Geology, Geochemistry and Origin of the Hongshan Porphyry-Cryptoexplosive Breccia Type Copper Deposit in Huichang County, Jiangxi Prvince

The Hongshan porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia type copper deposit occurs in a metamorphic rock series of the Mesoproterozoic Zhongcun Group. Orebodies are distributed inside and outside porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia pipes. The deposit involves five ore-forming types, i.e the porphyry type, cryptoexplosive breccia type, contact-zone veinlet-disseminated type, in-pipe fracture-zone filling-replacement type and out-of-pipe fracture-zone filling-replacement type, forming an ore-forming system of “five ore-forming types within a single rock body”. Fluid inclusion and isotope geochemical studies indicate the following: S, Pb, O and Sr were derived from the lower crust, Nd was derived from the continental crust or depleted mantle and rare earth elements (REE) and trace elements have the crustal source characters; fluids consist dominantly of formation water, metamorphic water and ***meteoric water with a part of magmatic mater, heat came from porphyry while the latter originated from partial melting caused by shear heating in the lower crust and upper mantle. According to its origin the deposit is classified as the hypabyssal and near-surface, meso- and hypothermal copper deposit associated with the late Yanshanian porphyry-cryptoexplosive breccia.

Fluidization: An Important Process in the Formation of the Qiyugou Au-bearing Breccia Pipes in Central China

Fluidization processes based on experiments are reviewed to gain some useful insights and comparisons with those that occur in hydrothermal systems. Field and petrographic work, and microscope observation were carried out on samples from the Qiyugou Au-bearing breccia pipes from the East Qinling region, Henan Province. Evidence from macro- and micro-textures suggests that the style of breccias in the Qiyugou area can be grouped into three types： （1） jigsaw fit-stockwork texture, in which the interval between clasts is marked by fractures or filled with calcite or quartz veins; （2） larger breccias that are supported by smaller breccias, rock flour and alteration materials; in this type clasts moved over short distances, creating open spaces; （3） fluidized texture, where the clasts of different lithologies have rounded shapes. These observations are compared with those resulting from experiments on fluidization processes. The results of this comparison suggest that fluidization is an important geological process in the formation of the Qiyugou Au-bearing breccia pipes and gold mineralization. In addition, fluidization processes such as expansion, bubbling, slugging, channeling and spouting must have contributed to the formation of the pipes and were conducive to the development of gold mineralization. In the Qiyugou breccia pipes, gold mineralization occurs as disseminations, in stockwork veins, and open space infills. The ore zones form subparallel sheets that are nearly perpendicular to the walls of the pipes.

Characteristics of Breccias and C-O-Sr-S Isotope Geochemistry of the Duocaima Pb-Zn Deposit in Tuotuohe, Qinghai Province: Implications for the Ore-forming Process

The Duocaima carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit is a newly found large deposit in the southern area of Qinghai Province.In this paper, the characteristics, genesis, significance to Pb-Zn mineralization of the widely developed breccias, and the ore-forming process have been carefully studied based on geological documentation of drilling holes, microscopic observations of petrography and microstructure and some stable isotope measurements.Based on the compositions of the clast and matrix, the breccias can be classified into three types： limestone clasts cemented by marl; limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials; and limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite.The mineralization in the first type of breccia is weak, whereas it is strong in the latter two types of breccias.According to the locations of occurrence and structural characteristics of the breccias along with the relationship between the breccias and mineralization, part of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and outcrop in the contact zone between the Wudaoliang Formation（Nw） and the underlying Jiushidaoban Formation（Pj） are attributed to synsedimentary fault-genetic breccia, whereas the last of the limestone clasts that are cemented by marl and developed in the Jiushidaoban Formation（Pj） are attributed to the breccia generated by karst cave collapse; the limestone clasts with fine-grained calcareous materials and the limestone clasts cemented by hydrothermal calcite are attributed to breccia formed by hydrothermal dissolution.The breccia formed by karst collapse had consistently evolved for a long period of time, while the breccias with other origins were formed around the period of mineralization（i.e., about or slightly later than 20–16 Ma）.The breccia generated by karst cave collapse and hydrothermal dissolution are somewhat related; the formation of the breccia from karst cave collapse provided open space for the later mineralization and reaction between hydrothermal fluids and host rocks, and the subsequent strong dissolution by hydrothermal fluids transformed some of the breccia formed earlier by karst cave collapse.Meanwhile, carbonate host rocks with breccias and brecciaed mineralization can be a potential sign of Mississippi Valley Type（MVT） deposits and important indicators for regional mineral exploration.The δ13CV-PDB, δ18OVSMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite in the Duocaima deposit range from 4.3‰ to 7.1‰, 14.9‰ to 20.1‰, and 0.707494 to 0.708185, respectively; the δ13CV-PDB, δ18OV-SMOW, and 87Sr/86 Sr values of the host limestones of the Jiushidaoban Formation range from 3.6‰ to 5.3‰, 18.0‰ to 20.5‰, and 0.707372 to 0.707945, respectively.The δ13CV-PDB and 87Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal calcite and limestone are similar, indicating single sources of C and Sr in this deposit, with the likely source being the limestone of the Jiushidaoban Formation.The minor scattering of the δ18OV-SMOW values suggests that different O isotope fluids underwent the isotope exchange reaction.The C-O-Sr isotope characteristics indicate that the host limestones experienced a dissolution and precipitation process during mineralization, which is beneficial to improving the porosity of host rocks and promoting the precipitation of metal sulfides.The δ34SV-CDT value of the breccia-type mineralization sulfides ranges from-30.4‰ to-0.3‰; that is, the δ34SV-CDT value is negative with considerable variation, illustrating that during the breccia-type mineralization process, the bacteriogenic reduction of sulfates provided the vast majority of sulfur, whereas the thermochemical reduction of sulfates was relatively unimportant.The brecciation that occurred as a result of karst cave collapse was mainly generated by the dissolution of groundwater; however, the brecciation related to hydrothermal dissolution and mineralization processes were caused by mixing of different fluids.

Puziwan Gold Deposit in Shanxi,China:A Special Linear Cryptoexplosive Breccia Type Gold Deposit

The Puziwan gold deposit is a special linear cryptoexplosive breccia type deposit found in northeastern Shanxi, China, in recent years. The deposit is located in a secondary metallogenic belt of the most famous Au-Ag polymetallic metallogenic belt along the north margin of the North China platform. The secondary metallogenic belt is a synmagmatic tension-shear fault-fracture belt of ENE linear trend. The Indosinian cryptoexplosive breccia body, quartz monzonitic porphyry (beschtauite breccia), quartz monzonite (243.7 Ma, K-Ar), Yanshanian granite-porphyry (105±6 Ma, Rb-Sr) and orebodies mostly occur as dykes or veins and short lenses along the structural fracture belt. The orebodies are emplaced in the fractured cryptoexplosive breccia body in the tectonomagmatic belt and their attitude is consistent with that of the breccia body. The orebodies have two types: one is shallow-seated thick and big ones, which are short-lenticular in plan and wedge-shaped in cross section, shallow buried, large in size and high-grade; the other is lean orebodies, which occur as parallel veins at depths. The ores are mainly of Au-Ag polymetallic sulphide-rich breccia type. Pyrite (limonite) is the dominant metallic mineral, with subordinate chal-copyrite, galena, sphalerite, tenantite, native gold, electrum, native silver and argentite. The gangue minerals consist mainly of quartz and plagioclase, with subordinate carbonate minerals, alunite chalcedony and kaolin. Kaolinization is the characteristic alteration type. Sulphide minerals contain abundant trace minerals such as Cu, Pb, Ag, Sb and Hg, while in the ores Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, As and Sb are the best indicator element assemblage of Au. The δ34S(%o) values of the ores rane from ?3.2%o to 5.3%o, with average ?0.102%o. The δO H2O(%o) and δ(%o) values are in the ranges from ?3.1%o to 7.73%o and from ?64%o to ?90%o respectively. The Pb isotopic compositions of the rocks and ores in this region indicate that Pb comes from three tectonic sources—upper mantle, lower crust and orogenic belt. The inclusion homogenization temperature are in the ranges of 110 to 220°C and 230 to 310°C, which suggests that the deposit formed under meso-epithermal conditions. The ore-forming pressures range from 6 to 32 MPa and the depths are 230 to 1200 m. In view of the above, the Puziwan gold deposit is genetically ascribed to a high-sulphur (alunite-kaolin) meso-epithermal gold deposit related to subvolcanic rocks. This gold deposit formed during the Indosinian stage (245.9±0.3 Ma) and then was influenced by a thermal event in the Yanshanian stage (142.9±0.5 Ma).

Adsorption difference of Pb^(2+) and Zn^(2+) in sandstone and breccia

The adsorption difference of Pb^2_+ and Zn^2+ in sandstone andbreccia of Pb-Zn Mine of Yunnan Province was studied by using moderninstrument analysis method and fractal geometry theory. The resultsshow that the adsorption capacity (Q) of Pb^2+ in this two rocks isbigger than that of Zn^2_+, and Q in various initial concentrationsolutions obeys Freundlich experiential formula. The value of 1/n onthe adsorption PB^2+ and Zn^2+ and Zn^2+ in sandstone hardly has anydifference, But the value of k differs observably.

Iron Speciation of Mud Breccia from the Dushanzi Mud Volcano in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,NW China

Organic-inorganic interactions occurring in petroleum-related mud volcanoes can help predict the chemical processes that are responsible for methane emissions to the atmosphere. Seven samples of mud breccia directly ejected from one crater were collected in the Dushanzi mud volcano, along with one argillite sample of the original reddish host rocks distal from the crater, for comparison purposes. The mineral and chemical compositions as well as iron species of all samples were determined using XRD, XRF and M?ssbauer spectroscopy, respectively. The results indicate that a series of marked reactions occurred in the mud volcano systems, more specifically in the mud breccia when compared to the original rocks. Changes mainly included:(1) some conversion of clay minerals from smectite into chlorite and illite, and the precipitation of secondary carbonate minerals such as calcite and siderite;(2) silicon depletion and significant elemental enrichment of iron, manganese, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus; and(3) transformation of iron from ferric species in hematite and smectite into ferrous species in siderite, chlorite and illite. These geochemical reactions likely induced the color changes of the original reddish Neogene argillite to the gray or black mud breccia, as a result of reduction of elements and/or alteration of minerals associated with the oxidation of hydrocarbons. Our results also suggest that greenhouse gases emitted from the mud volcanoes are lowered through a series of methane oxidation reactions and carbon fixation(i.e., through carbonate precipitation).

Breccia-cored columnar rosettes in a rubbly pahoehoe lava flow,Elephanta Island,Deccan Traps,and a model for their origin

Rubbly pahoehoe lava flows are abundant in many continental flood basalts including the Deccan Traps.However,structures with radial joint columns surrounding cores of flow-top breccia(FTB),reported from some Deccan rubbly pahoehoe flows,are yet unknown from other basaltic provinces.A previous study of these Deccan "breccia-cored columnar rosettes" ruled out explanations such as volcanic vents and lava tubes,and showed that the radial joint columns had grown outwards from cold FTB inclusions incorporated into the hot molten interiors.How the highly vesicular(thus low-density)FTB blocks might have sunk into the flow interiors has remained a puzzle.Here we describe a new example of a Deccan rubbly pahoehoe flow with FTB-cored rosettes,from Elephanta Island in the Mumbai harbor.Noting that(1)thick rubbly pahoehoe flows probably form by rapid inflation(involving many lava injections into a largely molten advancing flow),and(2)such flows are transitional to 'a'a flows(which continuously shed their top clinker in front of them as they advance),we propose a model for the FTB-cored rosettes.We suggest that the Deccan flows under study were shedding some of their FTB in front of them as they advanced and,with high-eruption rate lava injection and inflation,frontal breakouts would incorporate this FTB rubble,with thickening of the flow carrying the rubble into the flow interior.This implies that,far from sinking into the molten interior,the FTB blocks may have been rising,until lava supply and inflation stopped,the flow began solidifying,and joint columns developed outward from each cold FTB inclusion as already inferred,forming the FTB-cored rosettes.Those rubbly pahoehoe flows which began recycling most of their FTB became the 'a'a flows of the Deccan.

BRECCIATION AND GOLD MINERALIZATION OF ORE－HOSTING ROCKS IN LAOYACHAO GOLD DEPOSIT

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Genesis of lacustrine carbonate breccia and its significance for hydrocarbon exploration in Yingxi region, Qaidam Basin, NW China

To examine the reservoir type and distribution regularity of high-and stable-yield lacustrine carbonates in the upper Member of Paleogene Xiaganchaigou Formation of Yingxi region and to determine the high-efficiency hydrocarbon exploration direction, the origin and significance of carbonate breccia in this area were investigated based on comprehensive analysis of a large number of well cores, thin sections, rock and mineral testing and log-seismic data. The study reveals that the carbonate breccia has three origins:(1) Sedimentary breccia, formed by the event-related collapse, fragmentation and re-deposition of the early weakly consolidated carbonate rock in the steep slope of underwater paleohighs due to short-term high-energy water body reformation and other geological processes.(2) Diagenetic breccia, with breccia-like structure, formed by deformation or breaking of host rock due to growth of idiomorphic and coarse crystalline gypsum-salt minerals in the weakly consolidated argillaceous carbonate rock of the penecontemporaneous period.(3) Tectonic breccia, can be further divided into fault breccia and interlayer slip breccia according to their occurrence characteristics, both of which are closely related to activity of the Shizigou thrust Fault. With a large number of partially filled pores, vugs and fractures between breccia, the two types of tectonic breccia are high-and stable-yield reservoirs in deep Yingxi region, and may occur extensively under gypsum-salt detachment layers of adjacent areas, so they are the exploration targets in the next step. Sedimentary breccia and diagenetic breccia are of great significance in searching for large-scale carbonate reservoirs.

Discovery of Liquid Cryptoexplosive Breccia in the Pulang Porphyry Copper Deposit of Yunnan Province and its Prospecting Significance

The Pulang porphyry copper deposit,located in the Gezan tectonic-magmatic arc and south of the Yidun island arc,southwest of Sanjiang metallogenic belt in Yunnan province,is a super-large porphyry copper deposit.

Qiyugou auriferous breccia pipes: A low-sulphidation epithermal system linked with transition of tectonic regime from collisional compression to extension, Xiong ershan, Henan, China

The Xiong’ershan area,as a part of a metallogenic province in cetral China,contains substantial Leimengou porphyry molybdenite deposit,Qiyugou breccia gold deposits and vein gold deposit occurred in fault zone,as well as previously refer to as orogenic gold deposit.Around or nearby the Mesozoic porphyry granite,the typical porphyry deposit,much more breccia pipes and breccia gold deposit are developed in the area.In this paper we focus on reporting preliminary results obtained from field,petrographic work on the Leimengou porphyry molybdenite and the Qiyugou breccia gold deposit,as well as laser Raman microspectroscopy and microprobe analyses carried out on samples from the Au-bearing Qiyugou breccia pipes.An adularia-calcite assemblage is reported in these breccia gold deposits.Two stages of hydrothermal alteration,pervasive and vein,are identified.The first stage consists of the alteration of the breccia clasts and rock flour by actinolite,green biotite,epidote,chlorite and minor sericite.This hydrothermal activity is likely to relate to the molybdenite mineralisation episode.The second stage is characterised by quartz veining and adularia and calcite filling open-spaces.Vein ores associated with quartz,sericite,and minor calcite alteration occur in NE-trending fault that cut the first stage of alteration.The adularia-calcite alteration is genetically associated with gold mineralization.The adularia-calcite assemblage in the area suggest that the Qiyugou pipes are of low-sulphidation epithermal in nature.The Qiyugou breccia pipes are coeval and spatially associated with the nearby Leimengou porphyry Mo deposit,which together conform to an alkalic mineralising system.We propose a model for the development and evolution of the breccia pipes in conjunction with a model that describes the genesis of the porphyry Mo and auriferous breccia pipes as a unified magmatic-hydrothermal system,which is linked with transition from collisional compressional to extensional geodynamic regime.

Tellurium-Gold Mineralization Related to Cryptoexplosive Breccias within Volcanic Pipe in Zhuojiazhuang Gold Deposit,Shandong Province, China

Zhuojiazhuang gold deposit (ZGD) is the most enriched breccia pipe type gold deposit in East China, resulted from cryptoexplosion related to alkalinic magmatism and orebearing fluid filling. The ZGD is a small-sized mine with over 5 tons of gold reserves and grade of 156g/t in average and the highest 2 728 g/t as known. In addition, tellurium and silver are also valuable.The mineralized breccia pipe is cylinder-like in shape with 15 m long and 10 m wide and controlled by intersection ofNW and EW trend faults. Mining level has reached 170 m below the surface, but the whole pipe mineralization is still stable. Mineralization commonly occurs within the cements of breccias. Gold ores consist of hydrothermal breccia ore, shatteredbreccia ore and cataclastic ore. From the center of the ore body outwards, there is the transition from hydrothermal breccia toshattered breccia and then to cataclastic ores. According to composition and amount of the cements, the hydrothermal brecciaores can further be divided into three subtypes: sulfides cemented, hydrothermal mineral cemented and magma cemented.The content of gold is closely related to the types of the cements. The grade of the sulfide cemented breccia is the highestone, usually more than 1 000 g/t, and the known maximum grade is 2 728 g/t. The composition of the shattered breccia ismainly dioritic porphyrite and cemented by hydrothermal minerals, the grade ranges from ten to several tens g/t. The catsclastic ores are mainly composed of dioritic porphyrite, syenitic porphyry, as well as carbonate with mineralized veins, and the grade is only 35 g/t.Major ore minerals consist of pyrite, native tellurium, sphalerite, with minor calaverite, galena and altaite. Gangueminerals are composed of microcrystalline quartz, decktite and fluorite, with minor sericite and calcite. Brecciated and disseminited structures are main structures of ores. Four ore-forming stages are defined: microcrystalline quartz-pyrite stage,microcrystalline quartz-polymetal sulfides stage, quartz-adular stage and dickite stage. Wall rock alteration is characterized bysilicification, sericitization, adularization and fluoritization.The enrichment of tellurium may indicate that the ore-forming fluid was of a deep origin from upper mantle or lower crust. Mineral assemblage of microcrystalline quartz, fluorite, adularia and dickite suggest a relatively low-temperature forming condition. An extensive suite of elements, including Au, Ag, Te, Hg, Sb, As, Mo, F, Zn, and Tl, is significantly enriched in mineralized rocks. They can be geochemical indicators for exploration in the study area.Comprehensive studies show that the Zhuojiazhuang gold deposit is a type of sericite-adular gold deposit, belongs to epithermal gold deposits, or can be classified into alkali gold deposit series.

Evidence of Shock Metamorphism Effects in Allochthonous Breccia Deposits from the Colonia Crater,Sao Paulo,Brazil

The 3.6 km-diameter Colonia impact crater, centred at 2352'03"S and 4642'27"W,?lies 40 km to the south-west of the S?o Paulo city. The structure was formed on the crystalline basement rocks and displays a bowl-shaped with steeper slope near the top that decreases gently toward the centre of the crater. Over recent years were drilled two boreholes inside the crater, which reached a maximum depth of 142 m and 197 m. Geological profile suggests four different lithological associations: 1) unshocked crystalline basement rocks (197 - 140 m);2) fractured/brecciated basement rocks (140 - 110 m);3) polymictic allochthonous breccia deposits (110 - 40 m);and 4) post-impact deposits (40 - 0 m). Petrographic characterisation of the polymictic allochthonous breccia reveals a series of distinctive shock-metamorphic features, including, among others, planar deformation features in quartz, feldspar and mica, ballen silica, granular texture in zircon and melt-bearing impact rocks. The occurrence of melt particles and very high-pressure phase transformation in suevite breccia suggest a shock pressure regime higher than 60 GPa.

THE GEOLOGY AND GENESIS OF THE Q1YUGOU EXPLOSIVE BRECCIA TYPE GOLD DEPOSITS,HENAN PROVINCE

The Qiyugou explosive breccia type gold deposits of northwestern Songxian, Henan Province is situated at the East Qinling, on the southern margin of the North China Platform.The basement rocks are the Archean Taihua Group gneisses which were overlaid by the Proterozoic Xionger Group metaandesites. NW-and NE-trending folds and fractures are well developed. Nlagmatism of the Mid-Late Yanshan Epoch led to the formation of the Huashan granite batholith and a variety of acid/alkali dykes, meanwhile more than thirty explosive breccia bodies had been brought about. The most important deposit type is the explosive breccia type represented by the Qiyugou deposit, meanwhile there are structure fracture altered rock type,the goldbearing quartz vein type, as well as porphyry-breccia type. All these types are the terminal products of the evolution and differentiation of the syntectic magma originated from lower crust or upper mantle. They are controlled by a unified structural pattern occurred in the same

Effects of temperature and pressure differences on water seepage in breccia

Effects of temperature and pressure differences on water seepage in breccia were investigated by using the physicochemical seepage instrument.The results show that the relationship of flow and pressure differences can be expressed by a linear equation,and the seepage coefficient is linearly correlated with temperature.The relation-ship between seepage flow and temperature could be described with the linear equation.The constant and tempera-ture seepage coefficient showed a linear relation with pressure.Binary quantitative equation for the seepage flow,temperature and pressure was obtained,and explained with experimental data and theoretical analysis.

Formation mechanism of breccia pipe type in Yixingzhai gold deposit

Based on the basic geological features of Yixingzhai gold deposit, the geological features, classification and relation to mineralization of breccia pipes were discussed by surveying the xenoliths and breccia's mineral composition, structure and construction, typical mineralization alteration phenomenon on field and microscopic anatomy in breccia pipes. And the ore-controlling mechanism and the formation mechanism of the blasting breccia pipes were investigated. The main conclusion shows that Hewan and Nanmenshan breccia pipes nearby the NW-striking deep fault are shaped earlier, belonging to the acidic siliceous ingredient production of ultra-hypabyssal magmatic in the late magma stage; Tietangdong and Nanmenshan breccia pipes that are shaped latter are the ultra-hypabyssal auriferous fluid production composed mainly of the skarn in the hydrothermal stage after the magma period. Both root in the unified deep magmatic chamber, belonging to differentiation derivatives at different stages in the deep magmatic chamber.

FORMATION OF GOLD-BEARING HYDROFRACTURING BRECCIA BODIES IN TECTONIC LENSES: A CASE STUDY ON SHUANGWANG GOLD DEPOSIT, SHAANXI, CHINA

Macro-microscopic tectonic analysis and lithologic features show that the gold-bearing breccia bodies in the Shuangwang gold deposit, for hydrofracturing of the deep-sourced and alkali-rich fluids in the Devonian sodic rock series, are identified as hydrofracturing breccia bodies. Since the Indosinian, intracontinental collisional orogenesis results in multiple fracturings and magmatic emplacements in the Qinling area. Deep-sourced fluids resulting from deep fractures and granitoid magmatic intrusion are of a supercritical nature. Joint action between the fluid-rock system and structures leads to hydrofracturing and ore formation of the gold deposit. Firstly, the progressive coaxial compression caused the competent sodic rock series and the incompetent pelitic rock series to be deformed and partitioned. Lens-like weak-strain domains are hence formed and distributed at the approximate equidistance zones and the linear strong-strain zones, respectively. Subsequently, the progressive non-coaxial shearing and right-lateral and high-angle oblique thrusting lead to the most developed fracture system in the core of the weak-strain domain to turn from compression to extension and to link up with the deep fracture systems. The periodical huge pressure decline in the pumping center causes the deep-sourced confined fluids to develop periodic tectonic pumping, hydrofracturing and precipitation-healing in the sodic rock series. The gold-bearinghydrofracturing breccia bodies are hence ultimately formed at near-equidistance tectonic lenses. On the basis of the above model, the predicted concealed gold-bearing hydrofracturing breccia bodies have been preliminarily validated by latest drillings.

Characteristics of breccia lava reservoirs and analysis of their dominant factors: case study of the Xushen gas field located in the Songliao Basin

Breccia lava is a type of rock in transition between volcanic clastic rock and lava. Its physical properties are compara-tively special, while the nature of its genesis and the formation of reservoirs, deposits and concentrations vary considerably. In order to discover the different genesis for breccia lava reservoirs, our study has been carried out on breccia lava for its rock constituents, structures, diagenesis and reconstruction from tectonic movements to mineral depositions. From our analysis, we conclude that the main type of reservoir is a secondary emposieu, where rock compositions, structures, diagenesis and tectonic action are the major contributing factors to the deposition of breccia lava and its properties. Diagenesis constrained the extent of conservation of the primary pore of breccia lava and produced secondary porosity. The roles of tectonics were played out through the formation controlling tectonic fissures inside breccia lava and affected the impermeability of breccia lava fluids. The constituents of lava rock determine directly the type of diagenesis and its response to tectonic action. At the time of appropriate rock composition and structures, constructive formation occurred to breccia lava. Breccia lava also responded proactively to tectonic movements, forming the best quality collective reservoir agglomerations of vast spaces and strong permeability.

KREEP-rich breccia in Chang'E-5 regolith and its implications

Lunar breccias provide crucial insights into the lithological diversity,shock processing and evolution of the lunar crust.Here,we report a unique regolith breccia(CE5C0000YJYX070GP,hereafter CE5C)returned from the Chang'E-5(CE-5)mission.CE5C is one of the largest CE-5 breccias with a wide variety of lithologies,dominated by basaltic and mineral fragments as well as impact-melted clasts(including mid-Ti glasses,high-Al glasses,and crystal-bearing impact melt clasts).A comprehensive study of petrology and mineralogy on several representative clasts was conducted by integrating Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),Tescan Integrated Mineral Analysis(TIMA),Electron Probe Microanalysis(EPMA)and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)techniques.Evidence is sufficient that CE5C is a mixed mare-highland regolith breccia,with a high percentage of KREEPy material(>20 vol.%),which has not been previously reported in other CE-5 samples.The mid-Ti impact glasses are characterized by high FeO(24.0 wt.%)and intermediate TiO_(2)(5.5 wt.%)contents,while the high-Al impact glasses have a chemical composition compatible with KREEP.Integrated with the regional geological context of the CE-5 landing site,we propose that CE5C is likely derived from a mixed region between the P58/Em4 mare unit and its contiguous eastern highlands.Despite the difficulty in assessing the representativeness of CE5C,the substantial presence of KREEPy material may provide valuable clues to the provenance of exotic ejecta,including the identification of unrecognized source craters situated in the eastern periphery of the sampling unit.

准噶尔盆地红车断裂带石炭系重新认识及油气成藏特征

准噶尔盆地红车断裂带石炭系岩性、内幕结构及接触关系复杂,为建立其地层层序,以野外露头建立的石炭系地层系统为基础,通过岩性、电性和地震属性精细地层标定,依据岩性组合特征、地震波组特征和地层接触关系进行综合分析,将西北缘后山石炭系地层系统引入盆内进行井下地层对比,建立石炭系层序剖面并开展精细地层划分与对比,在石炭系地层格架基础上开展优势岩相分析。结果表明:(1)准噶尔盆地盆内井下钻揭地层为上石炭统,由新到老依次为阿腊德依克赛组、哈拉阿拉特组和成吉思汗山组,整体向西超覆抬升,呈现“东西分带、南北分块”构造格局。(2)成吉思汗山组主要发育爆发相火山角砾岩,受推覆作用影响,阿腊德依克赛组和哈拉阿拉特组超覆尖灭,南部爆发相剥蚀减少,主体发育火山沉积相和碎屑岩沉积相。(3)主要含油层为成吉思汗山组和哈拉阿拉特组,南部火山角砾岩及局部安山玄武岩为油气有利指向区。