Negative effects of artiffcial nest boxes on birds:A review

Artificial nest boxes are placed to attract birds to nest and breed in a specific location,and they are widely used in avian ecology research and in the attraction of insectivorous birds.There is evidence that artificial nest boxes can adversely affect breeding fitness but no great focus has been placed on this issue by researchers.Therefore,we retrieved 321 research papers regarding artificial nest boxes published from 2003 to 2022 and used the'Biblioshiny'program to extract and integrate keywords;we then summarized the adverse effects of artificial nest boxes on avian breeding success.The studies highlighted many drawbacks and misuses in the designing and placement of nest boxes;furthermore,bird attraction was decreased by their inappropriate selection,thus reducing breeding success.Regarding nest box production,there were shortcomings in the construction material,color,smell,and structural design of the boxes used.Nest boxes were also placed at inappropriate densities,locations,orientations,heights,and managed incorrectly.Finally,we propose suggestions for more efficient and safer artificial nest boxes for future use in avian ecology research and bird conservation.

基于Edge Boxes的大型车辆车标检测与识别

传统车标检测与识别算法难以检测大型车辆车标,且速度较慢。提出了一种基于Edge Boxes的大型车辆车标检测与识别方法。Edge Boxes算法是一种成熟的图像分割算法,能够快速且有效地检测物体位置,满足大型车辆车标检测与识别问题的准确性及实时性的需求。该方法首先根据车标在车辆中的空间位置关系初选车标候选区,然后利用Edge Boxes算法进行目标提取,进而将提取得到的目标送入利用线性约束编码构建的车标检测分类器和车标识别分类器进行训练与识别,得到车标检测与识别结果。对不同卡口的不同天气和光照条件下采集的4 480张图像(含50类大型车辆)进行实验,实验结果表明,在检测与识别性能以及时间消耗方面均优于传统方法,具有良好的实用前景。

一种改进的基于再励学习算法的模糊神经BOXES控制系统

本文给出了一种改进的基于再励算法的神经网络 BOXES控制系统 ,引入超维椭球体模糊划分状态空间的概念 ,并且通过神经网络的再励学习实现了对状态空间的自动划分。最后 ,应用到倒立摆控制中的仿真结果展示了控制系统的有效性。

A Review of Existing 4-Bit Crypto S-Box Cryptanalysis Techniques and Two New Techniques with 4-Bit Boolean Functions for Cryptanalysis of 4-Bit Crypto S-Boxes

4-bit linear relations play an important role in cryptanalysis of 4-bit crypto S-boxes. 4-bit finite differences have also been a major part of cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Existence of all 4-bit linear relations have been counted for all of 16 input and 16 output 4-bit bit patterns of 4-bit Crypto S-boxes said as S-boxes has been reported in Linear Cryptanalysis of 4-bit S-boxes. Count of existing finite differences from each element of output S-boxes to distant output S-boxes have been noted in Differential Cryptanalysis of S-boxes. In this paper a brief review of these two cryptanalytic methods for 4-bit S-boxes has been introduced in a very lucid and conceptual manner. Two new analysis techniques, one to search for the existing linear approximations among the input vectors (IPVs) and output Boolean functions (BFs) of a particular S-box has also been introduced in this paper. The search is limited to find the existing linear relations or approximations in the contrary to count the number of existent linear relations among all 16, 4-bit input and output bit patterns within all possible linear approximations. Another is to find number of balanced BFs in difference output S-boxes. Better the number of Balanced BFs, Better the security.

基于Edge Boxes和深度学习的车辆检测

传统的基于机器学习的车辆检测无法自适应地提取图像的典型特征,本文提出了基于深度学习的检测方法,并用Edge Boxes算法提取车辆的预选区域以取代传统的多尺度滑动窗口搜索策略。在高分辨率卫星影像上的实验证明了本算法的有效性。

基于Edge Boxes和深度学习的非限制条件下人脸检测

针对光线、旋转、遮挡、平移等因素对人脸检测结果产生的干扰,提出一种基于Edge Boxes和深度学习相结合的人脸检测算法。首先采用Edge Boxes算法提取出可能存在人脸的边界框,提取边界框中的图像并调整至合适的大小,作为卷积神经网络的输入,然后利用卷积神经网络对提取出的图像进行特征提取和分类,最后利用非极大抑制算法排除多余人脸检测框,得到人脸的准确位置。该算法应用于LFW和Yale B人脸数据库的检测率分别达到98.7%和98.5%,识别单张人脸的时间均小于0.5 s。实验结果表明,该算法在检测率和检测速率方面较传统算法都有了很大的提高,对于遮挡、光照、旋转等干扰具有更强的鲁棒性。

洛阳地区回族人群RHD基因Rhesus boxes研究

目的探讨洛阳地区回族人群RHD基因Rhesus boxes特征,并判定RHD杂合性。方法收集洛阳地区不同RhD表型的回族献血者血液492例,应用PCR-SSP技术检测RHD基因Rhesus boxes。结果在425例D阳性标本中,同时检出Up box和Down box标本有352例(82.82%),为RHD+/RHD+纯合子;同时检出Hybrid、Up及Down box标本有73例(17.18%),为RHD+/RHD-杂合子。在弱D和Del标本中,同时检出Up box和Down box标本数分别为4例(44.44%)和4例(25.00%),同时检测到Hybrid、Up及Down box标本数分别为5例(55.56%)和12例(75.00%),未能单独检测出杂交Rhesus box。在42例RhD阴性标本中,同时检测到Hybrid、Up及Down box标本有3例(7.14%),仅检出Hybrid box标本有39例(92.86%),未能同时检测出Up box和Down box。结论洛阳地区回族人群中RHD基因Rhesus boxes具有独特的分布特征,应用Rhesus boxes来确定RHD基因杂合性在临床输血和产前预防RhD新生儿溶血病有重要意义。

Influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes

A study was conducted to determine the influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests in the Gwanak Arboretum （37° 25′ 05＂ N, 126° 56′ 85＂ E） of Seoul National University, Anyang, Korea from November 2002 to June 2003. Three tits species, varied tit （Parus varius）, marsh tit （P. palustris） and great tit （P. major）, breeding in artificial t nest boxes were investigated on number of breeding pairs, cultch size, and egg measurement. Resuls showed that the breeding pairs of varied tit was more in 75-150 m area than in 0-75m area from forest road for all the three study sites, and the clutch size and egg measurements （weight, Major axis and Minor axis） of varied tit was also higher in the area of 75-150 m than in the area of 0-75 m, while no differences in number of breeding pairs and clutch size were found for marsh tit and great tit between the two areas. Egg measurement of great tit was also higher in forest interior area than in forest edge area. It is concluded that varied tit were most significantly influenced by forest road, followed by great tit, whereas marsh tit were not influenced by forest road. Artificial nest box is roved to be good for cavity nester in disturbed areas by human activities. Supply of artificial nest can help population protection and management of bird species.

Nano storage-boxes constructed by the vertical growth of MoS_(2 )on graphene for high-performance Li-S batteries

In order to accelerate the reaction kinetics of lithium-sulfur batteries, the introduction of electro catalysis and proper structural control of the sulfur cathode is urgently needed. MoS_(2) nano sheets was selectively grown vertically (V-MoS_(2)) on the microwave-reduced graphene (rGO) sheets through chemical coupling to construct a self-supporting sulfur cathode with a nano storage-box structure (V-MoS_(2) as the wall and rGO as the bottom). RGO, which has a high conductivity of 37 S cm^(−1), greatly accelerates the transfer of electrons from the active sites on the edge of the layer to the solution. The introduction of carbon tubes can connect the abundant pores in the foam and act as a long-range conductive path. The 2D-orthogonal-2D structure maximally exposes the edge active sites of MoS_(2), and together with graphene form a nano reactor of sulfur, intermediate lithium polysulfides and discharge product Li_(2)S(2). The effective combination of the microstructure confinement of the nano storage-boxes and the efficient synchronous catalytic mechanism of V-MoS_(2) greatly improves the electrochemical performance of the lithium-sulfur batteries. As a result, the assembled lithium-sulfur battery displays a high initial discharge capacity of 1379 mAh g^(−1), good cycle stability (86% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 0.1C) and superior rate performance.

Expert System for the Design of Single Speed Gear Boxes

Based on the characteristic peculiarities of mechanical design expert systems (MDES), the design process pf gear box and its components is introduced and the gear box design expert systems (GBES)is established. GBES employs the methods of knowledge representation to indicate the knowledge-unit-rule-process, table-vector-process. By taking the advantage of knowledge unit's indicator, it can make the units of knowledge base to to combine to form a whole in the feature of trees and nets so that it can give deduction conveniently. The knowledge base of GBES is organized in hierarchy, which provides the efficient managerial systems of knowledge base. It makes the knowledge base convenient greatly for establishing and using. The assistant modules of GBES are written in FORTRAN and the part of expert systems is written in LISP. It explains the I/O among each module and the forms of independent application. The GBES systems have been put into preliminary, use in practice.

Effective method for the design of S-Boxes satisfying the strict avalanche criterion(SAC)

The strict avalanche criterion(SAC)is one of the most important cryptographic criteria for substitution boxes(S-boxes)used in many symmetric encryption systems.However,there are few constructive methods for S-boxes fulfilling the SAC until now.In this paper,to construct S-boxes satisfying the SAC directly,we generalize the concatenation techniques of Boolean functions to S-boxes.Using the idea of concatenating small variable S-boxes,we present a simple yet effective construction method of S-boxes satisfying the SAC.Finally,a simple example on how to construct SAC S-boxes with large input variables by small variables SAC S-boxes is given.

Multi-view recognition of fruit packing boxes based on features clustering angle

In order to realize the intelligent mechanization of the last process of the fruit industry chains,the identification of fruit packing boxes is researched.A multi-view database is established to describe the omnidirectional attitudes of the fruit packing boxes.In order to reduce the data redundancy caused by multi-view acquisition,a new binary multi-view kernel principal component analysis network(BMKPCANet) is built,and a multi-view recognition method of fruit packing boxes is proposed based on the BMKPCANet and support vector machine(SVM).The experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of proposed BMKPCANet is 12.82% higher than PCANet and3.51% higher than KPCANet on average.The time consumption of proposed BMKPCANet is 7.74%lower than PCANet and 29.01% lower than KPCANet on average.This work has laid a theoretical foundation for multi-view recognition of 3 D objects and has a good practical application value.

Strive for the Modern Town with the Specialized Production of Boxes and Bags——Sidelights on Nantai Town Economy

Nantai town is located at the south of Liaoning Province, North is Anshan, Haichengis on the south, Shenda expressway, Hada highway and railway crisscross the town fromnorth to south. Nantai town covers an areas of 95 square Kgs with 23 administrativevillages, 4 sub-district offices, 1 economic development zone and there are 15 thousandfamilies and 54 thousand populations. Nantai town is a trial place for overall structuralreform in Liaoning Province and a center on larger-scale production, processing anddistributing of boxes and bags nationwide.

The use of artificial nest boxes by Siberian flying squirrels (Pteromys volans) in South Korea

In this study, we examined the use of artificial nest boxes by Siberian flying squirrels (Pteromys volans) in three coniferous and mixed forests in Gangwon Province, South Korea. Six hundred and twelve boxes with different sized entry holes (ranging from 3 to 7 cm in diameter) were placed in the forests between 2004 and 2009. Pteromys volans used nine boxes in the coniferous forests and two boxes in the mixed forests. The squirrels only used boxes with entrance holes measuring 3.5, 4, and 5 cm in diameter, showing a strong and moderate preference for boxes with 5 and 4-cm holes, respectively, and a strong avoidance for boxes with 3- and 7-cm holes. Therefore, we suggest placing artificial nest boxes with entrance holes 5 cm in diameter to encourage breeding activity. Most nests made in the artificial boxes were composed of fibrous materials from woody vines. We recommend placing artificial nest boxes with holes of 5-cm diameter in coniferous forests, which support dense populations of P. volans, to survey whether this approach would positively affect the breeding habits and population maintenance of this species.

Line clipping against polygonal window algorithm based on the multiple virtual boxes rejecting

This paper presents a new algorithm for line clipping against a polygonal window by exploiting the local relationship between each line segment and the polygon. Firstly, a minimal enclosing box （MEB） of the polygon is adopted to reject the invisible line segments located outside the MEB. Secondly, a 45° rotated box is used to encode the endpoint of the line segment, and then reject a portion of the invisible segments crossing polygon comers. Finally, instead of encoding the endpoints of all line segments with respect to the polygonal window, each vertex of the polygon is encoded, taking the line segment to be clipped as reference. For efficient encoding of the polygon vertices, a new concept, termed with slope adaptive virtual box, is introduced regarding each line segment. Such a box can not only conveniently reject all totally invisible lines lying outside the MEB conveniently, but also precisely identify the edges of the polygon with which the line segment potentially intersects. With the summation of the vertex codes, it can be verified whether the line segment is separated from or potentially intersects the polygon window. Based on the product of the codes of adjacent vertices, singular cases of intersection can be solved accurately. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and stability of the new algorithm.

Scanning and Selection Methods Using Solution Boxes of Inequality

Numerical methods often reduce solving a complicated problem to a set of elementary problems. In some previous papers, the author reduced the finding of solution boxes of a system of inequalities, the computation of integral value with error bound, the approximation of global maxima to computing solution boxes of one inequality. This paper contains new and improved methods for application of solution boxes of an inequality, furthermore the computational aspects are discussed in detail.

Construction and Optimization of TRNG Based Substitution Boxes for Block Encryption Algorithms

Internet of Things is an ecosystem of interconnected devices that are accessible through the internet.The recent research focuses on adding more smartness and intelligence to these edge devices.This makes them susceptible to various kinds of security threats.These edge devices rely on cryptographic techniques to encrypt the pre-processed data collected from the sensors deployed in the field.In this regard,block cipher has been one of the most reliable options through which data security is accomplished.The strength of block encryption algorithms against different attacks is dependent on its nonlinear primitive which is called Substitution Boxes.For the design of S-boxes mainly algebraic and chaos-based techniques are used but researchers also found various weaknesses in these techniques.On the other side,literature endorse the true random numbers for information security due to the reason that,true random numbers are purely non-deterministic.In this paper firstly a natural dynamical phenomenon is utilized for the generation of true random numbers based S-boxes.Secondly,a systematic literature review was conducted to know which metaheuristic optimization technique is highly adopted in the current decade for the optimization of S-boxes.Based on the outcome of Systematic Literature Review(SLR),genetic algorithm is chosen for the optimization of s-boxes.The results of our method validate that the proposed dynamic S-boxes are effective for the block ciphers.Moreover,our results showed that the proposed substitution boxes achieve better cryptographic strength as compared with state-of-the-art techniques.

Dynamic inhomogeneous S-Boxes in AES: a novel countermeasure against power analysis attacks

Substitution boxes (S-Boxes) in advanced encryption standard (AES) are vulnerable to attacks bypower analysis.The general S-Boxes masking schemes in circuit level need to adjust the design flow andlibrary databases.The masking strategies in algorithm level view each S-Box as an independent moduleand mask them respectively,which are costly in size and power for non-linear characteristic of S-Boxes.The new method uses dynamic inhomogeneous S-Boxes instead of traditional homogeneous S-Boxes,andarranges the S-Boxes randomly.So the power and data path delay of substitution unit become unpre-dictable.The experimental results demonstrate that this scheme takes advantages of the circuit character-istics of various S-Box implementations to eliminate the correlation between crypto operation and power.Itneeds less extra circuits and suits resource constrained applications.

Design of Dismantling and Recycling Equipment for Junction Boxes of Waste Crystal Silicon Photovoltaic Modules

The dismantling and recycling of junction boxes,which is an important part of the photovoltaic module recycling process,was tested and designed scientifically.The equipment framework was built by three-dimensional simulation,and then the design of dismantling and recycling equipment for junction boxes of waste crystal silicon photovoltaic modules was completed through the experimental test and data analysis.The experimental results show that the initial idea of the dismantling scheme is correct,and the structure is feasible.However,some problems were not considered.This study provides reliable data support for the subsequent equipment development and ensures the smooth development of the subsequent design work.