Theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity —Modeling Earth as a Rotating Solenoid Coil

Presented in this manuscript are conventional electrical engineering tools to model the earth as a rotating electrical machine. Calculations using known parameters of the earth and measured field data has resulted in new understanding of the earth’s electrical system and gyroscopic rotation. The material makeup of the inner earth is better understood based on derived permeability and permittivity constants. The planet has been modeled as simple coils and then as a parallel impedance circuit which has led to fundamental insight into planetary speed control and RLC combination for Schumann Resonance of 7.83 Hz. Torque and Voltage Constants and the inverse Speed Constant are calculated using three methods and all compare favorably with Newton’s Gravitational Constant. A helical resonator is referenced and Schumann’s Resonant ideal frequency is calculated and compared with others idealism. A new theory of gravity based on particle velocity selector at the poles is postulated. Two equations are presented as the needed links between Faraday’s electromagnetism and Newtonian physics. Acceleration and Deceleration of earth is explained as a centripetal governor. A new equation for planetary attraction and the attraction of atomic matter is theorized. Rotation of the earth’s electrical coil is explained in terms of the Richardson effect. Electric power transfer from the sun to the planets is proposed via Flux Transfer Events. The impact of this evolving science of electromagnetic modeling of planets will be magnified as the theory is proven, and found to be useful for future generations of engineers and scientists who seek to discover our world and other planets.

Light-Front Hamiltonian, Path Integral and BRST Formulations of the Chern-Simons-Higgs Theory in the Broken Symmetry Phase

In the present work we study the Hamiltonian, path integral and BRST formulations of the Chern-Simons-Higgs theory in two-space one-time dimensions, in the so-called broken symmetry phase of the Higgs potential (where the phase φ(xμ) of the complex matter field Φ(xμ) carries the charge degree of freedom of the complex matter field and is akin to the Goldstone boson) on the light-front (i.e., on the hyperplanes defined by the fixed light-cone time). The theory is seen to possess a set of first-class constraints and the local vector gauge symmetry. The theory being gauge-invariant is quantized under appropriate gauge-fixing conditions. The explicit Hamiltonian and path integral quantization is achieved under the above light-cone gauges. The Heisenberg equations of motion of the system are derived for the physical degrees of freedom of the system. Finally the BRST quantization of the system is achieved under appropriate BRST gauge-fixing, where the BRST symmetry is maintained even under the BRST light-cone gauge-fixing.

Comparative Study of Conventional, Fuzzy Logic and Neural PID Speed Controllers with Torque Ripple Minimization for an Axial Magnetic Flux Switched Reluctance Motor

Three speed controllers for an axial magnetic flux switched reluctance motor with only one stator, are described and experimentally tested. As it is known, when current pulses are imposed in their windings, high ripple torque is obtained. In order to reduce this ripple, a control strategy with modified current shapes is proposed. A workbench consisting of a machine prototype and the control system based on a microcontroller was built. These controllers were: a conventional PID, a fuzzy logic PID and a neural PID type. From experimental results, the effective reduction of the torque ripple was confirmed and the performance of the controllers was compared.

Torque teno virus in liver diseases: On the way towards unity of view

The review presents the data accumulated for more than 20 years of research of torque teno virus(TTV).Its molecular genetic structure,immunobiology,epidemiology,diagnostic methods,possible replication sites,and pathogenicity factors are described.TTV is a virus that is frequently detectable in patients with different viral hepatitides,in cases of hepatitis without an obvious viral agent,as well as in a healthy population.There is evidence suggesting that biochemical and histological changes occur in liver tissue and bile duct epithelium in TTV monoinfection.There are sufficient histological signs of liver damage,which confirm that the virus can undergo a replicative cycle in hepatocytes.Along with this,cytological hybridization in TTV-infected cells has shown no substantial cytopathic(cell-damaging)effects that are characteristic of pathogenic hepatotropic viruses.Studying TTV has led to the evolution of views on its role in the development of human pathology.The first ideas about the hepatotropism of the virus were gradually reformed as new data became available on the prevalence of the virus and its co-infection with other viruses,including the viruses of the known types of hepatitides.The high prevalence of TTV in the human population indicates its persistence in the body as a virome and a nonpathogenic virus.It has recently been proposed that the level of TTV DNA in the blood of patients undergoing organ transplantation should be used as an endogenous marker of the body’s immune status.The available data show the polytropism of the virus and deny the fact that TTV can be assigned exclusively to hepatitis viruses.Fortunately,the rare detection of the damaging effect of TTV on hepatic and bile duct epithelial cells may be indirect evidence of its conditionally pathogenic properties.The ubiquity of the virus and the variability of its existence in humans cannot put an end to its study.

Broken Rotor Bar Fault Detection of Induction Motors Using a Joint Algorithm of Trust Region and Modified Bare-bones Particle Swarm Optimization

A precise detection of the fault feature parameter of motor current is a new research hotspot in the broken rotor bar(BRB) fault diagnosis of induction motors. Discrete Fourier transform(DFT) is the most popular technique in this field, owing to low computation and easy realization. However, its accuracy is often limited by the data window length, spectral leakage, fence e ect, etc. Therefore, a new detection method based on a global optimization algorithm is proposed. First, a BRB fault current model and a residual error function are designed to transform the fault parameter detection problem into a nonlinear least-square problem. Because this optimization problem has a great number of local optima and needs to be resolved rapidly and accurately, a joint algorithm(called TR-MBPSO) based on a modified bare-bones particle swarm optimization(BPSO) and trust region(TR) is subsequently proposed. In the TR-MBPSO, a reinitialization strategy of inactive particle is introduced to the BPSO to enhance the swarm diversity and global search ability. Meanwhile, the TR is combined with the modified BPSO to improve convergence speed and accuracy. It also includes a global convergence analysis, whose result proves that the TR-MBPSO can converge to the global optimum with the probability of 1. Both simulations and experiments are conducted, and the results indicate that the proposed detection method not only has high accuracy of parameter estimation with short-time data window, e.g., the magnitude and frequency precision of the fault-related components reaches 10^(-4), but also overcomes the impacts of spectral leakage and non-integer-period sampling. The proposed research provides a new BRB detection method, which has enough precision to extract the parameters of the fault feature components.

Semi-Automatic Modeling Technique of Torque Converter Flow Passage

The modeling technique of hydrodynamic torque converter flow passage was investigated. The semi-automatic modeling technique of torque converter flow passage was proposed. The flow passage model of each converter wheel is considered as a revolution entity sliced by two curved surfaces. In order to generate the revolution entity, a new approximation method, condition optimum arc approximation, was proposed. The method was used to approximate the meridional streamlines of the inner and outer wall. As a result, the three-dimensional revolution entity can be conveniently generated. In order to create slice surfaces, the central stream surface of flow passage was approximated with a quadric surface. The normal vector of the quadric surface and the thickness/thickness-function of bade were used to calculate the discrete point coordinates of blade surfaces. Via the rotation transformation to the coordinates, the discrete point coordinates of slice surfaces were obtained. A parameterized program code used for the hydrodynamic torque converter design and semi-automatic modeling was developed. Modeling errors were calculated and analyzed. The flow passage model was generated in several minutes with the help of the program code, Auto CAD and Solidworks software. Finally, the model was inputted into Gambit, and the pre-processing task used for the numerical simulation of torque converter flow field was successfully completed. The investigation results show that the semi-automatic modeling not only can ensure the accuracy of modeling, but also librates the research and design workers of torque converter from the time-consuming modeling work, which paves the way for the numerical simulation of the complex flow field of the hydrodynamic torque converter.

串联磁路结构双定子混合式直接驱动电动机的定位转矩分析及抑制策略

文中提出一种抑制串联磁路结构双定子混合式直接驱动电动机(Double-Stator Hybrid Direct Drive Motor,以下简称DSHBDDM)定位转矩的方案。利用串联磁路结构DSHBDDM 的简化磁网络模型,定量分析了该电机的定位转矩特性, 提出了内、外定子错齿削弱定位转矩的方案,分析了内、外定子错齿对串联磁路结构DSHBDDM 电磁转矩的影响,提出了错齿系数的概念。并对样机进行了实验测试,实验结果表明,电机内、外定子错齿,在有效削弱定位转矩、减小电磁转矩中的波动分量的同时,对电磁转矩的恒定分量即有用分量的影响却很小。实验结果与理论解析的趋势是一致的,验证了理论分析的正确性。

异步电机直接转矩控制算法的DSP实现

直接转矩控制是一种新型的交流电机变频驱动控制方法。本文详细介绍了异步电机直接转矩控制算法在TM S320F240D SP控制器上的实现方法。TM S320F240D SP芯片丰富的片内外设资源给编程带来了极大方便。程序能够基于直接转矩控制算法高效地控制电机运行。并且,实现了D SP程序与PC上位机的RS-232串口通信。在PC上可以通过串口向D SP发送命令、设置参数。本文设计的程序对直接转矩控制算法及其改进算法的研究有积极意义。

Change monitoring of earth rotation parameter with Maglev gyroscope precessional torque

Through analyzing the relationship between gyro dynamic torques produced by the changes of earth rotation parameters (ERP), a method of measuring the earth rotation parameters was proposed and explored by using gyroscope. The preliminary experiments were carried out using GAT Maglev Gyro Station (which is self-developed by China). Considering the measurement and expanding-application of the earth rotation parameters, some ideas and opinions about the structure design, measurement methods and data processing of gyro were proposed, and some outlook of the expanding-application of the gyroscope in geodetic and geophysical fields were done. The experimental results show that using the high-precision gyroscope to determine the changes of ERP is feasible, with the emergence of ultra-high precision gyro; it is possible for determining the earth rotation parameters by gyro in stead of by current complex space surveying technology.

折断式螺纹钉在髋部骨折的应用

目的 分析折断式螺纹钉在髋部骨折中的临床应用和生物力学。方法 采用硬膜外麻醉或局麻。在数字化多功能遥控X线机或C臂X线机下,显露股骨上端外侧面,于大转子下3-5cm处,钻成“品”字形骨孔,将长度合适折断式螺纹钉经颈先后旋入股骨头中,钉尖距股骨头软骨面下5mm。经X线透视钉位满意后,折断螺钉尾段。结果 随访1年-3年4个月,骨折均骨性愈合,愈合时间为3-6个月。股骨颈骨折27例中,优10例,良16例,差1例;股骨粗隆间骨折18例中,优9例,良8例,差1例。结论 (1)折断式螺纹钉能有效地控制骨折间的旋转应力、压应力,固定牢靠,半身螺纹有一定滑动度可刺激成骨促进骨愈合;(2)折断式螺纹钉内固定术后,可早期活动,有利于患肢功能的恢复;(3)有利于减少股骨头缺血性坏死的发生率。

Repairing of RC T-Section Beams with Opening by CFRP for Cracks and Ultimate Torque

The repair of reinforced concrete(RC)beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymers(CFRP)is experimentally investigated in this study.The four T-section reinforced reactive powder concrete beams with many locations of circular opening were repaired by CFRP and investigated under pure torsion.The repairing beams were tested to obtain the effect of the amount of CFRP laminate on beams cracking and ultimate torque behavior,angle of twist and failure modes.The results obtained from the adopted repairing technique showed a significant effect of external high strength CFRP laminates on effectively restore of section solid of 85%of crack torsional strength effectively restored.In addition,the results show that effectively restoring of section opening by 82%-80%of crack torsional strength,and the adopted repairing technique gives a good strength to the beams.

Generation and Analysis of Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Transmission Shift Schedules with a Torque Split Algorithm

The increased concern over global climate change and lack of long-term sustainability of fossil fuels in the projected future has prompted further research into advanced alternative fuel vehicles to reduce vehicle emissions and fuel consumption. One of the primary advanced vehicle research areas involves electrification and hybridization of vehicles. As hybrid-electric vehicle technology has advanced, so has the need for more innovative control schemes for hybrid vehicles, including the development and optimization of hybrid powertrain transmission shift schedules. The hybrid shift schedule works in tandem with a cost function-based torque split algorithm that dynamically determines the optimal torque command for the electric motor and engine. The focus of this work is to develop and analyze the benefits and limitations of two different shift schedules for a position-3 (P3) parallel hybrid-electric vehicle. a traditional two-parameter shift schedule that operates as a function of vehicle accelerator position and vehicle speed (state of charge (SOC) independent shift schedule), and a three-parameter shift schedule that also adapts to fluctuations in the state of charge of the high voltage batteries (SOC dependent shift schedule). The shift schedules were generated using an exhaustive search coupled with a fitness function to evaluate all possible vehicle operating points. The generated shift schedules were then tested in the software-in-the-loop (SIL) environment and the vehicle-in-the-loop (VIL) environment and compared to each other, as well as to the stock 8L45 8-speed transmission shift schedule. The results show that both generated shift schedules improved upon the stock transmission shift schedule used in the hybrid powertrain comparing component efficiency, vehicle efficiency, engine fuel economy, and vehicle fuel economy.

Fuzzy Torque Control of the Bionic Flexible Manipulator Actuated by Pneumatic Muscle Actuators

A bionic flexible manipulator driven by pneumatic muscle actuator(PMA)can better reflect the flexibility of the mechanism.Current research on PMA mainly focuses on the modeling and control strategy of the pneumatic manipulator system.Compared with traditional electro-hydraulic actuators,the structure of PMA is simple but possesses strong nonlinearity and flexibility,which leads to the difficulty in improving the control accuracy.In this paper,the configuration design of a bionic flexible manipulator is performed by human physiological map,the kinematic model of the mechanism is established,and the dynamics is analyzed by Lagrange method.A fuzzy torque control algorithm is designed based on the computed torque method,where the fuzzy control theory is applied.The hardware experimental system is established.Through the co-simulation contrast test on MATLAB and ADAMS,it is found that the fuzzy torque control algorithm has better tracking performance and higher tracking accuracy than the computed torque method,and is applied to the entity control test.The experimental results show that the fuzzy torque algorithm can better control the trajectory tracking movement of the bionic flexible manipulator.This research proposes a fuzzy torque control algorithm which can compensate the error more effectively,and possesses the preferred trajectory tracking performance.

Analysis of Torque Ripple of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor

Torque tripple has significant effect on performance of permanent magnet brushless DC motor. This paper presents a mathematical model built for such a motor, the analysis of torque tripple for a brushless DC motor with sinusoidal flux distribution, which is verified by torque tripple experiments run with a test motor, and equations developed for torque tripple resulting from different sator current errors.

Torque Control Algorithm and Its Simulation of Capturing a Moving Target for Free Flying Space Robots

Torque control algorithm and its simulation of capturing a moving target for Free Flying Space Robots(FFSR) are discussed in this paper. The efficient recursive algorithm of joint driven torque for FFSR is developed. The torque control algorithm combined with Resolved Motion Rate Contro(RMRC) based on Generalized Jacobian Matrix(GJM) for capturing a moving target is proposed. The computer simulation verifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Assessment of Cutting Parameters Influencing on Thrust Force and Torque during Drilling Particulate Filled Glass Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Drilling is indispensable process and it cannot be avoided for joining composite structures used in various engineering applications. In this research article, the influence of drilling parameters on thrust force and torque of silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) filled into glass fabric reinforced epoxy (G-E) composites are analyzed. Drilling experiments are conducted on these composite materials using BATLIBOI make radial drilling machine. Two different drill bits (HSS and cemented carbide) are used for the experimentation. The influence of drilling parameters like cutting speed and feed on thrust force and torque on drilling of particulate filled G-E composites has been carried out. The experimental results indicated that the thrust force and torque were increased with increasing feed and cutting speed for all the composites tested. Further, it is observed that the carbide drill performed better than HSS drill during drilling of particulate filled G-E composites. The drilled surfaces are examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and damage mechanisms are discussed.

基于感应电机启动电磁转矩Hilbert-Huang变换的转子断条故障诊断

该文提出了一种感应电机转子故障诊断新方法。当感应电机转子出现断条故障时,转子绕组的不对称将会使电磁转矩谱中引入2sfs(s为转差率,fs为电网频率)谐波分量。利用Hilbert-Huang变换中经验模态分解(EMD)方法对启动电磁转矩信号进行了分解,得到若干本征模态函数(IMF)。通过计算包含故障信息的IMF分量的瞬时频率,可以检测出转子断条故障。同时,根据包含故障信息的IMF的幅值可以进一步判断出转子断条根数。实验结果证明该方法是可行的。

Reconstruction of broken Si–O–Si bonds in iron ore tailings (IOTs) in concrete

This paper reports a study on the reconstruction of broken Si O Si bonds in iron ore tailings (IOTs) in concrete. Limestone and IOTs were used to investigate the influence of different types of coarse aggregates on the compressive strengths of concrete samples. The dif- ferences in interfacial transition zones (ITZs) between aggregate and paste were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ener- gy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) were used to study microscopic changes in limestone and IOTs powders in a simple alkaline environment that simulated cement. The results show that the compressive strengths of IOTs concrete or paste are higher than those of limestone concrete or paste under identical conditions. The Ca/Si atom ratios in the ITZs of IOTs con- crete samples are lower than those of limestone concrete;the diffraction peak of the calcium silicate phase at 2θ = 29.5°, as well as the bands of Si O bonds shifting to lower wavenumbers, indicates reconstruction of the broken Si-O-Si bonds on the surfaces of IOTs with Ca(OH)2.

Torque and bending moment acting on a flexible shaft agitated by disk turbines in a gas–liquid stirred vessel

The torque and bending moment acting on a flexible overhung shaft in a gas–liquid stirred vessel agitated by a Rushton turbine and three different curved-blade disk turbines(half circular blades disk turbine, half elliptical blades disk turbine, and parabolic blades disk turbine) were experimentally measured by a customized moment sensor. The results show that the amplitude distribution of torque can be fitted by a symmetric bimodal distribution for disk turbines, and generally the distribution is more dispersive as the blade curvature or the gas flow rate increases. The amplitude distribution of shaft bending moment can be fitted by an asymmetric Weibull distribution for disk turbines. The relative shaft bending moment manifests a "rising-falling-rising" trend over the gas flow number, which is a corporate contribution of the unstable gas–liquid flow around the impeller, the gas cavities behind the blades, and the direct impact of gas on the impeller. And the "falling" stage is greater and lasts wider over the gas flow number for Rushton turbine than for the curved-blade disk turbines.

Mineral cleavage nature and surface energy: Anisotropic surface broken bonds consideration

The population of surface broken bonds of some typical sulfide, oxide and salt-type minerals which may belong to cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, or orthorhombic system, were calculated. In terms of the calculation results, the cleavage natures of these minerals were analyzed, and the relationship between surface broken bonds density and surface energy was also established. The results show that the surface broken bonds properties could be used to predict the cleavage nature of most of minerals, and the predicted cleavage planes agree well with those reported in previous literature. Moreover, this work explored a rule that, surface broken bonds density is directly related to surface energy with determination coefficient（R2） of over 0.8, indicating that the former is a dominant factor to determine the latter. Therefore, anisotropic surface broken bonds density can be used to predict the stability of mineral surface and the reactivity of surface atoms.