Study on Internal Supersonic Flows with Pseudo-shock Wave Using Liquid Crystal Flow Visualization Method

The flow visualization technique using shear-sensitive liquid crystal is applied to the investigation of a Mach 2 internal supersonic flow with pseudo-shock wave （PSW） in a pressure-vacuum supersonic wind tunnel. It provides qualitative information mainly concerning the overall flow structure, such as the turbulent boundary layer separation, reattachment locations and the dimensionalities of the flow. Besides, it can also give understanding of the surface streamlines, vortices in separation region and the corner effect of duct flow. Two kinds of crystals with different viscosities are used in experiments to analyze the viscosity effect. Results are compared with schlieren picture, confirming the effectiveness of liquid crystal in flow-visualization.

A study on characteristics of shock train inside a shock tube

Shock tubes are devices which are used in the investigation of high speed and high temperature flow of compressible gas. lnside a shock tube, the interaction between the reflected shock wave and boundary layer leads to a complex flow phenomenon. Initially a normal shock wave is formed in the shock tube which migrates toward the closed end of the tube and that in turn leads to the reflection of shock. Due to the boundary layer interaction with the reflected shock, the bifurcation of shock wave takes place. The bifurcated shock wave then approaches the contact surface and shock train is generated. Till date only a few studies have been conducted to investigate this shock train phenomenon inside the shock tube. For the present study a computational fluid dynamics （CFD） analysis has been performed on a two dimensional axi-symmetric model of a shock tube using unsteady, compressible Navier-Stokes equations. In order to investigate the detailed characteristics of shock train, parametric studies have been performed by varying different parameters such as the shock tube length, diameter, pressure ratio used inside the shock tube.

Application of Dual-blade Stator to Low-speed Ratio Performance Improvement of Torque Converters

With application of the lock-up clutch in the torque converter（TC）, fuel economy is not much determined by its high-speed ratio transmission efficiency. As a benefit, more researches are focused on its low-speed ratio performance so as to improve vehicle gradeability and launching acceleration performance. According to the results of computational fluid dynamics（CFD） analysis, hydrodynamic loss inside the stator cascade accounts for 42% of the total energy loss at stalling speed ratio. It is found that upstream flow with large impingement angle results in boundary layer separation at the leading edge, which aggregates hydrodynamic loss and decreases circular flow rate dramatically at low-speed ratio. In this paper, a dual-blade stator is proposed to suppress the boundary layer separation, which is parameterized by using the non-uniform rational B spline（NURBS） method. The mean camber line and blade profile curve are expressed by a three control points quadratic open NURBS and a cubic closed one respectively. The key design parameters included the slot width and suction side shape of the primary blade are analyzed. The most effective slot width is found to be between 4% and 8% chord length, and the boundary layer separation can be suppressed completely by decreasing distribution of momentum moment at the primary blade and adding it to the leading edge of the secondary blade. As a result, circular flow rate and impeller torque capacity is increased by 17.9% and 9.6% respectively at stalling speed ratio, meanwhile, low-speed ratio efficiency is also improved. Maximum efficiency at high-speed ratio decreases by 0.5%, which can be ignored as the work of lock-up clutch. This research focuses on using the dual-blade stator to optimize low-speed ratio performance of the TC, which is benefit to vehicle power performance.

Research on Design Method of the Full Form Ship with Minimum Thrust Deduction Factor

In the preliminary design stage of the full form ships, in order to obtain a hull form with low resistance and maximum propulsion efficiency, an optimization design program for a full form ship with the minimum thrust deduction factor has been developed, which combined the potential flow theory and boundary layer theory with the optimization technique. In the optimization process, the Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique（SUMT） interior point method of Nonlinear Programming（NLP） was proposed with the minimum thrust deduction factor as the objective function. An appropriate displacement is a basic constraint condition, and the boundary layer separation is an additional one. The parameters of the hull form modification function are used as design variables. At last, the numerical optimization example for lines of after-body of 50000 DWT product oil tanker was provided, which indicated that the propulsion efficiency was improved distinctly by this optimal design method.

TYPES OF FLOW OVER LEESIDE OF A SLENDER TAPERED WING AT SUPERSONIC SPEED

A flow visualization experiment is reported over the leeside of a slender tapered wing with a leading edge sweep back angle of 65°and a bicovex section. By using laser vapor-screen. schlieren and oil-flow techniques. the test was carried out at Mach numbers of 1.10, 1.53, 2.53, 3.01, and 4.01 for angles of attack from 5°through 25°.Photos of flow off-body and on the surface have been taken. The vapor-screen photos show seven distinct types of flow developed over the delta region on the wing. These types of flow are displayed in a plane of Mach number and angle of attack normal to the leading-edge. In the region of side-edge, there are side vortices formed, and in the downstream of trailing-edge. vortex wakes shed. The variety of bow shock positions at different Mach numbers and the positions of separating lines induced by shock wave with Mach numbers and angles of attack have been obtained. based upon the schlieren plus the vapor-screen photos in the sections. The oil-flow visualization clearly shows primary reattachment. secondary separation. secondary reattachment lines. and side edge vortices on the lee-surface. The results of this test shows in good agreement with other relevant experiments and numerical simulation results.

Off-Design Performance Analysis of Axial Flow Fan in Helicopter

A theoretical calculation method of off-design performance is developed for an axial flow fan of oil cooling system in helicopter,including calculation of aerodynamic parameters and performance parameters.When calculating inlet shock loss,the shock loss coefficient is obtained by comparing results of theoretical calculation,experimental and numerical calculation.The theoretical results and numerical results show that all air velocity components increase from hub to shroud in main flow area at rated condition.Tip leakage vortex moves downstream as flow rate increases.When flow rate decreases,Re decreases,and boundary layer thickness from hub to shroud area all increases gradually.Tip leakage vortex moves upstream,and secondary loss increases.Low speed area in the passage is widened along with high speed area moving to hub area,influenced by boundary layer separation.Consequently wake area and jet area at fan outlet are both larger than rated condition.Therefore optimization design for off-design performance of the fan is required on aerodynamic parameters influencing fan loss.A reliable method is supplied for estimating altitude performance of lubricating system in helicopter.

Supersonic Flow Structure in the Entrance Part of a Mixing Chamber of 2D Model Ejector

The paper deals with experimental and numerical results of investigation into supersonic and transonic flow past a two-dimensional model ejector. Results of optical measurements show a flow structure and flow parameter development in the entrance part of the mixing chamber of the ejector. Numerical results are obtained by means of both the straight solution of shock waves in supersonic flow field using classical relations of parameters of shock waves and the Fluent 6 program. Results of numerical solutions are compared with experimental pictures of flow fields. Flow structure development in the mixing chamber is analysed in detail.

Experimental Investigation of Separation and Transition Processes on a High-Lift Low-Pressure Turbine Profile Under Steady and Unsteady Inflow at Low Reynolds Number

The effects induced by the presence of incoming wakes on the boundary layer developing over a high-lift low-pressure turbine profile have been investigated in a linear cascade at mid-span.The tested Reynolds number is 70000,typical of the cruise operating condition.The results of the investigations performed under steady and unsteady inflow conditions are analyzed.The unsteady investigations have been performed at the reduced frequency of f+=0.62,representative of the real engine operating condition.Profile aerodynamic loadings as well as boundary layer velocity profiles have been measured to survey the separation and transition processes.Spectral analysis has been also performed to better understand the phenomena associated with the transition process under steady inflow.For the unsteady case,a phase-locked ensemble averaging technique has been employed to reconstruct the time-resolved boundary layer velocity distributions from the hot-wire instantaneous signal output.The ensemble-averaging technique allowed a detailed analysis of the effects induced by incoming wakes-boundary layer interaction in separation suppression.Time-resolved results are presented in terms of mean velocity and unresolved unsteadiness time-space plots.

Experimental characteristics of oblique shock train upstream propagation

The structure and dynamics of an oblique shock train in a duct model are investigated experimentally in a hypersonic wind tunnel.Measurements of the pressure distribution in front of and across the oblique shock train have been taken and the dynamics of upstream propagation of the oblique shock train have been analyzed from the synchronized schlieren imaging with the dynamic pressure measurements.The formation and propagation of the oblique shock train are initiated by the throttling device at the downstream end of the duct model.Multiple reflected shocks,expansion fans and separated flow bubbles exist in the unthrottled flow,causing three adversepressure-gradient phases and three favorable-pressure-gradient phases upstream the oblique shock train.The leading edge of the oblique shock train propagates upstream,and translates to be asymmetric with the increase of backpressure.The upstream propagation rate of the oblique shock train increases rapidly when the leading edge of the oblique shock train encounters the separation bubble near the shock reflection point and the adverse-pressure-gradient phase,while the oblique shock train slow movement when the leading edge of the oblique shock train is in the favorablepressure-gradient phase for unthrottled flow.The asymmetric flow pattern and oscillatory nature of the oblique shock train are observed throughout the whole upstream propagation process.

Assessment of the predictive capability of RANS models in simulating mean-dering open channel flows

The predictive capability of Reynolds-averaged numerical simulation （RANS） models is investigated by simulating the flow in meandering open channel flumes and comparing the obtained results with the measured data. The flow structures of the two experiments are much different in order to get better insights. Two eddy viscosity turbulence models and different wall treatment methods are tested. Comparisons show that no essential difference exists among the predictions. The difference of turbulence models has a limited effect, and the near wall refinement improves the predictions slightly. Results show that, while the longitudinal velo- cities are generally well predicted, the predictive capability of the secondary flow is largely determined by the complexity of the flow structure. In Case 1 of a simple flow structure, the secondary flow velocity is reasonably predicted. In Case 2, consisting of sharp curved consecutive reverse bends, the flow structure becomes complex after the first bend, and the complex flow structure leads to the poor prediction of the secondary flow. The analysis shows that the high level of turbulence anisotropy is related with the boundary layer separation, but not with the flow structure complexity in the central area which definitely causes the poor prediction of RANS models. The turbulence model modifications and the wall treatment methods barely improve the predictive capability of RANS models in simulating complex flow structures.

Ferrofluid moving thin films for active flow control

Ferrofluid moving thin films and their possible significance with regard to active flow control for lift and attack angle enhancement are discussed.In this strategy,a very thin film of ferrofluid is strongly attached at the wall of the wing by a normal magnetic field from below and pumped tangentially along the wing.Utilizing a simplified physical model and from the available experimental data on moving walls,the expected lift enhancement and effect on the attack angle were assessed.Additional research and design is required in order to explore the possibilities in the use of ferrofluid moving thin films.

Computational Investigation of Blade slotting on a High-Load Low-Pressure Turbine Profile at various Reynolds Numbers:Part Ⅰ——Slotting Scheme's Verification

Boundary layer separation and reattachment is often an unavoidable feature of low pressure (LP) turbine,one of the main causes of this phenomenon is the high altitude low Reynolds number experienced by the modern LP turbine stage in aero-engine.Although an excellent turbine airfoil design can avoid flow separation on certain extent,but within flight envelope,LP turbine's characteristic Reynolds number may varied greatly,so it will be still under the risk of the presence of separation bubble.In this two parts paper a new concept of slotted-blade was raised to testify the gain of the blade slotting.A high aerodynamic loading LP turbine blade IET-LPTA was under investigated with different Reynolds number.Computational results reveal that the blade slotting could be a way of choice to suppress separation bubble and reduce profile loss under the condition of low Reynolds number,although its position and geometry need to be further investigated.

Hydrodynamic scaling law in undulatory braking locomotion

Flow over a fish-like airfoil is numerically investigated to elaborate the hydrodynamics of the undulatory braking locomotion for an elongated eel-like body or long-based fin. For undulation with low frequency, we find that boundary layer separation occurs in a parameter region with wakes in which two vortex pairs are formed per undulatory period. The physical mechanism of separation is governed by the slip(the ratio of swimming-to-body-wave speed), and the critical value of the slip in an inertial flow regime is approximately 4/3 rather than 1, which is independent of steepness(or amplitude). The relationship between pressure drag and relative velocity(between phase speed and free stream velocity) changes from linear to quadratic, corresponding to two different flow structures;this happens due to boundary layer separation, and the piecewise scaling relationship between pressure drag and relative velocity is explicitly clarified. Considering the viscosity effects, the separation criterion and the scaling relationship in the case of an undulatory brake are both synthetically modified using the Reynolds number, with all the required parameters clearly expressed. The results of this study provide physical insight into understanding the flow structures and hydrodynamics of the undulatory braking locomotion, which has instructional significance to brake design.

Exploring the intention of Using Aspirated Cascade to Replace Tandem Cascades

In the present paper,computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulations were executed to exploring the intent of using aspirated cascade to replace tandem cascades.Firstly,the ONERA tandem cascades were investigated,and the performance of the cascades at the design point were listed,such as diffusion factor,total pressure loss coefficient,deviation angle etc.For replacing the ONERA tandem cascades,a new cascade was designed with the codes BLADEGEN developed by the authors.The quasi 3-D calculations were carried out using the collection of programs for cascade analysis and design,MISES.The cascade was analyzed and designed by using this code.And the cascade was simulated and analyzed by commercial CFD software.It is found there is an obvious separation on the suction side.Based on the 3D CFD simulation results of the cascade without aspiration,an aspirated cascade was designed by introducing a slot on the suction side.The performance of the aspirated cascade was investigated and compared with the tandem cascades,indicated that under the same inlet condition,the total pressure loss of the single row aspirated cascade was less than that of the tandem cascades,and the outlet static pressure is higher than that of the tandem cascades.Meanwhile,the different suction slot location,suction width and suction mass flow are studied for the aspirated cascade.