The role of cholesterol in modifying the lipid-lowering effects of Fuzhuan brick-tea in Caenorhabditis elegans via SBP-1/SREBP

Fuzhuan brick-tea(FZT)has long been consumed for its supposed weight loss and lipid-lowering benefi ts.In this study,we show that the regulation of fat storage in Caenorhabditis elegans from a water extract of FZT was affected by cholesterol levels.We found that FZT signifi cantly decreased fat storage under normal cholesterol levels or in a cholesterol-free diet,while lipid accumulation was increased for a high cholesterol diet.Moreover,this mechanism may involve the conserved sterol regulatory element-binding protein(SREBP)/mediator-15(MDT-15)signaling pathway and the nuclear hormone receptor NHR-80.In addition,lipid synthesis-related genes inhibited by FZT were partially affected by a cholesterol-free diet.Thus,our fi ndings suggested that the potential lipid-lowering effects of FZT may depend on the cholesterol level,which may help to improve the consumption of FZT.

Processing Technology and Quality of Low-fluoride Brick tea

In order to promote the quality of brick tea and reduce its fluoride content, the fluoride contents in leaves of 25 tea varieties at the .stage of one bud and five leaves were determined by the method of fluodde-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that the fluodde contents in the 25 varieties were in the range of 181.92-345.06 mg/kg, end the fluoride content in ＇Zhongcha 302＇ was the lowest. Based on traditional production process of brick tea, 3 new low-fluoride brick tea production processes with ＇Zhongcha 302＇ as the raw material at the stage of one bud and five leaves were constructed. The fluoride content, physicochemical in- dex, sensory end main chemical contents in the brick tea samples were determined. The best processing process of Iow-fluodde brick tea was process 3, which included aldng, fixing, rolling, second fixing, second roiling, sun-drying, pile-fermentation, steaming, pile-fermentation, drying and shaping into brick by vapor treating. The re- sults showed that the fluoride content and physicochemical index of the brick tea sample of the third low-fluoride brick tea production process accorded with National Standard GB/T 9833.4-2013. The sensory evaluation of the brick tea sample was better than that of brick tea manufacture by the traditional process. The water extract, tea polyphenols, amino acids, caffeine and water-soluble sugar in the brick tea sample increased by 9.41%, 36.39%, 26.94%, 27.23% and 15.29%, respectively. Low-fluodds bdck tea could be produced by selecting low fluoride tea varieties, controlling the tondemess of fresh leaves, and optimizing the processing technique.

Comparative study on Leaf Tissue Morphologic Changes of Chang-Sheng-Chuan Green Brick Tea Before ad After Fermentation

[Objective] The aim was to understand the change of fermentation pro- cess of Chang-sheng-chuan green brick tea and analyze the changes in the con- tents of structure components of tea leaves before and after fermentation. [Method] Ten tea leaves before and after fermentation were chosen. The tea leaves sections were made using paraffin microtomy, PAS staining, and observed under light mi- croscopy. Through image analysis for the tea leaves, we compared the changes on the areas of the cellulose and colloid in cell before and after pile-fermentation. At the same time, the tea leaves were observed under transmission electron micro- scope. [Result] The results showed that the pile-fermentation process caused the tea leaves tissue to become loose, and expanded the cell space. Besides, the cell wall of tea leaves was obviously thinning, and even breaking which composed of cellulose. Image analysis showed that the leaf fiber composition reduced significant- ly, with a corresponding increase of yellow colloid in cell. Under observation of transmission electron microscope, there were large amounts of fungi located in the space between the colloid and the cell wall of the tea leaves after pile-fermentation. [Conclusion] The fermentation of Green brick tea is the process of microbial bio- transformation of tea, which is dominated by microbe and consumed the cellulose components of tea leaves.

TEA CO_2激光器输出平顶模按厄米-高斯模的展开

TEA CO2激光器输出光束的能量密度分布一般为平顶型分布.为了给研究和分析TEACO2激光器输出光束提供一种新的处理方法,采用FGB理论,对实验测量的一台TEA CO2激光器输出的实际平顶型光斑的能量密度分布按厄米-高斯函数进行了展开.根据展开结果,对TEACO2激光器输出光束的空间分布特性进行了分析与讨论.初步证实了TEA CO2激光器输出光束的能量密度分布可以按厄米-高斯函数展开.

Fermentation characteristics and probiotic activity of a purified fraction of polysaccharides from Fuzhuan brick tea

Polysaccharides from Fuzhuan brick tea(FBTPS),one of most important bioactive components in tea,showed various health-promoting functions.Our previous work demonstrated that the crude FBTPS(CFBTPS)could modulate the gut microbiota.However,which purified fraction in CFBTPS contributing to the modulation of gut microbiota remains unclear.Thus,the fermentation characteristics and probiotic activity of a purified fraction(FBTPS-2-1)of CFBTPS were evaluated in this work.The results showed that gut microbiota could utilize FBTPS-2-1 to produce short-chain fatty acids including acetic,propionic,n-butyric and n-valeric acids.FBTPS-2-1 could modulate the structure and metabolic pathways of gut microbiota.FBTPS-2-1 could increase the health-promoting gut microbiota such as Prevotellaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae,and decreased the harmful bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae and Fusobacteriaceae.The results of metagenomics showed that Prevotella copri and Megamonas funiformis were the dominant bacteria after fermentation of FBTPS-2-1.Furthermore,FBTPS-2-1 could regulate the biosynthesis and metabolism pathways of gut microbiota.Thus,the enrichment of food with FBTPS-2-1 is expected as a potential strategy for promoting human health due to modulation of gut microbiota.

The characteristics of dissolution of fluoride and aluminum from brick tea

Four experiments have been done on the influence of times of infusion, temperature, time and ratio of tea to water on the dissolving characteristics of fluoride and aluminum in brick tea. According to the results, the behaviors of F and Al which found their way into tea liquor were analyzed and the conclusions have been drawn: the dissolution of F and Al is not synchronous and after the elements find their way into tea liquor respectively, they will be reset to form complexes of F and Al.

TEA及其同源类似物TPeA拮抗β淀粉样蛋白25-35引起皮层神经元细胞活力降低

目的探讨TEA及其同源类似物TPeA对Aβ25-35所致的培养皮层神经元细胞毒性作用的影响。方法利用细胞毒性检测技术,如细胞活力检测cck-8、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放检测和Calcein-AM染色,观察TEA及其同源类似物TPeA对Aβ25-35所致的培养皮层神经元细胞活力的影响。结果TEA及其同源类似物TPeA能够拮抗Aβ引起神经元死亡,包括Aβ引起细胞活力降低,LDH的释放增多,以及活细胞数目的减少。结论钾通道在Aβ引起神经元毒性作用中发挥重要作用,电压依赖性钾通道参与了Aβ引起的神经元死亡,钾通道可能成为防治神经退行性疾病的重要靶点。

Fungi with potential probiotic properties isolated from Fuzhuan brick tea

Several of the fungal species associated with Fuzhuan brick tea(FBT)are considered as potential probiotics,but few studies have investigated the probiotic properties of these fungi.Here,we isolated 18 fungal strains from two types of FBT and identified these strains based on internal transcribed spacer(ITS)fragment sequence similarity to reference strains(sequence similarity>98%).Of the 18 strains,10 tolerated simulated human digestive conditions for sufficient periods in vitro:pH 2-3,0.3%-0.5%(m/V)bile salts,and artificial gastrointestinal juices.We then measured the antimicrobial activity of the remaining 10 strains against 5 enteropathogenic bacteria and tested the bacteriostatic effects of the thalli and fermentation broth extracts.Of the 6 strains with strong bacteriostatic effects,we eliminated Eurotium cristatum S-9 due to its low hydrophobicity of(26.12±0.35)%.Finally,2 exhibited good adhesion abilities to human cells(>100%).Notably,2 strains can survive in vivo,because they can be isolated from C57BL/6 mice feces.Thus,2 strains,Aspergillus cristatus H-1 and A.cristatus H-5,are herein identified as promising candidate probiotic strains.It may be put forward a novel research focus on evaluating potential probiotic fungi from FBT.

Water Bath Extraction Optimization of Polyphenols from Qing Brick Tea and Raw Material Selection for Tea Polyphenol Extraction

In this paper,single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiment were conducted to optimize the water bath extraction of polyphenols from Qing Brick Tea,and the optimal extraction conditions obtained were as follows:solvent of 50%ethanol,solid/liquid ratio of 1∶30,temperature of 80℃,and time of 6 min.Under the optimal water bath extraction conditions,polyphenols in fresh tea leaves,fresh tea petioles,fresh tea blades,finished brick tea,finished tea petioles,finished tea blades,tea dregs after brewing and tea dregs after boiling were extracted,respectively.It was found that the quality fraction of polyphenols extracted from fresh tea leaves was the highest,with the best extraction effect.The extraction effect of leaf blades was better than that of leaf petioles,and the extraction effect of tea dregs after brewing was better than that of tea dregs after boiling.

基于GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS分析泾阳茯砖茶的特征风味物质

为确定国家地理标志产品泾阳茯砖茶区别于其他黑茶的特征风味,采用顶空气相色谱-离子迁移色谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)对泾阳、安化茯砖茶和其他4种黑茶的挥发性化合物进行分析鉴定。结果表明:GC-IMS和HS-SPME-GC-MS共鉴定出154种化合物,其中泾阳茯砖茶风味物质构成能明显与安化茯砖茶及其他黑茶区分开;通过泾阳茯砖茶与其他黑茶风味物质的对比分析,得到泾阳茯砖茶的12种特征物质,其中GC-IMS确定了7种,包括1-辛烯-3-酮、正己醇、愈创木酚、β-蒎烯、丁酸甲酯、正丙醇、2-庚酮;通过HS-SPME-GC-MS并基于香气活性值确定了5种,包括己醛、癸醛、(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、水杨酸甲酯和α-紫罗兰酮。特征风味物质的鉴定为泾阳茯砖茶的保真鉴别、产地溯源及产品工艺优化提供理论参考。

Effect of Fused MgO-ZrO_2 Clinker Addition on Thermal Shock Resistance of MgO-ZrO_2 Unfired Bricks

MgO -ZrO2 unfired bricks with ZrO2 content up to 8% at the interval of 2% were prepared, using fused magnesia （ MgO ： 97% ） and fused MgO - ZrO2 clinker （ ZrO2 ： 14. 33% ） as starting materials and phenolic resin as binder. The effects of ZrO2 content on thermal shock resistance （TSR） and other properties such as cold and hot modulus of rupture have been investigated. Re- sidual cold modulus of rupture ratio after heating at 1 000 ℃ and quenching by air blowing was adopted to characterize TSR. Addition of the MgO -ZrO2 clinker improves TSR, attributing to the microcrack toughening effect by thermal expansion mismatch between different phases. When ZrO2 content goes above 4%. the impro- ving effect tends to be moderate. The introduction of MgO- ZrO2 clinker can also improve the HMOR at 1 500 ℃, while the increased ZrO2 content reduces CMOR of the bricks prefired at 1 600 ℃, due to the thermal expansion mismatch effect. Compromising the overall properties, the optimal ZrO2 content for such magnesia based unfired brick is suggested to be 4%.

Fuzhuan brick tea affects obesity process by modulating gut microbiota

The effect of Fuzhuan brick tea(FBT)on metabolism in obese mice is mediated by regulation of N-methyltransferase by aryl hydrocarbon receptor.The expression of the phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene is regulated by many transcription factors,and those specific to this effect need further investigation.Experimental animal studies have been designed to observe the effects of a single drug or the sequential effects of drugs.A washout period should be included if different drugs(e.g.,antibiotics and FBT)are given to avoid or reduce additive effects or synergy.Currently,most experimental studies performed in mice used only male animals.However,experience has revealed that the results of using only male mice are very likely to have sex differences.

Hypoglycemic effects of black brick tea with fungal growth in hyperglycemic mice model

Dark tea(containing Eurotium cristatum)and black tea have hypoglycemic effects.The black brick tea with fungal growth is obtained from black tea by adding E.cristatum,followed by steaming,pressing,fungal growth,and drying.However,the hypoglycemic effects of black brick tea are still unexplored.Here,we used black brick tea with fungal growth and black tea as raw materials to study their hypoglycemic effects in a hyperglycemic mice model.Both these types of black tea could lower the content of blood glucose and increase the content of hepatic glycogen by upregulating the proteins and m RNA expression of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate3-kinase,glycogen synthase,protein kinase B and phosphoinositidedependent protein kinase-1 and downregulating the protein and m RNA expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β.These regulatory steps were followed by high activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and low content of malondialdehyde.These teas can promote blood glucose transport and absorption by upregulating the protein and m RNA expression of insulin receptor substrate-1 and glucose transporter-2 and stimulate glycolysis by upregulating the protein and m RNA expression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 2.Our study suggests that the black brick tea was more effective than the black tea in terms of hypoglycemic.

Effects of Resins with Different Molecular Structures on Properties of MgO-C Bricks

Resins PFG-4 , PFG-8 and a reference resin （resin A） were used as binders of MgO - C bricks, effects of the resins with different molecular structures on wettability of magnesia, on physical properties, mechanical properties, oxidation resistance and thermal expansion properties of MgO- C bricks were researched. The results show that the microstructures of solidified resins with different mo- lecular structures are different, which have obvious effect on the cold mechanical properties of MgO - C brick, but little effect on the oxidation resistance, thermal perform- ance and expansion properties.

Impact of Bauxite on Performance and Structure of SiC-mullite Brick

SiC- mullite brick is widely used in the upper and lower transitional zones of cement rotary kilns, due to excellent thermal shock resistance, and abrasion resist- ance. The investigation of different bauxites was made on the performance and micro-structure of SiC - mullite brick, especially thermal shock resistance. In two batches of bricks （ G1 and G2 ） , and two grades of bauxites （ L1 and I_2 ）, samples＇ physical and chemical properties were tested, and microstructure and phase composition were studied by SEM and XRD. The results show that raw material I2, containing large numbers of micro- pores smaller than 4 μm, has well developed mullite phase. While using L2 as aggregates and flues, SiC- mullite brick G2 has excellent thermal shock resistance. Therefore, for manufacture of SiC - mullite brick, not only chemical composition, bulk density and open porosi- ty of bauxite are important, but also its microstructure has to be considered, such as phase composition, crystal size and pore size distribution.

Corrosion of Magnesia-chrome Brick by Smelting Reduction Slag with Iron Bath

Effects of FeO content （0, 5%, 10%, and 15% in mass, respectively ） in lab-synthesized smelting redttc- tion slag with iron bath and test temperature （1 450, 1 500, 1550, anti 1 600 ℃ ） on corrosion am,amount and microstructure of fused rebonded magnesia - chrome brick with 26.02 massqc of Cr2O3 were researched by rotary cylinder method. The results show that ： （ 1 ） the corro- sion amolult of magnesia -chrome brick by slag without FeO is higher than that by the slag with 5% FeO, and the vorrosion amount increases when FeO content increa- ses from 5% to 15% ; （2） the test temperature is one of the important factors affecting the slag corrosion resist- ance of magnesia - chrome brick, and the corrosion of smelting reduction slag to brick increases with the temperature rising.

Effect of Ti(C,N) on Properties of Low-carbon MgO-C Bricks

The effect of Ti （ C, N） on properties of low-carbon MgO - C bricks was investigated. The phase composition and the microstructure of the matrix of low-carbon MgO - C brick containing Ti （ C, N） were studied by XRD and SEM analysis together with EDS. The results showed that Ti （ C, N） distributed in the matrix of lowcarbon MgO - C brick uniformly after being treated at 1 600 ~C for 3 h in coke powder bed, and Ti （C, N） and MgO formed a solid solution. After the treatment at 1 600 ℃ for 3 h in coke powder bed, the bulk density and cold crushing strength of low-carbon MgO - C brick with Ti （ C, N） decreased, and the apparent porosity and linear change rate of specimens increased. The oxidation resistance of low-carbon MgO - C brick with Ti（ C, N） was superior to that of low-carbon MgO - C brick with no additives, but inferior to that of low-car- bon MgO - C brick with Al powder. The slag resistance of the specimen with Ti （ C, N） was excellent as well.

Silica Bricks GB/T 2608-2012

1 Scope This standard specifies the classifcation, technical requirements, test methods, quality appraisal procedure, packing, marking, transportation, storage and quality certificate of silica bricks.