Analytical Determination of Benzophenone-3 in Sunscreen Preparations Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes

A new electroanalytical procedure was developed for the determination of Benzophenone-3 (BENZO) in commercial sunscreen as the active ingredient. The procedure is based on the use of electrochemical methods as cyclic and square-wave voltammetry, with boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. The reduction of BENZO in Britton-Robinson buffer (0.1 mol●L–1) using this type of electrode gives rise to one irreversible peak in –1.30 V (versus Ag/AgCl) in presence of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr). The proposed electrochemical method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercially available pharmaceutical preparations.

Electrochemical Characteristics and Applications of Boron-Doped Polycrystalline Diamond Film Electrodes

The elcetrochemical characteristics of boron doped polycrystalline diamond thin film (BDF) electrode 4×4 mm 2 in size were studied using cyclic voltammetry and potentiostatic method. The diamond electrode exhibits adequate electrochemical activity and its response current changes linearly with K 3Fe(CN) 6 concentrations. The response current is proportional to the square root of the scan rate, reflecting mass transport controlled by planar diffusion. Stable mass transport can be quickly established within 4s. The BDF electrode provides good resolving power for the determination of lead and cadmium and gives satisfactory results in the analysis of pure water sample.

Electrochemical reduction of CO_2 and degradation of KHP on boron-doped diamond electrodes in a simultaneous and enhanced process

In this research a novel electrochemical system using dual boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes as the anode and cathode, for the first time, has been developed for CO_2 conversion and wastewater treatment in a synergetic and simultaneous process. On the BDD cathode CO_2 is converted into formaldehyde while in the anodic side organic wastes are decomposed on the BDD anode. Interestingly, when potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) was used as the organic model to be degraded in the anodic side, a higher efficiency of formaldehyde generation from CO_2 was observed on the BDD cathode. The enhanced effect of formaldehyde formation in the presence of KHP oxidation suggests that this novel electrochemical system can combine conversion of CO_2 to the form of high-value chemicals and wastewater purification in a simultaneous and harmonious process.

Electrochemical incineration of dimethyl phthalate by anodic oxidation with boron-doped diamond electrode

The anodic oxidation of aqueous solutions containing dimethyl phthalate （DMP） up to 125 mg/L with sodium sulfate （Na2SO4） as supporting electrolyte within the pH range 2.0-10.0 was studied using a one-compartment batch reactor employing a boron-doped diamond （BDD） as anode. Electrolyses were carded out at constant current density （1.5-4.5 mA/cm^2）. Complete mineralization was always achieved owing to the great concentration of hydroxyl radical （-OH） generated at the BDD surface. The effects of pH, apparent current density and initial DMP concentration on the degradation rate of DMP, the specific charge required for its total mineralization and mineralization current efficiency were investigated systematically. The mineralization rate of DMP was found to be pH-independent and to increase with increasing applied current density. Results indicated that this electrochemical process was subjected, at least partially, to the mass transfer of organics onto the BDD surface. Kinetic analysis of the temporal change of DMP concentration during electrolysis determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography （HPLC） revealed that DMP decay under all tested conditions followed a pseudo first-order reaction. Aromatic intermediates and generated carboxylic acids were identified by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry （GC-MS） and a general pathway for the electrochemical incineration of DMP on BDD was proposed.

Electrochemical Detection of Clenbuterol in Pig Liver at Pyrrole DNA Modified Boron-doped Diamond Electrode

The direct detection of clenbuterol（CL） in pig liver without any extraction separation at a pyrrole-DNA modified boron-doped diamond（BDD） electrode is reported. The pyrrole-DNA modified BDD electrode has a strong electrocatalytic effect on the redox reaction of CL. One oxidization and two reduction peaks of CL appear at 340. 2, 299. 8 and 166. 6 mV（ versus SCE）, respectively. The pyrrole polymer alone cannot electrocatalyze the above reaction at a BDD electrode ; the electrocatalytic effect of a BDD electrode modified with DNA membrane is unsufficient for the analytical detection of CL; the replacement of boron-doped diamond by glass carbon makes the electrocatalytic reaction impossible ; the redox process is pH dependent. The influences of various experimental parameters on the pyrrole-DNA modified BDD electrode were investigated. A sensitive cyclic vohammetric response for CL was obtained in a linear range from 3.4 × 10^-6 to 5 × 10^ -4 mol/L with a detection limit of 8.5 × 10^-7 mol/L. A mean recovery of 102. 7% of CL in the pig liver sample solution and a reproducibility of 3.2% were obtained.

Boron-Doped Diamond-Film-Based Two-Dimensional Electrode of Electrophoresis Tank

Chemically robust conductive p-type boron-doped diamond （BDD） films are an important electrode material and have been widely applied in electrochemistry. In this study, BDD films are taken as a two-dimensional （2D） electrode in a eleetrophoresis tank system instead of the conventional one-dimensional platinum wire electrode. The theoretical simulations by finite element numerical analysis reveal that the 2D BDD electrodes have relatively high intensity and uniformity of electric field in the tank. Experimentally, the 2D BDD electrodes with smaller size show excellent properties for the separation of DNA fragments. The advantages of the 2D BDD electrodes with chemical inertness, sustainability, high intensity and uniformity electronic field, as well as reduced small size of electrophoresis tank would open a possibility for realizing new generation, high-performance biological devices.

Electroanalytical Investigation on Paracetamol on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode by Voltammetry

An electroanalytical method was developed for the direct quantitative determination of paracetamol in tablets based on its oxidation behavior. The electrochemical oxidation and determination of paracetamol were easily carried out on born-doped diamond (BDD) electrode using two voltammetric techniques (CV and DPV). The electrochemical measurements performed by cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques were carried out using a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode in HClO4 and KClO4 electrolytes. HClO4 was then selected for analytical purposes and scan rate studies were also completed. The oxidation of the paracetamol is found to be irreversible and a diffusion-controlled nature of the paracetamol oxidation peak was established. A linear calibration curve for DPV analysis was constructed in the paracetamol concentration range from 0 μM to 13.87 μM, with 0.16 μM and 0.55 μM as the detection and quantification limit respectively.

Application of Boron-doped Diamond Film Electrode in Fast Detection of Samonella in Water

[Objective] The study aimed to discuss the application of boron-doped diamond （BDD） film electrode in fast detection of samonella in water. [ Method] Boron-doped diamond film electrode was prepared and used as the working electrode in fast detection of salmonella in water using chronoamberometry, and the oxidation mechanism of the electrode acting on salmonella was discussed. [ Result] Compared with traditional biologi- cal methods, chronoamperometry could detect the number of salmonellae in water more simply, rapidly and sensitively. [ Conclusion] The method of using BDD electrode to detect salmonella quantity will be widely applied in future.

Synthesis and characterization of p-type boron-doped IIb diamond large single crystals

High-quality p-type boron-doped IIb diamond large single crystals are successfully synthesized by the temperature gradient method in a china-type cubic anvil high-pressure apparatus at about 5.5 GPa and 1600 K. The morphologies and surface textures of the synthetic diamond crystals with different boron additive quantities are characterized by using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope respectively. The impurities of nitrogen and boron in diamonds are detected by micro Fourier transform infrared technique. The electrical properties including resistivities, Hall coefficients, Hall mobilities and carrier densities of the synthesized samples are measured by a four-point probe and the Hall effect method. The results show that large p-type boron-doped diamond single crystals with few nitrogen impurities have been synthesized. With the increase of quantity of additive boron, some high-index crystal faces such as {113} gradually disappear, and some stripes and triangle pits occur on the crystal surface. This work is helpful for the further research and application of boron-doped semiconductor diamond.

Differential Pulse Voltammetric Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol and Omnipaque on Boron Doped Diamond Electrode: Application to Natural Tomato, Carrot, Cucumber Juices and Wastewater

This article describes the use of a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) as an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of omnipaque (OMP) and paracetamol (PCM) in perchloric acid medium (HClO4 0.1 M) and in complex matrices such as tomato, carrot and cucumber juices and waste water from the Treichville University Hospital. Voltammetric studies allowed us to have well-defined oxidation peaks at distinct potentials of OMP (E = 0.5 V/SCE) and PCM (E = 0.7 V/SCE). Under optimized conditions, well-defined quantities of OMP and PCM, introduced simultaneously by metered additions, gave linear responses in concentration ranges of 259.8 - 467.2 μM for OMP and 58.73 - 116.3 μM PCM. The detection limits obtained are 7.23 μΜ and 3.6 μΜ respectively for OMP and PCM with recovery rates between 85.8% ± 0.1% and 92.6% ± 0.1% for OMP and between 99.9% ± 0.1% and 101.2% ± 0.4% for the PCM. This technique has been successfully used to simultaneously detect these pharmaceuticals in these complex environments. It allows recovery of OMP and PCM respectively up to 97.5% ± 0.0% and 91.6% ± 0.3% in tomato juice;100.0% ± 0.0% and 95.2% ± 0.2% in carrot juice;101.4% ± 0.1% and 97.3% ± 0.3% in cucumber juice;100.1% ± 0.9% and 100.9% ± 0.1% in wastewater. The relevance of this technique for the simultaneous detection of OMP and PCM in tomato, carrot, cucumber juices and in waste water can be studied in the context of the contamination of certain fruits and vegetables by the substances organic pharmaceuticals released into the environment without prior treatment.

Synthesis of Boron-doped Diamond/Porous Ti Composite Materials——Effect of Carbon Concentration

Highly boron-doped diamond films were deposited on porous titanium substrates by hot filament chemical vapor deposition technique. The morphology variation of highly boron-doped diamond films grown on porous titanium substrates was investigated, and the effects of carbon concentration on nucleation density and diamond growth were also studied. The continuous change of surface morphology and structure of diamond film were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The structures of diamond film and interlayer were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The quality of boron-doped diamond film was confirmed by visible Raman spectroscopy. The experimental results reveal that surface morphology and quality of boron-doped diamond films are various due to the change of carbon concentration. The thickness of intermediate layer decreases with the carbon concentration increasing.

Ohmic and Schottky contacts of hydrogenated and oxygenated boron-doped single-crystal diamond with hill-like polycrystalline grains

Hill-like polycrystalline diamond grains(HPDGs)randomly emerged on a heavy boron-doped p+single-crystal diamond(SCD)film by prolonging the growth duration of the chemical vapor deposition process.The Raman spectral results confirm that a relatively higher boron concentration(~1.1×10^(21) cm^(-3))is detected on the HPDG with respect to the SCD region(~5.4×10^(20) cm^(-3)).It demonstrates that the Au/SCD interface can be modulated from ohmic to Schottky contact by varying the surface from hydrogen to oxygen termination.The current-voltage curve between two HPDGs is nearly linear with either oxygen or hydrogen termination,which means that the HPDGs provide a leakage path to form an ohmic contact.There are obvious rectification characteristics between oxygen-terminated HPDGs and SCD based on the difference in boron doping levels in those regions.The results reveal that the highly boron-doped HPDGs grown in SCD can be adopted as ohmic electrodes for Hall measurement and electronic devices.

基于石墨电极的硅基金刚石日盲紫外探测器

金刚石优异的材料特性使其在日盲紫外探测领域有很大的应用潜力。本文采用微波等离子体化学气相沉积设备在(111)晶面单晶硅衬底上沉积金刚石薄膜,并基于该薄膜采用光刻胶热解法制备石墨材料平面叉指电极MSM结构金刚石日盲紫外探测器,为全碳金刚石探测器的实现提供了新方法。结果表明,该硅基金刚石薄膜为高取向多晶薄膜,(111)晶面的XRD 2θ扫描半峰宽为0.093°,拉曼光谱金刚石特征峰峰位1332 cm^(-1),半峰宽为4 cm^(-1),薄膜晶体质量较高;石墨电极紫外探测器在5 V偏置电压下的暗电流为2.07×10^(-8) A,光暗电流比为77,开关特性良好,并且石墨电极探测器具有优异的时间响应,上升时间为30 ms,下降时间为430 ms。

掺硼浓度与沉积气压对Ti/BDD微观结构和电化学氧化性能影响规律研究

探究在热丝化学气相沉积生长硼掺杂金刚石的过程中,掺硼浓度与沉积气压对钛基硼掺杂金刚石薄膜的微观结构与电化学氧化性能的影响,并以四环素作为模拟污染物进行电化学氧化降解实验。使用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱、紫外分光光度计以及电化学工作站对电极表面形貌、成分以及电化学性能进行表征。结果表明:随着掺硼浓度与沉积气压的增大,金刚石薄膜表面晶粒明显细化,生长速率下降;然而随着沉积气压的升高,金刚石的晶粒质量逐渐降低,但硼原子掺杂则会提高金刚石晶粒质量;在高掺硼浓度和低沉积气压的条件下,金刚石薄膜表面的硼原子浓度更高;高掺硼浓度和低沉积气压下所生成的较大晶粒尺寸和更高硼原子浓度的硼掺杂金刚石电极具有更优越的电化学性能、更高的降解效率以及更低的降解能耗。

Ti基镶嵌金刚石颗粒掺硼金刚石电极及其性能

利用粉末压片机在Ti片表面镶嵌金刚石颗粒,以此为衬底,通过热丝化学气相沉积技术沉积掺硼金刚石(boron-doped diamond, BDD)薄膜,制备新型Ti基镶嵌金刚石颗粒BDD (Ti/D/BDD)电极,并制备Ti基BDD (Ti/BDD)电极作为对比。采用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱仪和电化学工作站表征电极的形貌、B掺杂水平和电化学性能,利用紫外可见分光光度计测试电极模拟废水降解的效果。结果表明:沉积时间相同时,Ti/D/BDD电极比Ti/BDD电极具有更大的电化学活性面积,更低的薄膜阻抗,使得电极对酸性橙G表现出更高的降解速率,更低的降解能耗。沉积10 h时,Ti/D/BDD电极具有最高的双电层电容(1.87 mF),最低的薄膜电阻(0.4?);降解120 min后,Ti/D/BDD电极的色度移除率比Ti/BDD电极最高可提升53.1%,同时能耗降低14.2%。

两电子水氧化反应抑制掺硼金刚石电极氧化有机物过程中氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的生成

掺硼金刚石(BDD)具有羟基自由基(·OH)产率高、稳定性好的优点,作为电极材料被广泛应用于难降解有机物的处理。但BDD电极在处理含氯介质时产生的高毒性副产物——氯酸盐(ClO_(3)^(-))和高氯酸盐(ClO_(4)^(-))是限制其广泛应用的关键障碍之一。本文通过两电子水氧化反应(2e^(-)WOR)来控制BDD电极氧化过程中ClO_(3)^(-)和ClO_(4)^(-)的产生。同时,以一种广泛使用的除草剂——阿特拉津(ATZ)为模型污染物,探究2e^(-)WOR对有机物降解效果的影响。研究表明,NaHCO_(3)作为电解质可以有效催化BDD电极上的2e^(-)WOR,进而降低电解过程中活性氯、ClO_(3)^(-)和ClO_(4)^(-)的浓度。添加10mmol/L NaHCO_(3)后,活性氯浓度下降了60.3%,ClO_(3)^(-)和ClO_(4)^(-)的生成速率常数分别下降10.2%和39.2%。当添加50mmol/L和100mmol/L NaHCO_(3)时,活性氯的生成被完全抑制,ClO_(3)^(-)的生成速率常数分别降低了60.0%和72.5%,ClO_(4)^(-)的生成速率常数分别降低了66.2%和72.6%。2e^(-)WOR对ClO_(3)^(-)和ClO_(4)^(-)抑制作用的机理有两个方面:①2e^(-)WOR产生的H2O2与活性氯反应,降低了关键中间物的浓度,进而控制了ClO_(3)^(-)和ClO_(4)^(-)的生成;②HCO_(3)^(-)与ClO_(3)^(-)竞争·OH反应,降低了ClO_(3)^(-)向ClO_(4)^(-)的转化速率。研究发现,适量添加NaHCO_(3)有利于ATZ的降解。添加10mmol/L和50mmol/L NaHCO_(3)后,ATZ的降解动力学常数分别提高了27.2%和53.8%。甲醇猝灭实验表明,NaHCO_(3)的添加促进了溶液本体中ATZ的降解。

Direct and Simultaneous Determination of Phenol, Hydroquinone and Nitrophenol at Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrode

The electrochemical characteristics of multi-component phenolic pollutants, such as phenol （Ph）, hydroquinone （HQ） and 4-nitrophenol （4-NP）, were investigated on boron-doped diamond （BDD） film electrode by differential pulse voltammetry （DPV） technique. A simple and feasible platform was accordingly established for the direct and simultaneous determination of these three phenolic pollutants. Results showed that, Ph, HQ and 4-NP gave obvious oxidation peaks on BDD electrode at the potential of 1.24, 0.76 and 1.52 V, respectively. Each of them displayed good linear relationship between their oxidation peak currents and their corresponding concentrations in a rather wide range coexisting with one or two of the other phenolic pollutants. The detection limits of Ph, HQ and 4-NP were estimated to be as low as 1.82×10^-6, 1.67×10^-6 and 1.44×10^-6 mol·L^-1, respectively. Therefore, a promising direct and simultaneous electrochemical determination method of multi-component phenolic pollutants in wastewater samples was constructed successfully on BDD electrode with advantages being rapid, simple, convenient, sensitive, in situ and inexpensive.

White electroluminescence of n-ZnO:Al/p-diamond heterostructure devices

An n-ZnO：A1/p-boron-doped diamond heterostructure electroluminescent device is produced, and a rectifying be- havior can be observed. The electroluminescence spectrum at room temperature exhibits two visible bands centred at 450 nm-485 nm （blue emission） and 570 nm-640 nm （yellow emission）. Light emission with a luminance of 15 cd/m2 is observed from the electroluminescent device at a forward applied voltage of 85 V, which is distinguished from white light by the naked eye.

Schottky photodiode using submicron thick diamond epilayer for flame sensing

The sensing of a flame can be performed by using wide-bandgap semiconductors, which offer a high signal-to-noise ratio since they only response the ultraviolet emission in the flame. Diamond is a robust semiconductor with a wide-bandgap of 5.5 e V, exhibiting an intrinsic solar-blindness for deep-ultraviolet(DUV) detection. In this work, by using a submicron thick boron-doped diamond epilayer grown on a type-Ib diamond substrate, a Schottky photodiode device structure- based flame sensor is demonstrated. The photodiode exhibits extremely low dark current in both forward and reverse modes due to the holes depletion in the epilayer. The photodiode has a photoconductivity gain larger than 100 and a threshold wavelength of 330 nm in the forward bias mode. CO and OH emission bands with wavelengths shorter than 330 nm in a flame light are detected at a forward voltage of-10 V. An alcohol lamp flame in the distance of 250 mm is directly detected without a focusing lens of flame light.