Thermal performance of cast-in-place piles with artificial ground freezing in permafrost regions

During the construction of cast-in-place piles in warm permafrost,the heat carried by concrete and the cement hydration reaction can cause strong thermal disturbance to the surrounding permafrost.Since the bearing capacity of the pile is quite small before the full freeze-back,the quick refreezing of the native soils surrounding the cast-in-place pile has become the focus of the infrastructure construction in permafrost.To solve this problem,this paper innovatively puts forward the application of the artificial ground freezing(AGF)method at the end of the curing period of cast-in-place piles in permafrost.A field test on the AGF was conducted at the Beiluhe Observation and Research Station of Frozen Soil Engineering and Environment(34°51.2'N,92°56.4'E)in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau(QTP),and then a 3-D numerical model was established to investigate the thermal performance of piles using AGF under different engineering conditions.Additionally,the long-term thermal performance of piles after the completion of AGF under different conditions was estimated.Field experiment results demonstrate that AGF is an effective method to reduce the refreezing time of the soil surrounding the piles constructed in permafrost terrain,with the ability to reduce the pile-soil interface temperatures to below the natural ground temperature within 3 days.Numerical results further prove that AGF still has a good cooling effect even under unfavorable engineering conditions such as high pouring temperature,large pile diameter,and large pile length.Consequently,the application of this method is meaningful to save the subsequent latency time and solve the problem of thermal disturbance in pile construction in permafrost.The research results are highly relevant for the spread of AGF technology and the rapid building of pile foundations in permafrost.

Refreezing of cast-in-place piles under various engineering conditions

In the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Power Transmission Line （QTPTL）, cast-in-place piles （CIPPs） are widely applied in areas with unfavorable geological conditions. The thermal regime around piles in permafrost regions greatly affects the stability of the towers as well as the operation of the QTPTL. The casting of piles will markedly affect the thermal regime of the surrounding permafrost because of the casting temperature and the hydration heat of cement. Based on the typical geological and engineering conditions along the QTPTL, thermal disturbance ofa CIPP to surrounding permafrost under different casting seasons, pile depths, and casting temperatures were simulated. The results show that the casting season （summer versus winter） can influence the refreezing process of CIPPs, within the first 6 m of pile depth. Sixty days after being cast, CIPPs greater than 6 m in depth can be frozen regardless of which season they were cast, and the foundation could be reffozen after a cold season. Comparing the refreezing characteristics of CIPPs cast in different seasons also showed that, without considering the ground surface conditions, warm seasons are more suitable for casting piles. With the increase of pile depth, the thermal effect of a CIPP on the surrounding soil mainly expands vertically, while the lateral heat disturbance changes little. Deeper, longer CIPPs have better stability. The casting temperature clearly affects the thermal disturbance, and the radius of the melting circle increases with rising casting temperature. The optimal casting temperature is between 2 ℃ and 9 ℃.

Physical modeling of behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piled raft compared to free-standing pile group in sand

Similar to free-standing pile groups, piled raft foundations are conventionally designed in which the piles carry the total load of structure and the raft bearing capacity is not taken into account. Numerous studies indicated that this method is too conservative. Only when the pile cap is elevated from the ground level,the raft bearing contribution can be neglected. In a piled raft foundation, pileesoileraft interaction is complicated. Although several numerical studies have been carried out to analyze the behaviors of piled raft foundations, very few experimental studies are reported in the literature. The available laboratory studies mainly focused on steel piles. The present study aims to compare the behaviors of piled raft foundations with free-standing pile groups in sand, using laboratory physical models. Cast-in-place concrete piles and concrete raft are used for the tests. The tests are conducted on single pile, single pile in pile group, unpiled raft, free-standing pile group and piled raft foundation. We examine the effects of the number of piles, the pile installation method and the interaction between different components of foundation. The results indicate that the ultimate bearing capacity of the piled raft foundation is considerably higher than that of the free-standing pile group with the same number of piles. With installation of the single pile in the group, the pile bearing capacity and stiffness increase. Installation of the piles beneath the raft decreases the bearing capacity of the raft. When the raft bearing capacity is not included in the design process, the allowable bearing capacity of the piled raft is underestimated by more than 200%. This deviation intensifies with increasing spacing of the piles.

Field observation of the thermal disturbance and freezeback processes of cast-in-place pile foundations in warm permafrost regions

The bearing capacity of pile foundations is affected by the temperature of the frozen soil around pile foundations.The construction process and the hydration heat of cast-in-place(CIP)pile foundations affect the thermal stability of permafrost.In this paper,temperature data from inside multiple CIP piles,borehole observations of ground thermal status adjacent to the foundations and local weather stations were monitored in warm permafrost regions to study the thermal influence process of CIP pile foundations.The following conclusions are drawn from the field observation data.(1)The early temperature change process of different CIP piles is different,and the differences gradually diminish over time.(2)The initial concrete temperature is linearly related with the air temperature,net radiation and wind speed within 1 h before the completion of concrete pouring;the contributions of the air temperature,net radiation,and wind speed to the initial concrete temperature are 51.9%,20.3%and 27.9%,respectively.(3)The outer boundary of the thermal disturbance annulus is approximately 2 m away from the pile center.It took more than 224 days for the soil around the CIP piles to return to the natural permafrost temperature at the study site.

Field study of plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile

The compositions, technical principles and construction equipments of a new piling method used for ground improvement plastic tube cast-in-place concrete pile were introduced. The results from static load tests on single piles with different forms of pile shoes and on their composite foundations were analyzed. The distribution patterns of axial force, shaft friction and toe resistance were studied based on the measurements taken from buried strain gauges. From the point of engineering application, the pile has merits in convenient quality control, high bearing capacity and reliable quality, showing higher reasonability, advancement and suitability than other ground improvement methods. The pile can be adopted properly to take place of ordinary ground improvement method, achieving greater economical and social benefits.

Influence of the penetration of adjacent X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile on the existing XCC pile in sand

A series of small-scale 1g X-section cast-in-place concrete(XCC)pile-penetration model tests were conducted to study the effects of soil density and pile geometry on the lateral responses of an existing pile and the variations in surrounding soil stress.The results showed that the bending patterns of existing XCC piles varied with penetration depth.The lateral response of the existing pile was sensitive to the change in relative density and pile geometry.For example,the bending moment of the existing pile increased along with these parameters.The development of the radial stressσ′r/σ′v0 of the soil around an existing pile showed different trends at various depths during the penetration of the adjacent pile.Moreover,the change in radial stress during the penetration of the XCC pile did not exhibit the“h/R effect”that was observed in the free-field soil,due to the shielding effect of the existing piles.The peak value of radial stressσ′r_max/σ′v0 decreased exponentially as the radial distance r/R increased.The attenuation ofσ′r_max/σ′v0 with r/R in the loose sand was faster than in the medium-dense or dense sands.Theσ′r_max/σ′v0 at the same soil location increased with the cross-section geometry parameter.

爆破振动作用下桥梁桩孔稳定性振动台试验研究

为了解爆破振动对邻近桥梁桩基成孔后桩孔稳定性的影响,以与山体爆破工程计划同时施工的某主跨280 m的斜拉桥为背景,设计、制作土箱和缩尺比1∶40桩孔模型开展振动台试验,研究桩孔孔壁的破坏特征、土体振动速度和动土压力的变化规律。结果表明:土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均随着爆破强度的增大而增大,在土体产生破坏后,土体的振动速度峰值和动土压力峰值均呈现出非线性增大趋势;爆破强度较小时土体的动土压力峰值曲线为U形,爆破强度较大时桩孔区域土体的动土压力峰值曲线为W形,桩孔中上部区域的动土压力峰值较大;山体爆破振动会使钢护筒底部与土体交界面以下桩孔的中上部区域出现破坏,应对山体爆破施工加强现场监测,桩孔附近的振动速度峰值不宜超过2 cm/s,以保障桩孔的稳定性。

硬质岩滑坡深大抗滑桩一体化旋挖成孔技术及应用

硬质岩深大抗滑桩桩孔成孔效率是滑坡灾害防治的难点问题之一。选取川西南典型复杂山区硬质岩滑坡抗滑桩成孔为研究对象,系统分析了裂隙弱发育深部硬质玄武岩地层抗滑桩传统工艺成孔存在的问题,对此设计了9种组合旋挖成孔工艺方案进行现场试桩试验,从钻进效率、技术及经济可行性等方面进行了分析论证。现场试验及分析结果表明:采用“大扭矩截齿筒钻旋挖+扩孔直径差0.4 m”分级扩孔一体化成孔技术在硬质岩地层中钻进效率较高、钻具损耗较低、成本较低,验证了硬质岩抗滑桩高效旋挖分级扩孔技术的可行性和高效性,对比现有人工成孔、冲击钻成孔、旋挖一次成孔等工艺,从安全、效率、成本等方面均得到了极大提升。该技术成功应用于白鹤滩迁建集镇后缘滑坡桩基施工,每延米综合耗时1.43 h,较改进前旋挖一次成孔效率提升3倍,成本降低了60%。该技术为复杂地质条件下水敏型、震敏型硬质岩滑坡抗滑桩快速成孔施工提供了高效、可行的技术方案。

Exothermic process of cast-in-place pile foundation and its thermal agitation of the frozen ground under a long dry bridge on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

A number of dry bridges have been built to substitute for the roadbed on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway,China.The aim of this study was to investigate the exothermic process of cast-in-place (CIP) pile foundation of a dry bridge and its harm to the stability of nearby frozen ground.We present 3D heat conduction functions of a concrete pile and of frozen ground with related boundaries.Our analysis is based on the theory of heat conduction and the exponent law describing the adiabatic temperature rise caused by hydration heat.Results under continuous and initial conditions were combined to establish a finite element model of a CIP pile-frozen ground system for a dry bridge under actual field conditions in cold regions.Numerical results indicated that the process could effectively simulate the exothermic process of CIP pile foundation.Thermal disturbance to frozen ground under a long dry bridge caused by the casting temperature and hydration heat of CIP piles was substantial and long-lasting.The simulated thermal analysis results agreed with field measurements and some significant rules relating to the problem were deduced and conclusions reached.

混凝土灌注桩钻芯检测常见问题分析

对于普通抽芯,借助孔内摄像技术辅助分析了灌注桩钻芯检测中检测桩桩长的确定、桩身混凝土芯样严重蜂窝、连续沟槽、破碎及松散的区分辨别及判定、桩身水平裂缝和竖向裂缝缺陷位置和范围的确定、桩底沉渣厚度综合判定以及持力层溶洞位置及溶洞深度的确定等常见问题,进而对缺陷桩给出合理且精确的判定。本文对钻芯检测缺陷桩的判定,具有一定的指导意义。

旋挖灌注桩水平裂缝成因及检测方法探讨

文章以深圳地区某项目旋挖灌注桩桩身完整检测为例,分析旋挖灌注桩水平裂缝的成因,并通过比较低应变法、高应变法、声波透射法、钻芯法及孔内摄像法,探讨多种检测方法在灌注桩水平裂缝检测方面的优缺点和适用性,以期为类似工程提供参考。

基于孔内地震波测试的桩基完整性检测试验研究

针对传统桩基无损检测方法在实际应用中的局限性,提出一种桩基完整性孔内地震波测试方法,开展足尺模型试验和工程实例分析,验证了该方法用于桩基完整性检测的可行性。分析结果表明:孔内地震波法能有效识别桩身断裂、夹泥等缺陷,对于混凝土胶结差等轻微缺陷的判别则相对困难;针对桩身局部断面混凝土质量缺陷,通过变换桩顶激振位置,在桩身内部形成多条应力波传递路径,能准确判别桩身缺陷分布位置;与传统平行地震波法相比,孔内地震波法结果基本不受桩周土层性质、桩-孔测试距离等因素影响,判别结果更加理想。

基于BCS-KL方法的地层边界不确定性研究

在工程建设中获取的现场钻孔数据有限,利用钻孔数据解释地下地层不可避免地存在不确定性,进而影响桩基础等工程设计的可靠性。对此,提出了从有限钻孔数据中量化地层边界不确定性的方法,并研究地层边界不确定性对单桩竖向承载力特征值的影响。首先依据钻孔数据,通过贝叶斯压缩采样-KL展开(BCS-KL)方法重建地层边界,并生成大量随机场数据量化地层边界的统计不确定性;然后依据地层边界数据,对单桩竖向承载力特征值进行不确定性分析。分析结果表明:BCS-KL方法生成的大量随机场数据能很好地表征地层边界的不确定性;在钻孔间距较大时,单桩竖向承载力特征值在95%置信区间内相差4 660.88 kN,差距较大。通过BSC-KL方法科学评估地层边界不确定性对单桩竖向承载力的影响,对确保工程设计可靠性具有重要意义。

反射波法及孔内摄像法在桩身完整性检测中的应用实践与处理

预应力高强混凝土管桩(PHC管桩)作为一种现代建筑基础的重要材料,其施工质量是不可忽视的。本文通过工程实例采用低应变反射波法及孔内摄像法共同检测桩身完整性,充分体现了两种不同方法之间的相互补充、相互验证,对PHC管桩桩身的完整性判断做到更加准确,为后续的施工处理提供可靠的依据。

长螺旋钻孔压灌桩施工技术在支护工程中的应用

针对支护工程在复杂地质条件下的施工难题,提出了一种长螺旋钻孔压灌桩施工方法。该方法通过优化钻孔与混凝土灌注过程,解决了传统支护技术施工周期长、稳定性差的问题。研究结果表明,长螺旋钻孔压灌桩轴力分布区间为1000~2500 N,普通挖孔灌桩轴力分布区间为0~1500 N。长螺旋钻孔压灌桩在支护工程中表现出优异的承载力和变形控制能力。

浅埋桩基的高密度电法数值模拟与探测

在已拆除建筑的地块上重新拟建新建筑时,为方便基桩施工和基坑的开挖需要对地块内遗留的建筑基础进行清除,在缺失相关资料的情况下,对地块内基桩的探查一直是个难题。该文采用有限差分技术建立相应的数学模型,并进行高密度电法的正演模拟。在正演模拟的基础上采用高密度电法对地下基桩进行探测,对判定的基桩位置采用钻孔磁梯度法进行验证,通过磁梯度验证,表明在无基础资料的条件下高密度电法探测浅埋桩基础是可行的。

孔内摄像技术在钻芯检测中的应用

本文采用孔内摄像法技术对灌注桩普通钻芯和界面抽芯的检测结果进行辅助验证,从裂缝缺陷、桩底沉渣厚度、持力层缺陷以及界面抽芯的桩端部分的混凝土性状、桩底沉渣厚度等多角度进行验证和对比,结果表明孔内摄像技术能有效弥补钻芯法在机械破损、水平裂缝判别等方面的不足问题以及准确地识别桩身缺陷和桩底沉渣厚度。孔内摄像技术与钻芯法的综合应用,可增强钻芯检测结果的科学性和准确性。

长螺旋钻孔压灌桩施工中的孔壁稳定性控制研究

长螺旋钻孔压灌桩是一种被广泛应用于各种工程项目中的地基处理技术,其施工过程中孔壁稳定性的控制是保证施工安全和质量的关键环节之一。本文探讨了孔壁稳定性控制的重要性、土壤类型、钻孔直径和深度、孔壁支护方式和材料选择、钻进液的选择和使用、土壤处理措施等内容,并对不同工程项目的孔壁稳定性控制方法进行了比较分析,以期为相关领域的工程技术人员提供参考和借鉴,提高工程质量和效率。

运用钻孔测斜仪监测滑坡抗滑桩变形受力状态研究

通过在大截面钢筋混凝土和钢轨抗滑桩身埋设钻孔测斜管,监测得二类抗滑桩的水平侧向位移。对于大截面钢筋混凝土抗滑桩,视为埋于土内的弹性地基梁,求得其弹性曲线微分方程,进而得出桩身转角、弯矩、剪力、桩前抗力等;对于钢轨抗滑桩,把测斜仪所测横向变形当作钢轨桩的弯曲变形,然后再反算出钢轨桩的弯矩、正应力和抗滑力。最后,将该方法应用于某高速公路韩家垭、0509工点滑坡的抗滑桩变形受力监测,效果良好。

软土地区CFG桩群孔效应引发的地表沉降

在软土地区CFG桩施工形成的大量空桩孔如不及时回填会产生群孔效应,造成地表沉降,进而威胁邻近建筑物、隧道及管线等基础设施的安全.本文基于某工程实测结果,利用有限元研究了单孔和多孔情况下引起的地表沉降情况及多孔叠加机理,提出了多孔合并法来解决实际工程中数量庞大的桩孔较难模拟问题,并对群孔效应引发周边严重沉降的工程进行了模拟分析.研究结果表明,单孔引发的沉降值主要受孔径影响,呈正相关;沉降最大值位置主要受孔深影响,呈线性正相关.孔心距较小时,空孔周边土体中水平和竖向上的土应力拱的相互影响与削弱导致每个空孔的内缩变形均大于单孔时的变形值,是导致群孔效应引发周边严重沉降的主要原因.群孔引发的沉降与孔数呈对数关系,孔数增大到一定值时沉降不再显著增长.所提出的多孔合并的群孔研究方法及合并转化系数?,为进一步研究群孔效应奠定了基础.