The effect of fragrances on drivers has been examined, in order to optimize driver’s condition during driving. A map that can clearly show the positioning of various fragrances is created as an initial step of this r...The effect of fragrances on drivers has been examined, in order to optimize driver’s condition during driving. A map that can clearly show the positioning of various fragrances is created as an initial step of this research and development. Sensory evaluation data of 12 kinds of fragrance samples, which are tested on 64 subjects, are used for the creation of this map. The “Aromatic Image Map” can be used to confirm the distribution of the characteristics and the subjects’ preferences for each fragrance. Furthermore, the validity of the “Aromatic Image Map” is inspected experimentally, based on the difference in recovery from stress among the fragrances. Six subjects participate in the experiment, and the four kinds of fragrances that stand at the specific positions on the “Aromatic Image Map” are used. As a result, this enables us to inspect the validity of the position of each fragrance on “Aromatic Image Map”.展开更多
Acupuncture has been used for 1000 years, but how it gives therapeutic effect is not completely understood. Integration of brain wave as the central nervous system plays an important role in acupuncture efficacy. To e...Acupuncture has been used for 1000 years, but how it gives therapeutic effect is not completely understood. Integration of brain wave as the central nervous system plays an important role in acupuncture efficacy. To explore the effect of acupuncture stimulation in the central nervous system, it is imperative to decide the adjustments in brain waves that produced because of acupuncture stimulation. Electroencephalogram(EEG) is often used in the acupuncture research area. EEG records spontaneous cerebral activity after some time by positioning electrodes on scalp surface. Using EEG, we can observe the brain connectivity regarding the acupuncture stimulation. An overview regarding the effect of manual acupuncture on human brain wave through EEG observation will be discussed in this review.展开更多
Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury（m TBI） is of particular concern among military personnel due to exposure to blast energy during military training and combat.The impact of primary low-intensity blast mediat...Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury（m TBI） is of particular concern among military personnel due to exposure to blast energy during military training and combat.The impact of primary low-intensity blast mediated pathophysiology upon later neurobehavioral disorders has been controversial.Developing a military preclinical blast model to simulate the pathophysiology of human blast injury is an important first step.This article provides an overview of primary blast effects and perspectives of our recent studies demonstrating ultrastructural changes in the brain and behavioral disorders resulting from open-field blast exposures up to 46.6 k Pa using a murine model.The model is scalable and permits exposure to varying magnitudes of primary blast injuries by placing animals at different distances from the blast center or by changing the amount of C4 charge.We here review the implications and future applications and directions of using this animal model to uncover the underlying mechanisms related to primary blast injury.Overall,these studies offer the prospect of enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of primary low-intensity blast-induced TBI and insights for prevention,diagnosis and treatment of blast induced TBI,particularly m TBI/concussion related to current combat exposures.展开更多
目的研究托吡酯联合喹硫平治疗精神分裂症(SCH)的疗效。方法选取2020年9月至2023年6月在衡水市第七人民医院接受治疗的SCH患者(118例),随机数字表法分为喹硫平治疗的A组(59例)和托吡酯联合喹硫平治疗的B组(59例),均治疗6个月。比较疗效...目的研究托吡酯联合喹硫平治疗精神分裂症(SCH)的疗效。方法选取2020年9月至2023年6月在衡水市第七人民医院接受治疗的SCH患者(118例),随机数字表法分为喹硫平治疗的A组(59例)和托吡酯联合喹硫平治疗的B组(59例),均治疗6个月。比较疗效、糖脂代谢指标、脑电波指标、认知功能水平及病情严重程度。结果治疗6个月后,B组总有效率高于A组,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)值=6.186,P<0.05)。两组治疗6个月后血清空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、θ波频率及临床疗效总体评价量表(CGI)、一般精神病理症状、阴性症状、阳性症状评分与治疗前比较,降低,与A组比较,B组更低,差异有统计学意义(t=16.495、25.232、19.514、6.670、7.069、18.165、15.578、14.538、6.900,P<0.05);两组血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、感觉运动节律(SMR)波、β波频率及即刻记忆、延迟记忆、视觉记忆、延迟视觉评分与治疗前比较,升高,与A组比较,B组更高,差异有统计学意义(t=7.957、4.737、6.080、3.345、5.660、5.934、5.676、8.589、7.353,P<0.05)。结论托吡酯联合喹硫平可调节SCH患者糖脂代谢,调节患者脑电波,改善其认知功能、病情严重程度,具有较好的临床疗效。展开更多
Brain-computer interface is a communication system that connects the brain with computer （or other devices） but is not dependent on the normal output of the brain （i.e., peripheral nerve and muscle）. Electro-oculo...Brain-computer interface is a communication system that connects the brain with computer （or other devices） but is not dependent on the normal output of the brain （i.e., peripheral nerve and muscle）. Electro-oculogram is a dominant artifact which has a significant negative influence on further analysis of real electroencephalography data. This paper presented a data adaptive technique for artifact suppression and brain wave extraction from electroencephalography signals to detect regional brain activities. Empirical mode decomposition based adaptive thresholding approach was employed here to suppress the electro-oculogram artifact. Fractional Gaussian noise was used to determine the threshold level derived from the analysis data without any training. The purified electroencephalography signal was composed of the brain waves also called rhythmic components which represent the brain activities. The rhythmic components were extracted from each electroencephalography channel using adaptive wiener filter with the original scale. The regional brain activities were mapped on the basis of the spatial distribution of rhythmic components, and the results showed that different regions of the brain are activated in response to different stimuli. This research analyzed the activities of a single rhythmic component, alpha with respect to different motor imaginations. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is very efficient in artifact suppression and identifying individual motor imagery based on the activities of alpha component.展开更多
The brain produces an electromagnetic wave throughout the day and the strength of this wave depends on the activity of the brain. It is said that this wave is a weak wave which does not cover a greater distance. But I...The brain produces an electromagnetic wave throughout the day and the strength of this wave depends on the activity of the brain. It is said that this wave is a weak wave which does not cover a greater distance. But I do believe that it is like the radio wave in the distance it covers and frequency it possesses. I do believe that there is a communication between individuals through electromagnetic wave (brain wave) and a gas (Nitric Oxide) produced by the brain. This can be observed in our daily experiences. This can also help us understand that as a computer can receive and record the brain waves, so an individual can also receive and integrate these waves and it is being decoded to release the message it contains. In this respect, it can be said that the state of consciousness in an individual can be understood by another through concentration.展开更多
Objective: Factors affecting performance of archery are categorized into psychological, skill, and fitness perspectives. Increase in attention, relaxation and parasympathetic system activity is believed to enhance the...Objective: Factors affecting performance of archery are categorized into psychological, skill, and fitness perspectives. Increase in attention, relaxation and parasympathetic system activity is believed to enhance the shooting performance of archers during competition. This pilot study aims to investigate the effects of single-dose of Tai Chi practice on archer’s performance and the feasibility of an investigation protocol under a competition scenario. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a crossover study design. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were conducted to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi practice on the archer’s autonomic nervous system activity, attention and relaxation through electroencephalography investigation, and shooting performance when compared with stretching as control. Results: The protocol of the study was found to be feasible during a competition setting. No significant difference was detected in the outcome measures under the two intervention conditions. Participants after practicing Tai Chi were found to improve significantly in their shooting performance (p = 0.021). Conclusion: This pilot study showed that a real-time measurement of autonomic nervous system and brain wave activities in the competition field was feasible and it did not hinder the archers’ performance. There was a significant improvement observed in the shooting performance of archers after Tai Chi practice when compared with baseline. The findings of this pilot study provide the basis for the conduction of a larger RCT study to examine the potential beneficial effects of Tai Chi practice on archers.展开更多
In this paper, we proposed a new concept: depth of drowsiness, which can more precisely describe the drowsiness than existing binary description. A set of effective markers for drowsiness: normalized band norm was suc...In this paper, we proposed a new concept: depth of drowsiness, which can more precisely describe the drowsiness than existing binary description. A set of effective markers for drowsiness: normalized band norm was successfully developed. These markers are invariant from voltage amplitude of brain waves, eliminating the need for calibrating the voltage output of the brain-computer interface devices. A new polling algorithm was designed and implemented for computing the depth of drowsiness. The time cost of data acquisition and processing for each estimate is about one second, which is well suited for real-time applications. Test results with a portable brain-computer interface device show that the depth of drowsiness computed by the method in this paper is generally invariant from ages of test subjects and sensor channels (P3 and C4). The comparison between experiment and computing results indicate that the new method is noticeably better than one of the recent methods in terms of accuracy for predicting the drowsiness.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Ultrashortwave （USW） therapy may be a new method for treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. It is necessary to study its treatment time window. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of USW on reper...BACKGROUND： Ultrashortwave （USW） therapy may be a new method for treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. It is necessary to study its treatment time window. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of USW on reperfusion injury after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery （MCAO） in rats and discuss its acting mechanisms and best occasion. DESIGN： Randomized controlled observation, animal experiment. SETTING： Laboratory of Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University. MATERIALS： Sixty-six healthy Wistar rats of either gender and of clean grade, aged 18–20 weeks, weighing from 250 to 300 g, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of China Medical University. An USW device （Shanghai Electrical Device Company） with the frequency of 40.68 MHz and the maximum output power of 40 W, and the first channel power controlled at about 11 W was used in this study. Output power was determined by photometry. METHODS： Sixty-six rats were randomly divided into 3 groups： Sham-operation group （n =6）： The suture was inserted only 1.0 depth during operation, which did not cause MACO; Model group （n =12）： The USW treatment procedure was performed with the power off on the model rats; USW treatment group （n =48）： The 48 rats were randomly divided into modeling 0, 6, 12 and 18 hours 4 subgroups. USW therapy without heat was used on the head of rats for 10 minutes at each time point. Twelve rats in USW treatment group were decapitated following treatment at each time point, and then their brain tissues were harvested. The rat brain tissues in other groups were harvested by decapitation at 24 hours after modeling. When the rats were awake, the neurologic deficit was scored by Zea-Longa five-point scale （a score of 0 indicated no neurologic deficit, a score of 1 indicated failure to extend left paw fully, a score of 2 indicated circling to the left, and a score of 3 indicated falling to the left, and rats with a score of 4 did not walk spontaneously and has a depressed level of consciousness.） Rats which still survived at 24 hours and was scored 1 and 2 on the neurologic scoring were involved in the analysis. ① Determination of cerebral water content： Cerebral water contents of healthy and injured hemisphere were determined by wet/dry weighing method. Cerebral water content （100%） =（1–dry/wet weight）×100%.②Infarction volume： The brain tissue was sliced into 2 mm sections and each section was stained with 20 g/L 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） by TTC staining technique for 30 minutes in a water bath at 37 ℃.Then, the section was fixed in 100 g/L formaldehyde for 10 minutes .The infarction volume was analyzed by using an imaging analyzer.③ Preparation of light microscopic sample： The rat brain tissue fixed by 100 g/L neutral formaldehyde and stained with TTC, were gradiently dehydrated with alcoholic, embedded with paraffin, sliced and stained by HE, finally, the sections were observed under the light microscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cerebral water content, cerebral infarction volume and cerebral histomorphology of rats in each group. RESULTS： Sixty-six rats were involved in the final analysis. ①Cerebral water content： There were no significant differences of cerebral water content in healthy hemisphere among groups （P 〉 0.05）. Cerebral water content of injured hemisphere in the model group and at modeling 0, 6, 12 and 18 hours in the USW treatment group was （81.50±0.74） %, （81.02±0.83） %, （79.78±0.70） %, （79.74±0.84） %, （79.39± 1.06） %, respectively, which was significantly higher than that in the sham-operation group [（78.09±0.52） %, P 〈 0.05]. At modeling 0, 6 and 12 hours, the cerebral water content in the injured hemisphere in the USW treatment group was significantly lower than that in the model group, respectively （P 〈 0.05）. It indicatedthat USW treatment given at 6, 12 and 18 hours after ischemia/reperfusion can lessen brain edema. ② Cerebral infarction volume： At modeling 18 hours, cerebral infarction volume in the injured hemisphere of USW treatment group was smaller than that in the model group [（191.62±121.45）,（362.03±142.01）mm3, t =2.23,P 〈 0.05]. ③ Cerebral histomorphological observation： No swelling was found in the brain tissue section of rats in the sham-operation group. In the model group, the size of infarction hemisphere was obviously increased, gyrus became flattened, cortical sulci was shallow, the color at infarct focus obviously became light, and the tissue was fragile and brittle. In the sham-operation group, it was found under the microscope that mesenchyma was highly swelled, neuronal peripheral interspace was obviously broadened, neurons presented triangle, nucleoli were reduced, condensed even disappeared, and neutrophils in the vascular cavity were obviously increased. In the USW treatment group, pathological injury was not obviously lessened at 0 hour, moderate or mild edema could be found in the injured hemisphere of USW treatment group at modeling 6,12 and 18 hours, and at this time, neutrophils in vascular cavity were increased slightly, and pathological injuries were lessened. CONCLUSION： USW may play a protective effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing brain edema and/or cerebral infarction volume. The treatment action of USW may start at 6 hours after reperfusion, and the best occasion of application may be at 18 hours after reperfusion.展开更多
There is a growing interest in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with dementia and cognitive impairment at an early stage. Recent imaging studies have explored neural mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction ...There is a growing interest in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with dementia and cognitive impairment at an early stage. Recent imaging studies have explored neural mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction based on brain network architecture and functioning. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is thought to regulate large-scale intrinsic brain networks, and plays a primary role in cognitive processing with the anterior insular cortex (aIC), thus providing salience functions. Although neural mechanisms have been elucidated at the connectivity level by imaging studies, their understanding at the activity level still remains unclear because of limited time-based resolution of conventional imaging techniques. In this study, we investigated temporal activity of the dACC during word (verb) generation tasks based on our newly developed event-related deep brain activity (ER-DBA) method using occipital electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha-2 powers with a time resolution of a few hundred milliseconds. The dACC exhibited dip-like temporal waveforms indicating deactivation in an initial stage of each trial when appropriate verbs were successfully generated. By contrast, monotonous increase was observed for incorrect responses and a decrease was detected for no responses. The dip depth was correlated with the percentage of success. Additionally, the dip depth linearly increased with increasing slow component of the DBA index at rest across all subjects. These findings suggest that dACC deactivation is essential for cognitive processing, whereas its activation is required for goal-oriented behavioral outputs, such as cued speech. Such dACC functioning, represented by the dip depth, is supported by the activity of the upper brainstem region including monoaminergic neural systems.展开更多
文摘The effect of fragrances on drivers has been examined, in order to optimize driver’s condition during driving. A map that can clearly show the positioning of various fragrances is created as an initial step of this research and development. Sensory evaluation data of 12 kinds of fragrance samples, which are tested on 64 subjects, are used for the creation of this map. The “Aromatic Image Map” can be used to confirm the distribution of the characteristics and the subjects’ preferences for each fragrance. Furthermore, the validity of the “Aromatic Image Map” is inspected experimentally, based on the difference in recovery from stress among the fragrances. Six subjects participate in the experiment, and the four kinds of fragrances that stand at the specific positions on the “Aromatic Image Map” are used. As a result, this enables us to inspect the validity of the position of each fragrance on “Aromatic Image Map”.
文摘Acupuncture has been used for 1000 years, but how it gives therapeutic effect is not completely understood. Integration of brain wave as the central nervous system plays an important role in acupuncture efficacy. To explore the effect of acupuncture stimulation in the central nervous system, it is imperative to decide the adjustments in brain waves that produced because of acupuncture stimulation. Electroencephalogram(EEG) is often used in the acupuncture research area. EEG records spontaneous cerebral activity after some time by positioning electrodes on scalp surface. Using EEG, we can observe the brain connectivity regarding the acupuncture stimulation. An overview regarding the effect of manual acupuncture on human brain wave through EEG observation will be discussed in this review.
基金possible by funding from the DoD Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs(CDMRP)for the Peer Reviewed Alzheimer’s Research Program Convergence Science Research Award(PRARP-CSRAAZ140109)the research funds of the University of Missouri(to ZG)
文摘Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury（m TBI） is of particular concern among military personnel due to exposure to blast energy during military training and combat.The impact of primary low-intensity blast mediated pathophysiology upon later neurobehavioral disorders has been controversial.Developing a military preclinical blast model to simulate the pathophysiology of human blast injury is an important first step.This article provides an overview of primary blast effects and perspectives of our recent studies demonstrating ultrastructural changes in the brain and behavioral disorders resulting from open-field blast exposures up to 46.6 k Pa using a murine model.The model is scalable and permits exposure to varying magnitudes of primary blast injuries by placing animals at different distances from the blast center or by changing the amount of C4 charge.We here review the implications and future applications and directions of using this animal model to uncover the underlying mechanisms related to primary blast injury.Overall,these studies offer the prospect of enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of primary low-intensity blast-induced TBI and insights for prevention,diagnosis and treatment of blast induced TBI,particularly m TBI/concussion related to current combat exposures.
文摘目的研究托吡酯联合喹硫平治疗精神分裂症(SCH)的疗效。方法选取2020年9月至2023年6月在衡水市第七人民医院接受治疗的SCH患者(118例),随机数字表法分为喹硫平治疗的A组(59例)和托吡酯联合喹硫平治疗的B组(59例),均治疗6个月。比较疗效、糖脂代谢指标、脑电波指标、认知功能水平及病情严重程度。结果治疗6个月后,B组总有效率高于A组,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)值=6.186,P<0.05)。两组治疗6个月后血清空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、θ波频率及临床疗效总体评价量表(CGI)、一般精神病理症状、阴性症状、阳性症状评分与治疗前比较,降低,与A组比较,B组更低,差异有统计学意义(t=16.495、25.232、19.514、6.670、7.069、18.165、15.578、14.538、6.900,P<0.05);两组血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、感觉运动节律(SMR)波、β波频率及即刻记忆、延迟记忆、视觉记忆、延迟视觉评分与治疗前比较,升高,与A组比较,B组更高,差异有统计学意义(t=7.957、4.737、6.080、3.345、5.660、5.934、5.676、8.589、7.353,P<0.05)。结论托吡酯联合喹硫平可调节SCH患者糖脂代谢,调节患者脑电波,改善其认知功能、病情严重程度,具有较好的临床疗效。
基金supported by a grant from the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology(NICT),Japan
文摘Brain-computer interface is a communication system that connects the brain with computer （or other devices） but is not dependent on the normal output of the brain （i.e., peripheral nerve and muscle）. Electro-oculogram is a dominant artifact which has a significant negative influence on further analysis of real electroencephalography data. This paper presented a data adaptive technique for artifact suppression and brain wave extraction from electroencephalography signals to detect regional brain activities. Empirical mode decomposition based adaptive thresholding approach was employed here to suppress the electro-oculogram artifact. Fractional Gaussian noise was used to determine the threshold level derived from the analysis data without any training. The purified electroencephalography signal was composed of the brain waves also called rhythmic components which represent the brain activities. The rhythmic components were extracted from each electroencephalography channel using adaptive wiener filter with the original scale. The regional brain activities were mapped on the basis of the spatial distribution of rhythmic components, and the results showed that different regions of the brain are activated in response to different stimuli. This research analyzed the activities of a single rhythmic component, alpha with respect to different motor imaginations. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is very efficient in artifact suppression and identifying individual motor imagery based on the activities of alpha component.
文摘The brain produces an electromagnetic wave throughout the day and the strength of this wave depends on the activity of the brain. It is said that this wave is a weak wave which does not cover a greater distance. But I do believe that it is like the radio wave in the distance it covers and frequency it possesses. I do believe that there is a communication between individuals through electromagnetic wave (brain wave) and a gas (Nitric Oxide) produced by the brain. This can be observed in our daily experiences. This can also help us understand that as a computer can receive and record the brain waves, so an individual can also receive and integrate these waves and it is being decoded to release the message it contains. In this respect, it can be said that the state of consciousness in an individual can be understood by another through concentration.
文摘Objective: Factors affecting performance of archery are categorized into psychological, skill, and fitness perspectives. Increase in attention, relaxation and parasympathetic system activity is believed to enhance the shooting performance of archers during competition. This pilot study aims to investigate the effects of single-dose of Tai Chi practice on archer’s performance and the feasibility of an investigation protocol under a competition scenario. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a crossover study design. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were conducted to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi practice on the archer’s autonomic nervous system activity, attention and relaxation through electroencephalography investigation, and shooting performance when compared with stretching as control. Results: The protocol of the study was found to be feasible during a competition setting. No significant difference was detected in the outcome measures under the two intervention conditions. Participants after practicing Tai Chi were found to improve significantly in their shooting performance (p = 0.021). Conclusion: This pilot study showed that a real-time measurement of autonomic nervous system and brain wave activities in the competition field was feasible and it did not hinder the archers’ performance. There was a significant improvement observed in the shooting performance of archers after Tai Chi practice when compared with baseline. The findings of this pilot study provide the basis for the conduction of a larger RCT study to examine the potential beneficial effects of Tai Chi practice on archers.
文摘In this paper, we proposed a new concept: depth of drowsiness, which can more precisely describe the drowsiness than existing binary description. A set of effective markers for drowsiness: normalized band norm was successfully developed. These markers are invariant from voltage amplitude of brain waves, eliminating the need for calibrating the voltage output of the brain-computer interface devices. A new polling algorithm was designed and implemented for computing the depth of drowsiness. The time cost of data acquisition and processing for each estimate is about one second, which is well suited for real-time applications. Test results with a portable brain-computer interface device show that the depth of drowsiness computed by the method in this paper is generally invariant from ages of test subjects and sensor channels (P3 and C4). The comparison between experiment and computing results indicate that the new method is noticeably better than one of the recent methods in terms of accuracy for predicting the drowsiness.
文摘BACKGROUND： Ultrashortwave （USW） therapy may be a new method for treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. It is necessary to study its treatment time window. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of USW on reperfusion injury after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery （MCAO） in rats and discuss its acting mechanisms and best occasion. DESIGN： Randomized controlled observation, animal experiment. SETTING： Laboratory of Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University. MATERIALS： Sixty-six healthy Wistar rats of either gender and of clean grade, aged 18–20 weeks, weighing from 250 to 300 g, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of China Medical University. An USW device （Shanghai Electrical Device Company） with the frequency of 40.68 MHz and the maximum output power of 40 W, and the first channel power controlled at about 11 W was used in this study. Output power was determined by photometry. METHODS： Sixty-six rats were randomly divided into 3 groups： Sham-operation group （n =6）： The suture was inserted only 1.0 depth during operation, which did not cause MACO; Model group （n =12）： The USW treatment procedure was performed with the power off on the model rats; USW treatment group （n =48）： The 48 rats were randomly divided into modeling 0, 6, 12 and 18 hours 4 subgroups. USW therapy without heat was used on the head of rats for 10 minutes at each time point. Twelve rats in USW treatment group were decapitated following treatment at each time point, and then their brain tissues were harvested. The rat brain tissues in other groups were harvested by decapitation at 24 hours after modeling. When the rats were awake, the neurologic deficit was scored by Zea-Longa five-point scale （a score of 0 indicated no neurologic deficit, a score of 1 indicated failure to extend left paw fully, a score of 2 indicated circling to the left, and a score of 3 indicated falling to the left, and rats with a score of 4 did not walk spontaneously and has a depressed level of consciousness.） Rats which still survived at 24 hours and was scored 1 and 2 on the neurologic scoring were involved in the analysis. ① Determination of cerebral water content： Cerebral water contents of healthy and injured hemisphere were determined by wet/dry weighing method. Cerebral water content （100%） =（1–dry/wet weight）×100%.②Infarction volume： The brain tissue was sliced into 2 mm sections and each section was stained with 20 g/L 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） by TTC staining technique for 30 minutes in a water bath at 37 ℃.Then, the section was fixed in 100 g/L formaldehyde for 10 minutes .The infarction volume was analyzed by using an imaging analyzer.③ Preparation of light microscopic sample： The rat brain tissue fixed by 100 g/L neutral formaldehyde and stained with TTC, were gradiently dehydrated with alcoholic, embedded with paraffin, sliced and stained by HE, finally, the sections were observed under the light microscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Cerebral water content, cerebral infarction volume and cerebral histomorphology of rats in each group. RESULTS： Sixty-six rats were involved in the final analysis. ①Cerebral water content： There were no significant differences of cerebral water content in healthy hemisphere among groups （P 〉 0.05）. Cerebral water content of injured hemisphere in the model group and at modeling 0, 6, 12 and 18 hours in the USW treatment group was （81.50±0.74） %, （81.02±0.83） %, （79.78±0.70） %, （79.74±0.84） %, （79.39± 1.06） %, respectively, which was significantly higher than that in the sham-operation group [（78.09±0.52） %, P 〈 0.05]. At modeling 0, 6 and 12 hours, the cerebral water content in the injured hemisphere in the USW treatment group was significantly lower than that in the model group, respectively （P 〈 0.05）. It indicatedthat USW treatment given at 6, 12 and 18 hours after ischemia/reperfusion can lessen brain edema. ② Cerebral infarction volume： At modeling 18 hours, cerebral infarction volume in the injured hemisphere of USW treatment group was smaller than that in the model group [（191.62±121.45）,（362.03±142.01）mm3, t =2.23,P 〈 0.05]. ③ Cerebral histomorphological observation： No swelling was found in the brain tissue section of rats in the sham-operation group. In the model group, the size of infarction hemisphere was obviously increased, gyrus became flattened, cortical sulci was shallow, the color at infarct focus obviously became light, and the tissue was fragile and brittle. In the sham-operation group, it was found under the microscope that mesenchyma was highly swelled, neuronal peripheral interspace was obviously broadened, neurons presented triangle, nucleoli were reduced, condensed even disappeared, and neutrophils in the vascular cavity were obviously increased. In the USW treatment group, pathological injury was not obviously lessened at 0 hour, moderate or mild edema could be found in the injured hemisphere of USW treatment group at modeling 6,12 and 18 hours, and at this time, neutrophils in vascular cavity were increased slightly, and pathological injuries were lessened. CONCLUSION： USW may play a protective effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by decreasing brain edema and/or cerebral infarction volume. The treatment action of USW may start at 6 hours after reperfusion, and the best occasion of application may be at 18 hours after reperfusion.
文摘There is a growing interest in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with dementia and cognitive impairment at an early stage. Recent imaging studies have explored neural mechanisms underlying cognitive dysfunction based on brain network architecture and functioning. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is thought to regulate large-scale intrinsic brain networks, and plays a primary role in cognitive processing with the anterior insular cortex (aIC), thus providing salience functions. Although neural mechanisms have been elucidated at the connectivity level by imaging studies, their understanding at the activity level still remains unclear because of limited time-based resolution of conventional imaging techniques. In this study, we investigated temporal activity of the dACC during word (verb) generation tasks based on our newly developed event-related deep brain activity (ER-DBA) method using occipital electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha-2 powers with a time resolution of a few hundred milliseconds. The dACC exhibited dip-like temporal waveforms indicating deactivation in an initial stage of each trial when appropriate verbs were successfully generated. By contrast, monotonous increase was observed for incorrect responses and a decrease was detected for no responses. The dip depth was correlated with the percentage of success. Additionally, the dip depth linearly increased with increasing slow component of the DBA index at rest across all subjects. These findings suggest that dACC deactivation is essential for cognitive processing, whereas its activation is required for goal-oriented behavioral outputs, such as cued speech. Such dACC functioning, represented by the dip depth, is supported by the activity of the upper brainstem region including monoaminergic neural systems.
