The chemical characteristics of different sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate sources and their relative bioavailabilities for broilers fed with a conventional corn‑soybean meal diet

Background Our previous studies demonstrated that divalent organic iron(Fe)proteinate sources with higher complexation or chelation strengths as expressed by the greater quotient of formation(Qf)values displayed higher Fe bioavailabilities for broilers.Sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate(NaFeEDTA)is a trivalent organic Fe source with the strongest chelating ligand EDTA.However,the bioavailability of Fe when administered as NaFeEDTA in broilers and other agricultural animals remains untested.Herein,the chemical characteristics of 12 NaFeEDTA products were determined.Of these,one feed grade NaFeEDTA(Qf=2.07×10^(8)),one food grade NaFeEDTA(Qf=3.31×10^(8)),and one Fe proteinate with an extremely strong chelation strength(Fe-Prot ES,Qf value=8,590)were selected.Their bioavailabilities relative to Fe sulfate(FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O)for broilers fed with a conventional corn-soybean meal diet were evaluated during d 1 to 21 by investigating the effects of the above Fe sources and added Fe levels on the growth performance,hematological indices,Fe contents,activities and gene expressions of Fe-containing enzymes in various tissues of broilers.Results NaFeEDTA sources varied greatly in their chemical characteristics.Plasma Fe concentration(PI),transferrin saturation(TS),liver Fe content,succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)activities in liver,heart,and kidney,catalase(CAT)activity in liver,and SDH mRNA expressions in liver and kidney increased linearly(P<0.05)with increasing levels of Fe supplementation.However,differences among Fe sources were detected(P<0.05)only for PI,liver Fe content,CAT activity in liver,SDH activities in heart and kidney,and SDH mRNA expressions in liver and kidney.Based on slope ratios from multiple linear regressions of the above indices on daily dietary analyzed Fe intake,the average bioavailabilities of Fe-Prot ES,feed grade NaFeEDTA,and food grade NaFeEDTA relative to the inorganic FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O(100%)for broilers were 139%,155%,and 166%,respectively.Conclusions The bioavailabilities of organic Fe sources relative to FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O were closely related to their Qf values,and NaFeEDTA sources with higher Qf values showed higher Fe bioavailabilities for broilers fed with a conventional corn-soybean meal diet.

科宝500和AA白羽肉鸡生产性能比较分析

文章旨在探讨科宝500和爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉鸡生产性能的差异。试验以科宝500和爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉鸡为研究对象,测定1~6周龄两个品种的平均采食量、平均体重、平均日增重、料重比、死淘率以及欧洲效益指数,分析比较两品种间生产性能的差异变化。结果表明:(1)科宝500肉鸡平均采食量前期变化较大,2周龄时显著高于AA肉鸡(P<0.05),但3周龄显著低于AA白羽肉鸡(P<0.05),整个试验期(1~6周龄),科宝500肉鸡平均采食量高于AA肉鸡,但差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)7和35日龄时,科宝500肉鸡平均体重显著大于AA肉鸡(P<0.05),5周龄时,科宝500肉鸡平均日增重显著高于AA肉鸡(P<0.05),而其他周龄及整个试验期(1~6周龄),科宝500肉鸡平均体重和平均日增重均高于AA肉鸡,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);(3)各周龄及整个试验期(1~6周龄)科宝500肉鸡料重比均低于AA肉鸡,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);(4)4周龄时,科宝500肉鸡死淘率显著高于AA肉鸡(P<0.05),而其他周龄及整个试验期(1~6周龄),科宝500肉鸡死淘率高于AA肉鸡,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);(5)欧洲效益指数(EPI)方面,科宝500肉鸡高于AA肉鸡,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综合分析,科宝500肉鸡生产性能及养殖效益优于AA肉鸡。

土壤游离铁CS AAS测定方法的验证

为提高游离铁的检测效率,本研究对游离铁(Fed)的测定(DCB法)提取液在原子吸收光谱仪上的检测进行验证。使用CS AAS上机时对特征参数包括标准曲线、检出限、检出下限、精密度、准确度进行验证及确认。确定线性范围为0~7.0 mg/L,非线性拟合回归方程相关系数0.999 8、检出限0.005 3 g/kg、检出下限0.021 g/kg。普通土壤样品检测精密度相对相差小于10%,相对标准偏差小于1.9%,满足方法中平行测定质量控制要求和《化学分析方法验证确认和内部质量控制要求》。对高、中、低3个有证标准物质进行6次测定,相对误差小于10%,满足正确度的要求,上机测试数据稳定可靠。

螺旋藻营养价值评定及其在AA肉鸡上的应用效果研究

试验旨在研究螺旋藻粉的营养价值及其对肉鸡生长性能、表观代谢率、肉品质的影响。选取健康1日龄AA肉鸡960羽(初始体重40 g左右),采用单因子试验设计,随机分为4个处理(对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组),每个处理6个重复,每个重复40只鸡(公母各半)。4个处理分别饲喂基础日粮添加0、5、10、15 kg/t螺旋藻粉,各处理组饲粮代谢能和粗蛋白水平相同。试验期42 d,其中预试期为1~14 d,正试期为15~42 d。试验结果表明:15~42日龄各试验组平均日增重、平均日采食量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),料重比无显著差异(P>0.05)。各试验组蛋白质表观代谢率均高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组粗脂肪表观代谢率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组钙表观代谢率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。试验组与对照组相比,屠宰性能和肉品质方面有所改善。饲粮中添加螺旋藻粉可显著增加肉鸡生长性能、提高屠宰性能,其中最适添加水平为15 kg/t。

汉日语言AA式名词叠词与数字的搭配考察

汉日语言中都存在大量AA式名词叠词,但有所不同的是像“年年”这样的同形同义词在汉语中可以和数字“一”共起,在日语中却不行。文章通过词典收集语料后,再将语料逐一输入语料库对汉日AA式名词叠词与数字的搭配见考察,发现汉语AA式名词叠词有“只能与数字‘一’搭配”和“可以和所有数字搭配”两种类型,日语AA式与数字搭配的名词叠词有“不能与数字‘一’搭配”和“可以和所有数字搭配”两种类型。并且汉语AA式名词叠词与数字搭配情况更为普遍,搭配上也更具灵活性。

circMYO9A_006通过翻译蛋白MYO9A-208aa发挥抑制心肌细胞肥大的作用

目的:研究环状RNA MYO9A_006(circMYO9A_006)对心肌细胞肥大表型的调控作用及可能机制。方法:利用腺病毒介导在乳小鼠心室肌细胞(NMVCs)中过表达circMYO9A_006,并以腺病毒介导过表达同样带有绿色荧光蛋白标签的空载体为对照,检测NMVCs中心肌肥大相关蛋白β-肌球蛋白重链(β-MHC)、骨骼肌肌动蛋白α1(ACTA1)和心房钠尿肽(ANP)的表达。建立去氧肾上腺素(PE)诱导的乳大鼠心室肌细胞(NRVCs)肥大模型,通过鬼笔环肽染色检测过表达circMYO9A_006对NRVCs表面积的影响。双萤光素酶报告基因实验检测circMYO9A_006包含的潜在内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)的活性。通过Western blot实验检测circMYO9A_006翻译蛋白MYO9A-208aa及其在细胞内分布情况。分别制备circMYO9A_006-ORF(直接表达MYO9A-208aa)和circMYO9A_006-ATG-mut(不能表达MYO9A-208aa)重组病毒,以空载体病毒和circMYO9A_006重组病毒分别感染NRVCs,检测circMYO9A_006翻译蛋白MYO9A-208aa对心肌细胞肥大表型的特异调节作用。结果:利用腺病毒可在NMVCs中有效介导circMYO9A_006过表达。过表达circMYO9A_006可显著抑制NMVCs中心肌肥大相关蛋白的表达(P<0.01),并显著抑制PE诱导的NRVCs中心肌肥大相关蛋白的表达和细胞表面积的增加(P<0.05)。双萤光素酶报告基因实验结果提示,circMYO9A_006包含的2个IRES均具有活性。Western blot检测结果显示,在NRVCs中过表达circMYO9A_006可翻译预期大小为28 kD的MYO9A-208aa蛋白,并主要分布于细胞质中。过表达MYO9A-208aa和circMYO9A_006可一致地抑制NRVCs心肌肥大相关蛋白表达(P<0.01),并可逆转PE诱导的NRVCs肥大反应(P<0.05);而过表达circMYO9A_006-ATG-mut没有抑制NRVCs肥大的作用。结论:circMYO9A_006通过翻译蛋白MYO9A-208aa发挥抑制心肌细胞肥大的作用。

Responses of growth performance,antioxidant function,small intestinal morphology and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein to dietary iron in yellow-feathered broilers

This study aimed to investigate the dose-effect of iron on growth performance,antioxidant function.intestinal morphology,and mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein in 1-to21-d-old yellow-feathered broilers.A total of 7201-d-old yellow-feathered maleb roilers were allocated to 9 treatments with 8 replicate cages of 10 birds per cage.The dietary treatments were consisted of a basal diet(contained 79.6 mg Fe kg^(-1))supplemented with 0,20,40,60,80,160,320,640,and 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)in the form of FeSO_(4)·7H_(2)O.Compared with the birds in the control group,birds supplemented with 20mg Fe kg^(-1)had higher average daily gain(ADG)(P<0.0001).Adding 640 and 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)significantly decreased ADG(P<0.0001)and average daily feed intake(ADFI)(P<0.0001)compared with supplementation of 20mg Fe kg^(-1).Malondialdehyde(MDA)concentration in plasma and duodenum increased linearly(P<0.0001),but MDA concentration in liver and jejunum increased linearly(P<0.05)or quadratically(P<0.05)with increased dietary Fe concentration.The villus height(VH)in duodenum and jejunum,and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth(V/C)in duodenum decreased linearly(P?0.05)as dietary Feincreased.As dietary Fe increased,the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of claudin-1 decreased linearly(P=0.001),but the jejunal relative mRNA abundance of zona occludens-1(ZO-1)and occludin decreased linearly(P?0.05)or quadratically(P?0.05).Compared with the supplementation of 20 mg Fe kg^(-1),the supplementation of640 mg Fe kg^(-1)or higher increased(P?0.05)MDA concentrations in plasma,duodenum,and jejunum,decreased VH in the duodenum and jejunum,and the addition of 1,280 mg Fe kg^(-1)reduced(P?0.05)the jejunal tight junction protein(claudin-1,ZO-1,occludin)mRNA abundance.In summary,640 mg of supplemental Fe kg^(-1)or greater was associated with decreased growth performance,increased oxidative stress,disrupted intestinal morphology,and reduced mRNA expression of jejunal tight junction protein.

玉米和小麦在AA肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡中的能值及养分代谢率评定

试验旨在比较玉米和小麦在AA肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡中的代谢能值及营养物质的表观代谢率,为玉米和小麦饲粮在家禽养殖生产上的应用提供理论基础。试验通过选择同日龄和相近体重的AA肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡分别进行两个代谢试验。同日龄试验:AA肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡在18日龄时分别各选择96羽,共192羽,AA肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡均随机分为玉米日粮和小麦日粮2个处理组,每个处理组8个重复,每个重复6羽。同体重试验;在试验鸡体重均达到600 g左右时分别在AA肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡中各选择96羽,试验设计分组与同日龄试验一致。试验结果表明,玉米在AA肉鸡中的表观代谢能(AME)、氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观代谢率显著高于同体重的黄羽肉鸡(P<0.05),与同日龄黄羽肉鸡相比没有显著差异;小麦在AA肉鸡中的AME、AMEn、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率与同日龄和同体重的黄羽肉鸡相比均有提高,其中AME差异显著(P<0.05);AA肉鸡和黄羽肉鸡对玉米和小麦中淀粉的表观消化率没有显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,玉米在AA肉鸡中的能值和养分代谢率高于同体重黄羽肉鸡,小麦在AA肉鸡中的能值和养分表观代谢率高于同日龄和同体重的黄羽肉鸡。

构式语法框架下清涧方言“圪AA的”状态形容词研究

陕北晋语清涧方言中“圪AA的”状态形容词有180多个且在日常生活中使用频繁,按照构式语法属于四字格构式。形态上,该构式中A可以是形容词、动词和拟声词。“圪AA的”表达式一部分是通过其对应的“A”式“圪A”式、“AA的”式经重叠、加缀等形态变化生成,一部分是通过给“圪AA的”构式填充A后再将其重叠的结果。句法上,该构式可以在句中作谓语、定语、补语和状语,不受单音节否定词修饰,但可以用在“不/没说”含有对比的否定句中。该构式的基本义为描绘性,其语义和语用内涵包括“极致性”语义量值、“消极/负面性”立场态度偏向和“口语性”语体色彩。

日粮中添加琥珀酸对AA肉鸡生产性能和肠道健康的影响

试验旨在探究日粮中添加琥珀酸对AA肉鸡生产性能和肠道健康的影响。选用1日龄健康AA肉鸡240羽,根据体重随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复12羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,抗生素组在基础日粮中添加15 mg/kg维吉尼亚霉素,低剂量和高剂量琥珀酸组分别在基础日粮中添加1 g/kg和2 g/kg琥珀酸。试验期为42 d(1~21 d和22~42 d)。结果表明:与对照组相比,高剂量琥珀酸能够提高肉鸡全净膛率(P<0.05);与抗生素组相比,低剂量琥珀酸能够提高肉鸡血清尿酸和尿素氮水平(P<0.05);日粮中添加琥珀酸对肉鸡肠道形态结构和盲肠微生物组成影响较小,但与对照组相比,添加低剂量和高剂量琥珀酸具有下调肠道炎症因子基因IL-4 mRNA表达的趋势(P=0.0992和P=0.0728),添加高剂量琥珀酸还上调了IFN-γ mRNA的表达(P<0.05),提示日粮中添加琥珀酸有利于缓解肉鸡肠道炎症,调节免疫力。由此可见,日粮中添加高剂量(2 g/kg)琥珀酸能够促进肉鸡生长发育、缓解肠道炎症、调节免疫力,而添加低剂量(1 g/kg)琥珀酸则可以改善机体氨氮代谢水平。

AA7075-T6铝合金电阻点焊工艺参数优化研究

轻量化结构设计在保证了结构强度的前提下降低了整车质量,减少了能量消耗,成为汽车工业和航空航天的研究重点。本工作通过建立正交实验获取AA7075-T6铝合金的最佳焊接工艺参数。对接头进行拉伸剪切实验、金相观察和显微硬度测试,并对最优参数组合进行数值模拟,以研究焊接工艺参数对接头质量的影响。结果表明:当焊接时间为60 ms、焊接电流为17 kA、电极压力为0.22 MPa时,点焊接头的综合力学性能最好;焊接参数对电阻点焊接头力学性能的影响顺序为焊接时间>焊接电流>电极压力。焊接过程数值模拟得到的熔核尺寸与实验结果一致。焊接过程发生飞溅和熔核存在缩孔缺陷,导致接头的力学性能较差,失效模式为界面断裂。由于焊接过程接头显微组织发生变化,接头显微硬度变化呈“W”形。

Effects of Supplemental Glutamine and Lysine on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens

The optimum levels of Lysine and Glutamine needed for growth performance and maintenance of the chicken broilers were evaluated in a randomized 3 × 4 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. The battery cages measured 99 × 66 × 25 cm that can be sufficient for 5 birds. Day old Chicken broilers totaling 180 were assigned to dietary treatments comprising of 3 concentrations of Lysine (0.85, 1.14, and 1.42) each in combination with 4 concentrations of Glutamine (0, 1, 2, and 3). Each dietary treatment was replicated 3 times and each replication had 5 birds. The birds were given feed and water ad libitum with a 23-hour light regimen for a period of 4 weeks. Then, the experimental birds were evaluated for body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion in order to determine their optimum requirement for dietary Lysine and Glutamine. Based on the findings of this study, the highest performance was observed in birds fed the diet supplemented with 1.42 lysine and 1% glutamine, but the highest improvement in feed conversion was observed in diet contain 1.14 and 1.42 with 1% and 3% glutamine, respectively. Birds fed 1.42 lysine and 1% glutamine had the highest total body weight gain and feed consumption. The lysine requirements in the diet for Chicken are between 1.14 and 1.42 with glutamine level of 1%.

Effect of in ovo feeding of xylobiose and xylotriose on plasma immunoglobulin, cecal metabolites production, microbial ecology, and metabolic pathways in broiler chickens

Background Dietary supplementation of xylooligosac charides(XOS) has been found to influence gut health by manipulating cecal microbiota and producing microbe-origin metabolites.But no study investigated and compared the effect of in ovo feeding of xylobiose(XOS2) and xy lotriose(XOS3) in chickens.This study investigated the effect of in ovo feeding of these XOS compounds on post-hatch gut health parameters in chickens.A total of 144 fertilized chicken eggs were divided into three groups:a) non-injected control(CON),b) XOS2,and c) XOS3.On the 17^(th) embryonic day,the eggs of the XOS2 and XOS3 groups were injected with 3 mg of XOS2 and XOS3 diluted in 0.5 mL of 0.85% normal saline through the amniotic sac.After hatching,the chicks were raised for 21 d.Blood was collected on d 14 to measure plasma immunoglobulin.Cecal digests were collected for measuring short-chain fatty acids(SCFA) on d 14 and 21,and for microbial ecology and microbial metabolic pathway analyses on d 7 and 21.Results The results were considered significantly different at P<0.05.ELISA quantified plasma IgA and IgG on d 14chickens,revealing no differences among the treatments.Gas chromatography results showed no significant differences in the concentrations of cecal SCFAs on d 14 but significant differences on d 21.However;the SCFA concentrations were lower in the XOS3 than in the CON group on d 21.The cecal metagenomics data showed that the abundance of the family Clostridiaceae significantly decreased on d 7,and the abundance of the family Oscillospiraceae increased on d 21 in the XOS2 compared to the CON.There was a reduction in the relative abundance of genus Clostridium sense stricto 1 in the XOS2 compared to the CON on d 7 and the genus Ruminococcus,torques in both XOS2 and XOS3 groups compared to the CON on d 21.The XOS2 and XOS3 groups reduced the genes for chondroitin sulfate degradation Ⅰ and L-histidine degradation Ⅰpathways,which contribute to improved gut health,respectivelyc in the microbiome on d 7.In contrast,on d 21,the XOS2 and XOS3 groups enriched the thiamin salvage Ⅱ,L-isoleucine biosynthesis Ⅳ,and O-antigen building blocks biosynthesis(E. coli) pathways,which are indicative of improved gut health.Unlike the XOS3 and CON,the microbiome enriched the pathways associated with energy enhancement,including flavin biosynthesis Ⅰ,sucrose degradation Ⅲ,and Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle pathways,in the XOS2 group on d 21.Conclusion In ovo XOS2 and XOS3 feeding promoted beneficial bacterial growth and reduced harmful bacteria at the family and genus levels.The metagenomic-based microbial metabolic pathway profiling predicted a favorable change in the availability of cecal metabolites in the XOS2 and XOS3 groups.The modulation of microbiota and metabolic pathways suggests that in ovo XOS2 and XOS3 feeding improved gut health during the post-hatch period of broilers.

Correlation between Intestinal Health and Coccidiosis Prevalence in Broilers during Different Seasons of the Year in Brazil from 2012 to 2018

Coccidiosis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites, specifically belonging to the genus Eimeria. These parasites target the gastrointestinal tract in different types of hosts, causing sores in the intestinal lining. The presence of these lesions reduces the animal’s ability to digest and absorb nutrients, significantly impacting their overall performance. The current study aimed to explore the potential correlation between seasonal variations and the incidence of Eimeria spp-induced lesions in broiler chickens’ gastrointestinal tracts in Brazil from 2012 to 2018. A total of 8,607 broiler chickens, aged 14 to 42 days, were sampled from 103 poultry integrated companies in Brazil to conduct intestinal health examinations. The sampling process involved selecting 3 to 6 chickens from each poultry house for examination. The assessment included various abnormalities such as shedding of intestinal cells and excessive fluid and mucus presence, thickening and tension of the intestines, food movement, roughened mucosal surface resembling a Turkish towel in the small intestine, tissue death, duodenal inflammation, intestinal inflammation, gizzard erosion, presence of worms and bedding material, and ingestion of mealworms. During the seasons, winter exhibited the highest average occurrence of Eimeria maxima microorganisms at 52.83%, with E. acervulina following closely at 26.42% in second place. In spring, E. maxima had an occurrence of 11.31%, while in fall, E. tenella had the lowest occurrence at 6.74%. When analyzing the seasonal occurrence of Eimeria, it was observed that E. maxima micro was more common during winter compared to summer (P = 0.0491). However, no discernible variation was observed in the occurrence of the remaining species across different seasons. Research findings suggest that subclinical coccidiosis is most prevalent during the winter season in Brazil. Likewise, clinical disease caused by E. acervulina is also prevalent during this time. In contrast, E. maxima is more likely to cause clinical disease in the spring, whereas E. tenella is more commonly associated with clinical disease in the fall. Lesions induced by Eimeria spp. are associated with factors influencing the overall health of broiler intestines. These findings allow for the utilization of seasonal metrics in disease management, thereby reducing economic losses associated with the condition.

基于AA-UNet的肝硬化辅助诊断系统

为准确地提取高频肝脏超声图像中的肝包膜,本文采用注意力门和空洞空间金字塔池化UNet(Attention gates and Atrous spatial pyramidal pooling UNet,AA-UNet)分割算法,对高频肝脏超声图像中的肝包膜进行识别,并根据肝包膜的物理形状判断肝硬化程度。首先,将数据增强后的高频肝脏超声图像送入网络模型进行训练;其次,将训练好的模型部署到肝硬化辅助诊断系统。实验结果表明,肝硬化辅助诊断系统能有效识别肝包膜区域并判断肝硬化程度。

Hypoxia-mediated programmed cell death is involved in the formation of wooden breast in broilers

Background Wooden breast(WB)myopathy is a common myopathy found in commercial broiler chickens worldwide.Histological examination has revealed that WB myopathy is accompanied by damage to the pectoralis major(PM)muscle.However,the underlying mechanisms responsible for the formation of WB in broilers have not been fully elucidated.This study aimed to investigate the potential role of hypoxia-mediated programmed cell death(PCD)in the formation of WB myopathy.Results Histological examination and biochemical analysis were performed on the PM muscle of the control(CON)and WB groups.A significantly increased thickness of the breast muscle in the top,middle,and bottom portions(P<0.01)was found along with pathological structure damage of myofibers in the WB group.The number of capillaries per fiber in PM muscle,and the levels of p O_(2) and s O_(2) in the blood,were significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the levels of p CO_(2) and TCO_(2) in the blood were significantly increased(P<0.05),suggesting hypoxic conditions in the PM muscle of the WB group.We further evaluated the PCD-related pathways including autophagy,apoptosis,and necroptosis to understand the consequence response to enhanced hypoxic conditions in the PM muscle of birds with WB.The ratio of LC3 II to LC3 I,and the autophagy-related factors HIF-1α,BNIP3,Beclin1,AMPKα,and ULK1 at the m RNA and protein levels,were all significantly upregulated(P<0.05),showing that autophagy occurred in the PM muscle of the WB group.The apoptotic index,as well as the expressions of Bax,Cytc,caspase 9,and caspase 3,were significantly increased(P<0.05),whereas Bcl-2 was significantly decreased(P<0.05)in the WB-affected PM muscle,indicating the occurrence of apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial pathway.Additionally,the expressions of necroptosis-related factors RIP1,RIP3,and MLKL,as well as NF-κB and the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6,were all significantly enhanced(P<0.05)in the WB-affected PM muscle.Conclusions The WB myopathy reduces blood supply and induces hypoxia in the PM muscle,which is closely related to the occurrence of PCD including apoptosis,autophagy,and necroptosis within myofibers,and finally leads to abnormal muscle damage and the development of WB in broilers.

Embryonic thermal manipulation:a potential strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens for sustainable poultry production

Due to high environmental temperatures and climate change, heat stress is a severe concern for poultry health and production, increasing the propensity for food insecurity. With climate change causing higher temperatures and erratic weather patterns in recent years, poultry are increasingly vulnerable to this environmental stressor. To mitigate heat stress, nutritional, genetic, and managerial strategies have been implemented with some success. However, these strategies did not adequately and sustainably reduce the heat stress. Therefore, it is crucial to take proactive measures to mitigate the effects of heat stress on poultry, ensuring optimal production and promoting poultry well-being. Embryonic thermal manipulation(TM) involves manipulating the embryonic environment's temperature to enhance broilers' thermotolerance and growth performance. One of the most significant benefits of this approach is its cost-effectiveness and saving time associated with traditional management practices. Given its numerous advantages, embryonic TM is a promising strategy for enhancing broiler production and profitability in the poultry industry. TM increases the standard incubation temperature in the mid or late embryonic stage to induce epigenetic thermal adaption and embryonic metabolism. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the available literature and scientific evidence of the beneficial effect of pre-hatch thermal manipulation on broiler health and performance.

Effects of methionine supplementation in a reduced protein diet on growth performance, oxidative status, intestinal health, oocyst shedding, and methionine and folate metabolism in broilers under Eimeria challenge

Background This study investigated effects of different methionine(Met)supplementation levels in a reduced protein diet on growth performance,intestinal health,and different physiological parameters in broilers under Eimeria challenge.A total of 600 fourteen-day-old Cobb500 male broilers were challenged with E.maxima,E.tenella,and E.acervulina,and randomly allocated in a 2×5 factorial arrangement.Birds received normal protein diets(20%crude protein,NCP)or reduced protein diets(17%crude protein,LCP),containing 2.8,4.4,6.0,7.6,and 9.2 g/kg of Met.Results On 6 and 9 days post inoculation(DPI),increasing Met level linearly improved the growth performance(P<0.05).Total oocyst shedding linearly increased as Met level increased(P<0.05).Duodenal villus height(VH):crypt depth(CD)in the LCP groups were higher on 6 DPI(P<0.01)while lower on 9 DPI(P<0.05)compared to the NCP groups.Jejunal CD and duodenal VH:CD changed quadratically as Met level increased(P<0.05).On 6 DPI,liver glutathione(GSH)and glutathione disulfide(GSSG)linearly increased as Met level increased(P<0.05).On 9 DPI,GSSG quadratically increased,whereas GSH:GSSG quadratically decreased as Met levels increased(P<0.05).The expression of amino acid transporters linearly decreased as Met level increased(P<0.05).The expression of zonula occludens 2 and claudin-1 linearly increased on 6 DPI whereas decreased on 9 DPI as Met level increased(P<0.05).The expressions of cytokines were lower in the LCP groups than the NCP groups(P<0.05).Interaction effects were found for the expression of IL-10 and TNFαon 6 DPI(P<0.05),where it only changed quadratically in the NCP group as Met level increased.The expression of Met and folate metabolism genes were lower in the LCP groups than the NCP groups on 9 DPI(P<0.05).The expression of these genes linearly or quadratically decreased as Met level increased(P<0.05).Conclusion These results revealed the regulatory roles of Met in different physiological parameters including oxidative status,intestinal health,and nutrient metabolism in birds fed reduced protein diet and challenged with Eimeria.

Dietary xylo‑oligosaccharides and arabinoxylans improved growth efficiency by reducing gut epithelial cell turnover in broiler chickens

Background One of the main roles of the intestinal mucosa is to protect against environmental hazards.Supple-mentation of xylo-oligosaccharides(XOS)is known to selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria and improve gut health and function in chickens.XOS may have an impact on the integrity of the intestinal epithelia where cell turnover is critical to maintain the compatibility between the digestive and barrier functions.The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of XOS and an arabinoxylan-rich fraction(AXRF)supplementation on gut func-tion and epithelial integrity in broiler chickens.Methods A total of 128 broiler chickens(Ross 308)were assigned into one of two different dietary treatments for a period of 42 d:1)control diet consisting of a corn/soybean meal-based diet;or 2)a control diet supplemented with 0.5%XOS and 1%AXRF.Each treatment was randomly distributed across 8 pens(n=8)with 8 chickens each.Feed intake and body weight were recorded weekly.On d 42,one male chicken per pen was selected based on aver-age weight and euthanized,jejunum samples were collected for proteomics analysis.Results Dietary XOS/AXRF supplementation improved feed efficiency(P<0.05)from d 1 to 42 compared to the con-trol group.Proteomic analysis was used to understand the mechanism of improved efficiency uncovering 346 dif-ferentially abundant proteins(DAP)(Padj<0.00001)in supplemented chickens compared to the non-supplemented group.In the jejunum,the DAP translated into decreased ATP production indicating lower energy expenditure by the tissue(e.g.,inhibition of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways).In addition,DAP were associated with decreased epithelial cell differentiation,and migration by reducing the actin polymerization pathway.Put-ting the two main pathways together,XOS/AXRF supplementation may decrease around 19%the energy required for the maintenance of the gastrointestinal tract.Conclusions Dietary XOS/AXRF supplementation improved growth efficiency by reducing epithelial cell migration and differentiation(hence,turnover),actin polymerization,and consequently energy requirement for maintenance of the jejunum of broiler chickens.

Dietary manganese supplementation inhibits abdominal fat deposition possibly by regulating gene expression and enzyme activity involved in lipid metabolism in the abdominal fat of broilers

Excessive abdominal fat deposition seriously restricts the production efficiency of broilers.Several studies found that dietary supplemental manganese(Mn)could effectively reduce the abdominal fat deposition of broilers,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with the inorganic or organic Mn on abdominal fat deposition,and enzyme activity and gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in the abdominal fat of male or female broilers.A total of 4201-d-old AA broilers(half males and half females)were randomly allotted by body weight and gender to 1 of 6 treatments with 10 replicates cages of 7 chicks per cage in a completely randomized design involving a 3(dietary Mn addition)×2(gender)factorial arrangement.Male or female broilers were fed with the Mn-unsupplemented basal diets containing 17.52 mg Mn kg^(-1)(d 1-21)and 15.62 mg Mn kg^(-1)(d 22-42)by analysis or the basal diets supplemented with 110 mg Mn kg^(-1)(d 1-21)and 80 mg Mn kg^(-1)(d 22-42)as either the Mn sulfate or the Mn proteinate with moderate chelation strength(Mn-Prot M)for 42 d.The results showed that the interaction between dietary Mn addition and gender had no impact(P>0.05)on any of the measured parameters;abdominal fat percentage of broilers was decreased(P<0.003)by Mn addition;Mn addition increased(P<0.004)adipose triglyceride lipase(ATGL)activity,while Mn-Prot M decreased(P<0.002)the fatty acid synthase(FAS)activity in the abdominal fat of broilers compared to the control;Mn addition decreased(P<0.009)diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2(DGAT2)mRNA expression level and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ)mRNA and protein expression levels,but up-regulated(P<0.05)the ATGL mRNA and protein expression levels in the abdominal fat of broilers.It was concluded that dietary supplementation with Mn inhibited the abdominal fat deposition of broilers possibly via decreasing the expression of PPARγand DGAT2 as well as increasing the expression and activity of ATGL in the abdominal fat of broilers,and Mn-Prot M was more effective in inhibiting the FAS acitivity.