Feed nutritional value of brewers’ spent grain residue resulting from protease aided protein removal

Background:This study was conducted to evaluate the feed nutritional value of brewers’spent grain(BSG)residue resulting from protease aided protein removal.The nutritional value was measured as nutrient content,gas production,nutrient digestibility and fermentation characteristics in batch culture.Results:Protein extraction process decreased content of crude protein but concentrated the neutral detergent fibre(NDF)and ferulic acid in BSG residue.The changes in the chemical composition of BSG residue varied with enzyme and enzyme dosage.Digestibility of dry matter(DMD)and NDF of residue differed among proteases.Increasing alcalase dosage linearly decreased DMD,whereas,the DMD linearly increased as everlase or flavourzyme dosage increased.Compared with BSG,the DMD,gas production and fermentation acid concentration of BSG residues were lower,whereas NDF digestibility was higher.Conclusions:The substantially increased NDF content and improved in vitro NDF digestibility due to protease hydrolysis suggest that BSG residue can be potentially exploited as a viable fibre source for ruminant feeding.

Production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller's grains

Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1：1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 ℃ for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller＇s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller＇s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.

Properties of Bacillus species Cellulase Produced Using Cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) as Substrate

The properties of extracellular cellulase obtained from Bacillus species (FIIRO Strain B223) on supplying cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) were studied. Generally, a crude cellulase activity between 11,757 Units to 13,930 Units was observed for both sources of carbon (BSG and crystalline cellulose). The optimum pH and temperature of 5.0, and 30°C - 40°C for both sources of carbon was observed. Heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and iron inhibited the activities of B223 cellulase while the cellulase activities on alkaline earth metal (manganese) were moderate. The co-factor behaviour of manganese ion was also established. Local production of cellulase in Nigeria using local raw materials such as Brewers Spent Grain reduces enzyme cost;cost of finished products and increases gross domestic products.

Effects of Organic Fertilizers Made from Distiller＇s Grains on the Growth and Development of Flue-cured Tobacco

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of different organic fertilizers made from distiller＇s grains on the physiological characteristics and growth of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the agronomic traits and biomass of flue-cured tobacco in the three treatments were higher than that of the control group,and the mixed application of different organic fertilizers made from distiller＇s grains and compound fertilizer could promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco significantly.

Techniques Optimization of Combined Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Brewers＇ Spent Grain from Novozymes

Purpose： To extract protein, decrease the cellulose and facilitate the digestion and absorption of brewers＇ spent grain by animal. Topic： Discuss and optimize the hydrolysis conditions of the combined enzymatic hydrolysis by Novozymes. Method： The fresh brewers＇ spent grain was firstly dried, smashed and sifted. Then as indicators of the protein extraction rate in the enzyme solution and the content of cellulose in the index, the parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis, such as the solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature, pH, enzyme dosage and reaction time, were investigated in detailed. After hydrolysis, the brewers＇ spent grain was put in the boiling water bath for inactivation for 15 minutes, and centrifuged, the supernatants were volume to 100 mL and the protein content was measured. After the precipitate was dried, the cellulose content was also measured. Achievements： The optimized conditions were with temperature of 50 ℃, pH 6.5, enzyme amount of 30 mg for Novozymes enzyme and 2.5 h for reaction time. Under these conditions, the protein extraction rate in the enzyme reaction reached 41.82%, and the cellulose content reached 13.90%, the degradation rate of cellulose was 18.86%.

The Economic Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) as a Biomass Feedstock

This paper analyzes a pro-forma economic market and supply chain system for the reuse of a lignocellulose (brewer’s spent grain) in an industrial biotechnology environment. An extant literature review was conducted, followed by a technical analysis of BSG, and the development of a supply chain system and economic market analysis based upon a participant brewing company and industry experts. In this paper, it was found that, even with the potential for future improvements in the conversion of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) from an efficiency standpoint, this industrial residual is supply chain prohibitive as a biofeedstock in comparison to other lignocellulose materials, therefore, centralized market relationships would not be advantageous for sellers and buyers. Future research should consider the viability of centralized supply chain structures for alternatives that may exist as future bio-feedstocks.

TIBET'S LAST CARAVAN CHARGED WITH TRANSPORTING SALT(Ⅶ):Barter Trade between Food Grains and Salt

By setting out for saline lakes in spring, Tibetan caravans on horseback return to farmlands in autumn to barter salt for agricultural products.

The Current Situation and Development of Grain Storage Technologies and Facilities for Chinese Farmers

In China, the quantity of farmer＇s grain storage covers about 40% of the total grain yield every year. While, the losses of farms＇ grain storage are up to 8%, which is due to the lack of grain storage facility and technology. The losses of farmer＇s grain storage could reach nearly 20 million tons every year. In this paper, the current situation and development of grain storage technology and facility for Chinese farmers were presented. And a series of policy and research work for reducing the losses of farms＇ grain storage was introduced. The large scale farmers are now developing quickly in China, the new storage warehouse and mechanized facility should be developed adaptively. So, the new storage technology and policy to meet the need of large scale farmers were also introduced in this paper.

Effects of Distiller's Grain Substrate with Acid Regulation on the Growth of Tobacco Seedlings in Floating Breeding System

In order to reduce the use of peat resources and realize the sustainable development of tobacco, the pH of distiller s grain substrate was adjusted with humic acid, and the effects of various distiller s grain substrates on the growth of tobacco seedlings were studied to find out the method of cultivating high-quality tobacco seedlings by using distiller s grain substrate. The results showed that when 60% of humic acid was added to the distiller s grain substrate made from coarse distiller s grains, fine distiller s grains, perlite and vermiculite, both the pH and electrical conductivity decreased significantly and were similar to that of the conventional substrate. Moreover, the emergence rate of tobacco seedlings, the rate of strong tobacco seedlings, leaf number, stem height, root growth and quality of tobacco seedlings were good.

Effect of Grain Size of CaCO_3 and SiO_2 on the Formation of C_3S Under Different Conditions

The effect of grain size of CaCO3 and SiO2 on the formation of C3S under various conditions, such as rapid heating rate（800 ℃/min）, normal heating rate（30 ℃/min） and in the presence or absence of ZnO, was studied. The results show that the decomposition temperature of CaCO3, the temperature of appearance of liquid phase and the f-CaO content descend when the grain size of CaCO3 and SiO2 becomes smaller, which attributes to the reactive activity enhancement of powders due to the decrease of the particle size. When the grain size of CaCO3 and SiO2 is below 1 μm, the rate of the formation of C3S is greatly raised. A rapid sintering rate and the presence of ZnO have an important effect on the formation of C3S and can lower the temperature of the formation of C3S by about 50 ℃.

An Elasticity Model Considering Grain Boundaries and Tensile Orientations for Directionally Solidified Superalloys

In order to investigate the elastic properties of directionally solidified(DS)superalloys,an elasticity model called boundaries elastic model(GBE model),considering grain boundaries and tensile orientations,is proposed in this paper.Two assumptions are adopted in the GBE model:(1)The displacement of grains,which moves along the perpendicular direction,is restricted by the grain boundaries;(2)Grain boundaries influence region(GBIR)is formed around the grain boundaries.Based on the single crystal(SC)calculation method of elastic properties,the GBE model can well predict macroscopic equivalent elastic modulus(Young’s modulus)of DS superalloys under different tensile orientations effectively.To demonstrate the correctness of the GBE model,3D finite element simulation is adopted and tensile experiments on a Ni3Al?base DS superalloy(IC10)along five tensile orientations are carried out.Meanwhile,the grain boundaries are observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscope(TEM).Therefore,the GBE model is proved to be feasible by comparing the simulated results with the experiments.

Recovery of Residual Brewer’s Yeast by Electroactivation

Yeasts resulting from the brewing process (RBY) are a valuable by-product, with an important content of minerals, vitamins and, especially, proteins. The purpose of the research was the electroactivation of RBY and the simultaneous obtaining of two products—protein concentrates and hydrolyzed protein from residual brewer’s yeast. Electroactivation is a non-residual process, without the use of chemical reagents and relatively inexpensive. The variation of the electroactivation conditions allowed the separation of 90% - 94% of the proteins in the form of protein concentrates. During the process, it is attested to increase the pH value and decrease the redox potential, which characterizes the multiple redox processes that take place in the cathode cell, including sedimentation at the isoelectric point. The presence of albumin in the protein fractions of RBY allows the formation of protein complexes with calcium, attributing a higher biological value to the obtained products.

China’s Price System Jeopardizes its Grain Reserves

2008 is a year of bumper harvest in summer grain across China. The failure of numerous state-owned grain depots to purchase grain in times of bumper harvest, however, directly threatens grain reserve security and state control over grain prices in the upcoming year. An important factor underpinning the difficulty of state grain depots to purchase grain is the unwillingness of farmers to sell grain due to the excess of the current market price over the government "protected price" aimed at preventing cheap grain from harming farmers. When grassroots grain depots find themselves in trouble, foreign capital stealthily moves in by taking advantage of this situation. To fulfill grain storage tasks and receive various state subsidies, some state-owned grain depots have no alternative but to surreptitiously raise the purchase price. By contrast, some not so courageous state-owned grain depots can only borrow money to finance the purchase of commodity grain at market prices and subsequently figure out a way to pay back such loans. Behind such distorted grain purchase behavior lies a rough and rugged history of grain price reform in China.

Challenges or Opportunities?——Developments of China's Grain Industry since WTO Entry

Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy,while grain is the cornet stone of that foundation.It is also essential for subsistence and development of the mankind. In recent years,especially since its entry into the WTO, China has been undergoing a period of twists and turns in the development of its grain production and trade which used to be sound and stable.

Soaring Grain Prices Raise Global Concerns

Grain prices often dominate all other product prices,and an increase in their price is usually considered as a prelude to inflation.The three fairly serious inflations,in 1985,1988-1989,and 1993-1995 respectively,were all preceded by grain price hikes.Furthermore,the money supply surged in the preceding year or during the same year in which these inflations occurred.This year has witnessed the same symptoms. High grain prices,which still have a possibility to go up further,have attracted wide attention across the world,including in China.As early as the end of last year,the State Council issued a circular that mandated the stabilization of grain prices in order to strictly crack down on illegal actions such as dishonest merchants driving up grain prices.One time,five State-level Departments led by National Development and Reform Commission,released an urgent announcement in order to safeguard the stability of grain prices in the domestic market.Wu Xiaoling,Vice Governor of the People's Bank of China,said that the negative influences exerted on other product prices by the rise in global grain price should not be ignored.According to Wu,the People's Bank of China will continue to closely watch the price changes. From a global and comprehensive viewpoint,the article analyzes the features of the recent grain price hike and the reasons for its dramatic rise,as well as,the impact it will have on the global economy.

CHINA'S GRAIN SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE 21ST CENTURY

This paper makes predictions for China’s grain production and its associated supply and demand situation up to 2030 by using input-occupancy-output techniques and systems science methodology. It argues that, taking into account its basic situation and world grain resources, China has no other choice but to count on self-sufficiency in terms of grain supply.

CHINA'S INDISPENSABLE WAY TO GRAIN SELF-SUFFICIENCY

In China’s countryside today, so far the foodstuffs for daily-life subsistence are still taken from the traditional farming production in addition to the yield of animal husbandry, while crop plantation takes the lion’s share in our rural economy. During the Medieval Age of the Western countries, however, special stress was placed on raising livestock on pastureland until the Industrial Revolution occurred in the 18th century when grain-oriented agriculture came into being. As a result of the unprecedented boom of modern science and technology now sweeping the whole world, farming productivity has sky-

Nutrition promotion of brewer’s spent grain by symbiotic fermentation adding Bacillus velezensis and Levilactobacillus brevis

Brewer’s spent grain(BSG)is the main byproduct of the beer industry and is commonly used as a low-value animal feed or food ingredient.This study investigated the role of symbiotic fermentation with Bacillus velezensis and Levilactobacillus brevis in improving the nutritional value of BSG.The addition of B.velezensis increased the cell growth of L.brevis by over thirty-fold higher than that in the single-strain system.Simultaneously,cellulase and protease activities were substantially increased,and more soluble sugars were produced.Total amino acid,glutamic acid,andγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)levels increased by 52.2%,155.1%,and 144.1%,respectively.Conversely,lactic acid production decreased.Genetic analysis showed that the glycolysis-related gene pykA,pentose phosphate pathway gene gnd,and GABA-related gene gad were upregulated,while the heterolactin-related gene xpkA was downregulated,explaining that B.velezensis might inhibit heterolactin fermentation while enhancing GABA biosynthesis.This study provides a potential strategy for the high-value utilization of BSG in the food or feed industry.

Lipid-lowering effect of microencapsulated peptides from brewer’s spent grain in high-sucrose diet-fed rats

Brewer’s spent grain(BSG)-a byproduct generated from the processing of beer-brewing industry-is currently recognized as an important source of bioactive peptides with potential health benefits.In previous studies we demonstrated that peptides obtained from BSG(BSG-P)can exert in vitro biofunctional activities including hypolipidemic effects.However,there are no studies about the effects of gastrointestinal digestion on BSG lipid-lowering peptides and it is unknown whether the bioactive properties observed in vitro remain in vivo.The aims of this work were to evaluate the microencapsulation as strategy to preserve hypolipidemic BSG-P under a simulated gastrointestinal digestion,and the bioavailability of microencapsulated BSG-P using a rodent model of hyperlipidemia and other metabolic-related disorders induced by the consumption of a high-sucrose diet.In vitro studies showed that microencapsulation improved the BSG-P reduced hypolipidemic activity observed under a simulated gastrointestinal digestion by increasing the inhibition of the fat digestion enzymes,pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase.Furthermore,in vivo studies demonstrated that microencapsulated BSG-P were also able to reduce the increased serum lipid levels(triglycerides-TG-cholesterol and free fatty acids),energy intake,visceral adipocytes size and TG content observed in sucrose-rich diet-fed rats.This was accompanied by reduced liver lipids levels and the activities of key enzymes involved in dietary fat absorption.Therefore,our findings show that microencapsulation is a useful strategy to preserve the hypolipidemic activity of BSG-P and support the concept that microencapsulated BSG-P would be an interesting and cheaper natural source to prevent hyperlipidemias and its related-disorders.

富铬酵母中14种元素的ICP-AES测定

本文用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法同时测定富铬酵母中Ｋ、Ｆｅ、Ｐ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｏ、Ｂａ、Ｓｒ、Ｖ、Ｎａ、Ｍｇ、Ｃａ１４种元素的含量。结果表明，富铬酵母中的铬对其他元素的浓度有一定影响，并且，Ｋ、Ｍｎ、Ｐ、Ｖ、Ｍｇ、Ｃａ的浓度明显低于普通酵母。