统的实验室人工管理费时、费力问题,提出基于MVC模式的多层架构的实验室管理系统。利用Visual Studio 2012开发平台、MySQL数据库软件和人脸指纹识别技术,采用MVC模式、Bootstrap框架和Ajax技术,使得Web页面呈现出高交互性,实现考勤信息管理、设备管理、门禁控制、信息发布等功能,提高实验室管理效率和设备安全性。展开更多
In this paper we work with a special theory of gravity|the Novello-Di Lorenci-Luciane (hereby called NDL theory) which extends the Feynman-Deser standard theoretical-fi eld approach to General Relativity. In the so-ca...In this paper we work with a special theory of gravity|the Novello-Di Lorenci-Luciane (hereby called NDL theory) which extends the Feynman-Deser standard theoretical-fi eld approach to General Relativity. In the so-called NDL theory, matter interacts universally with gravity in accordance with the Weak Equivalence Principle, while gravitons have a nonlinear self-interaction. Our main aim in this work is to show that, though the NDL theory does not admit a Schwarzschild solution, the Jebsen-Birkhoff theorem is still valid in this framework.展开更多
Mitigation of ELMs by electrostatic field is studied. The perpendicular heating in cyclotron waves tends to pile up the resonant particles toward the low magnetic field side in which a electrostatic field may result [...Mitigation of ELMs by electrostatic field is studied. The perpendicular heating in cyclotron waves tends to pile up the resonant particles toward the low magnetic field side in which a electrostatic field may result [J. Y. Hsu, V. S. Chan, R. W. Harvey, R. Prater, and S. K. Wong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 564 (1984)]. The electrostatic field can make circulating particles trapped or make trapped particles circulating depending on the field direction. The trapped- particle population and bootstrap current change accordantly. Modulating bootstrap current, mitigation of type-1 ELM by the electrostatic field is possible. The electrostatic potential needed for the mitigation is quantitatively estimated. Experiments by either ECRH or biasing are being prepared to verify the theory.展开更多
文摘Although there are many measures of variability for qualitative variables, they are little used in social research, nor are they included in statistical software. The aim of this article is to present six measures of variation for qualitative variables of simple calculation, as well as to facilitate their use by means of the R software. The measures considered are, on the one hand, Freemans variation ratio, Morals universal variation ratio, Kvalseths standard deviation from the mode, and Wilcoxs variation ratio which are most affected by proximity to a constant random variable, where the measures of variability for qualitative variables reach their minimum value of 0. On the other hand, the Gibbs-Poston index of qualitative variation and Shannons relative entropy are included, which are more affected by the proximity to a uniform distribution, where the measures of variability for qualitative variables reach their maximum value of 1. Point and interval estimation are addressed. Bootstrap by the percentile and bias-corrected and accelerated percentile methods are used to obtain confidence intervals. Two calculation situations are presented: with a sample mode and with two or more modes. The standard deviation from the mode among the six considered measures, and the universal variation ratio among the three variation ratios, are particularly recommended for use.
文摘为解决传统的实验室人工管理费时、费力问题,提出基于MVC模式的多层架构的实验室管理系统。利用Visual Studio 2012开发平台、MySQL数据库软件和人脸指纹识别技术,采用MVC模式、Bootstrap框架和Ajax技术,使得Web页面呈现出高交互性,实现考勤信息管理、设备管理、门禁控制、信息发布等功能,提高实验室管理效率和设备安全性。
文摘In this paper we work with a special theory of gravity|the Novello-Di Lorenci-Luciane (hereby called NDL theory) which extends the Feynman-Deser standard theoretical-fi eld approach to General Relativity. In the so-called NDL theory, matter interacts universally with gravity in accordance with the Weak Equivalence Principle, while gravitons have a nonlinear self-interaction. Our main aim in this work is to show that, though the NDL theory does not admit a Schwarzschild solution, the Jebsen-Birkhoff theorem is still valid in this framework.
文摘Mitigation of ELMs by electrostatic field is studied. The perpendicular heating in cyclotron waves tends to pile up the resonant particles toward the low magnetic field side in which a electrostatic field may result [J. Y. Hsu, V. S. Chan, R. W. Harvey, R. Prater, and S. K. Wong, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53, 564 (1984)]. The electrostatic field can make circulating particles trapped or make trapped particles circulating depending on the field direction. The trapped- particle population and bootstrap current change accordantly. Modulating bootstrap current, mitigation of type-1 ELM by the electrostatic field is possible. The electrostatic potential needed for the mitigation is quantitatively estimated. Experiments by either ECRH or biasing are being prepared to verify the theory.
