Narrow and broad senses on salinity scale

The narrow sense and applicable limit of Practical Salinity Scale 1978 (PSS78) and volumetric titration using silver nitrate to measure the salinity of non conservative oceanwater are discussed.The salinity obtained by electrical conductivity method and chlorinity salinity method obviously deviates from the absolute salinity( S A). The Density Salinity Scale(DSS98)proposed by the writers can be extensively used in conservative and non conservative water samples. The merits of the density salinity scale are as follows. (1)The Density Salinity Scale is only related to seawater mass and its buoyant effect, and is not influenced by the variation in seawater composition, and therefore,has high reliability,and repeatability for salinity determination. (2)The salinity values measured by the DSS98 have a conservative property.For oceanwater samples the salinity values are the same as those determined by the PSS78; for non conservative water samples(e g. samples from industrial sources),the salinity values are close to the absolute salinity values in comparison with those measured by the PSS78 and the Knudsen method. (3)For a solution with given solute mass,the solution concentration can be converted into the corresponding salinity by the Density Salinity Scale using the expansion coefficient of the solution and the calibration coefficient of the partial molar volume of the solute.

The Rethinking of “State Shinto” in Japanese Academia After World War Ⅱ

The Shinto Directive,the official source of the term“State Shinto”,on the one hand defines the concept of“State Shinto”in a narrow sense,and on the other hand reveals its profound connotation and generalized extension.In 1945,after the Allied Forces issued the Shinto Directive,Japanese academia carried out in-depth research around“State Shinto”,and gradually formed the“two camps”consisting of scholars who advocated the theory of“State Shinto in a Broad Sense”and insisted on the theory of“State Shinto in a Narrow Sense”.In the process of promoting the democratic reform,the theory of“State Shinto in a Broad Sense”gradually developed into the general theory of“State Shinto”after the war;With the continuous advancement of empirical research,the“State Shinto in a Narrow Sense”gradually rose.While enriching the post-war research of“State Shinto”,it also provided a theoretical basis for historical revisionists to distort and cover up history.Finally,under the situation that the trend of Japanese political right deviation is increasingly intensified,the limitations of the“broad sense”and“narrow sense”camps are broken,and the study of“State Shinto”has entered a new stage.

Theory, System and Policy Proposals on New Factor Supply for Higher-Stage Development in China

By introducing the knowledge sector, this paper has structurally redefined the production function and on such a basis, analyzed the role of new factor supply in China's economic transition and reached the following conclusions: 1) The supply of new production factors represented by knowledge sector has become the dominant force that decides whether China can overcome the barrier of structural deceleration, and achieve sustained growth and stride into a higher stage of development; 2) In the context of rising urban household income and upgrading demand, the knowledge sector has emerged, encompassing science and technology, culture, health and sports that contribute to enhanced "human capital in the broad sense", and the production and consumption process of the knowledge sector is also the process of human capital improvement and endogenous innovation; 3) Aside from its endogeneity, the knowledge sector creates spillover effects that will revitalize traditional industries and services, remove the barriers between consumption and production, and promote structural transition and economic upgrade for innovationdriven growth; 4) In the context of flagging growth driven by material capital, great importance should be attached to the contribution of consumption to human capital in the broad sense and promote the interactive upgrade of consumption and production structures, which are the key to overcoming the bottlenecks of development.

Family Selection as a Strategy for Stem Borer (Eldana Saccharina Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Resistance Breeding in South Africa

Eldana saccharina is the most damaging stem borer of sugarcane in South Africa causing US$90 million losses of revenue annually. The breeding strategy at the South African Sugarcane Research Institute is based on evaluating parents for breeding values using progeny data derived from family plots and selecting parents with high breeding values for crossing. Family selection entails selecting whole populations of progenies based on family mean. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of family selection to eldana resistance breeding. Data were collected from stage 1 (seedlings stage) trials. In each plot, stalks were examined for eldana entry and exit holes and stalks with borings were counted. The number of bored stalks was expressed as a percent of total stalks and subjected to analysis of variance. The family broad sense heritabilities ranged from 0.51 - 0.56 compared with 0.17 for Individual Genotype Selection (IGS). Predicted family selection gains ranged from 20% to 69% compared with 18% for IGS indicating the value of family selection. Female parental effects F-values (1.63 - 2.01) were significant (P = 0.0017 - 0.0041) compared with non-significant male F-values (1.33 - 1.41) and (P = 0.088 - 0.1464) suggesting maternal effects. Crossing parents with higher resistance such as 96M0058 × 94M0017, 87M0965 × 98G1166 and 97M0653 × 94M0017 produced significantly (P < 0.05) fewer bored stalks compared with those showing lower resistance (96H0590 × 95H0167, 94F2694 × 86F3326 and 76L1295 × 91L1492) suggesting additive genetic effects and that recurrent selection will be an effective breeding method.

Discussion on the role and practice of narrative medicine in China's COVID-19 epidemic

Narrative medicine is an important practice form of medical humanistic care.In COVID-19,the concept and practice of narrative medicine played an important role.This paper makes a distinction between the narrow sense and the broad sense of narrative medicine,and expounds in detail the characteristics and influence of the broad sense of narrative medicine in the epidemic situation,as well as the possible practice forms of the narrow sense of narrative medicine in the special period of the epidemic situation.Through reviewing the narrative medicine during the COVID-19,we hope to provide ideas for further expanding the connotation and application boundaries of narrative medicine.