Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assessment facilitates precision medicine for lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common and fatal malignant disease worldwide and has the highest mortality rate among tumor-related causes of death.Early diagnosis and precision medicine can significantly improve the survival rate and prognosis of lung cancer patients.At present,the clinical diagnosis of lung cancer is challenging due to a lack of effective non-invasive detection methods and biomarkers,and treatment is primarily hindered by drug resistance and high tumor heterogeneity.Liquid biopsy is a method for detecting circulating biomarkers in the blood and other body fluids containing genetic information from primary tumor tissues.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)is a potential liquid biopsy medium that is rich in a variety of bioactive substances and cell components.BALF contains information on the key characteristics of tumors,including the tumor subtype,gene mutation type,and tumor environment,thus BALF may be used as a diagnostic supplement to lung biopsy.In this review,the current research on BALF in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of lung cancer is summarized.The advantages and disadvantages of different components of BALF,including cells,cell-free DNA,extracellular vesicles,and micro RNA are introduced.In particular,the great potential of extracellular vesicles in precision diagnosis and detection of drug-resistant for lung cancer is highlighted.In addition,the performance of liquid biopsies with different body fluid sources in lung cancer detection are compared to facilitate more selective studies involving BALF,thereby promoting the application of BALF for precision medicine in lung cancer patients in the future.

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing assay for identifying pathogens in lung cancer patients

Background:For patients with lung cancer,timely identification of new lung lesions as infectious or non-infectious,and accurate identification of pathogens is very important in improving OS of patients.As a new auxiliary examination,metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)is believed to be more accurate in diagnosing infectious diseases in patients without underlying diseases,compared with conventional microbial tests(CMTs).We designed this study tofind out whether mNGS has better performance in distinguishing infectious and non-infectious diseases in lung cancer patients using bronchoalveolar lavagefluid(BALF).Materials and Methods:This study was a real-world retrospective review based on electronic medical records of lung cancer patients with bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL)and BALF commercial mNGS testing as part of clinical care from 1 April 2019 through 30 April 2022 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.164 patients were included in this study.Patients were categorized into the pulmonary non-infectious disease(PNID)group(n=64)and the pulmonary infectious disease(PID)group(n=100)groups based onfinal diagnoses.Results:BALF mNGS increased the sensitivity rate by 60%compared to CMTs(81%vs.21%,p<0.05),whereas there was no significant difference in specificity(75%vs.98.4%,p>0.1).Among the patients with PID,bacteria were the most common cause of infection.Fungal infections occurred in 32%of patients,and Pneumocystis Yersini was most common.Patients with Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)therapy possess longer overall survival(OS)than other anti-cancer agents,the difference between TKIs and immuno-checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)was insignificant(median OS TKIs vs.ICIs vs.Anti-angiogenic vs.Chemo vs.Radiotherapy=76 vs.84 vs.61 vs.58 vs.60).Conclusions:our study indicates that BALF mNGS can add value by improving overall sensitivity in lung cancer patients with potential pulmonary infection,and was outstanding in identifying Pneumocystis infection.It could be able to help physicians adjust the follow-up treatment to avoid the abuse of antibiotics.

Pneumocystis jirovecii diagnosed by next-generation sequencing of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The advent of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors has greatly improved the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma(RCC), thus significantly improving patient survival. The incidence of rare drug-related adverse events has gained increased attention.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient with advanced RCC treated with multiple lines of molecular targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, who developed a pulmonary infection after treatment with everolimus in combination with lenvatinib. Determining the pathogenic organism was difficult, but it was eventually identified as Pneumocystis jirovecii by next-generation sequencing(NGS) of bronchoscopic alveolar lavage fluid(BALF) and successfully treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.CONCLUSION Rare pulmonary infections caused by molecular targeted agents are not uncommon in clinical practice, but their diagnosis is difficult. Evaluating BALF with NGS is a good method for rapid diagnosis of such infections.

Value of eosinophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: A case report

BACKGROUND An immediate hypersensitive immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens is one of the main characteristic features of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis(ABPA).As ABPA is an allergic respiratory disease,immunoglobulin E and peripheral-blood eosinophilia have been used as diagnostic indicators.However,eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)has not been considered in the diagnostic criteria for ABPA.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of ABPA in which the eosinophil count in peripheral blood was not increased,whereas the eosinophil percentage in BALF reached 60%.After antifungal and hormone therapy,imaging revealed very good resolution of lung infiltration.CONCLUSION The value of the eosinophil count in BALF for the diagnosis of ABPA is worthy of the clinician's attention,especially when the patient’s clinical features lack specificity and the diagnostic parameters are negative.

Characteristics of alveolar macrophages in bronchioalveolar lavage fluids from active tuberculosis patients identified by single-cell RNA sequencing

Tuberculosis(TB),is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tuberculosis),and presents with high morbidity and mortality.Alveolar macrophages play an important role in TB pathogenesis although there is heterogeneity and functional plasticity.This study aimed to show the characteristics of alveolar macrophages from bronchioalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)in active TB patients.Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)was performed on BALF cells from three patients with active TB and additional scRNA-seq data from three healthy adults were established as controls.Transcriptional profiles were analyzed and compared by differential gene expression and functional enrichment analysis.We applied pseudo-temporal trajectory analysis to investigate correlations and heterogeneity within alveolar macrophage subclusters.Alveolar macrophages from active TB patients at the single-cell resolution are described.We found that TB patients have higher cellular percentages in five macrophage subclusters.Alveolar macrophage subclusters with increased percentages were involved in inflammatory signaling pathways as well as the basic macrophage functions.The TB-increased alveolar macrophage subclusters might be derived from M1-like polarization state,before switching to an M2-like polarization state with the development of M.tuberculosis infection.Cell-cell communications of alveolar macrophages also increased and enhanced in active TB patients.Overall,our study demonstrated the characteristics of alveolar macrophages from BALF in active TB patients by using scRNA-seq.

Stability of Xuesaitong capsules in gastrointestinal lavage fluid

Objective:To obtain a formulation with high bioavailability through evaluation of the stability of three types of Xuesaitong capsules in the stomachs and intestines of rats.We compared the stability of the Panax notoginsenoside R1 as well as the ginsenosides Rg1,Rb1,Re,and Rd in different formulations.Methods:Artificial stomach fluid(ASF)and artificial intestinal fluid(AIF)were prepared.Stability of three types of Xuesaitong capsules was examined for 4 h in stomachs and 24 h in intestines.Samples were analyzed at different times by high-performance liquid chromatography.Percent content of NGR1,GRg1,GRb1,GRe,and GRd at different times was calculated.Results:Hard capsules incubated in ASF disintegrated within 2e3 min,whereas soft capsules disintegrated within 7e8 min.Components in hard capsules were dissolved rapidly in water,with content of each compound reaching 90%in 5 min,and degradation of each compound reaching 30e50%after incubation for 240 min.Dissolution and degradation of each component in soft capsules with a water-soluble base tended to balance at 30 e90 min.Contents in soft capsules with a lipid-soluble base showed slow dissolution after ASF incubation for 120 min.Five saponins in identical types of capsules incubated in ASF had similar stability curves.Contents of hard capsules and soft capsules with a watersoluble base degraded rapidly within 30 min and reached a plateau when Xuesaitong capsules were incubated in AIF.

HPLC Quantification of Dexamethasone Palmitate in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Rat after Lung Delivery with Large Porous Particles

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of dexamethasone palmitate (DXP) in bronchoalveolar fluid lavage samples (BALF). DXP in rat BALFs containing the internal standard (IS), testosterone decanoate (TD), was extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (9:1, v/v). Extracts were then centrifuged, dried and dissolved in acetonitrile. A chromatographic separation based on an isocratic elution was done using acetonitrile and water (85:15, v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The graph of the developed method was linear within the tested calibration range of 0.5 - 40 μg/mL. The overall extraction recovery of DXP from BALF samples was 84.3% ± 1.6%. The accuracy (relative error) and precision (coefficient of variation) values were within the pre-defined limits of ≤15% at all concentrations. This methodology has been applied to determine levels of DXP in BALF samples collected from rats treated with DXP large porous particles. The measured concentrations were successfully evaluated using a non-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Since the developed method requires only a microvolume (100 μL) of BALF sample for analysis, it is therefore particularly suitable for the evaluation of drug biodistribution in lung.

Effects of early bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from dogs with smoke inhalation injury on the lungs of rats

Objective: Whether early massive bronchoalveolar lavage can remove the harmful substances from the lungs injured with smoke inhalation remains uncertain. This study was designed to observe the effects of early massive bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) on the healthy lungs in rats. Methods: Mongrel dogs were inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury. The injured lungs were lavaged with large amount of normal saline in the first hour after injury and the BALF was collected. The BALF was injected into the healthy lungs of 30 rats (group C) in the dosage of 5 ml/kg. The functions and pathological changes of the lungs were observed 24 h after perfusion with the BALF. The data were compared with those of 23 rats (group B) whose lungs were perfused with the BALF collected from normal dogs and those of 21 rats (group A) whose lungs were perfused with normal saline. Results: The mortality rate 24 h after lung perfusion was higher in group C than in groups A and B. The survivors of group C exhibited fluctuation of respiratory rate (RR), remarkable decrease of PaO 2, significantly higher content of lung water, decrease of total static pulmonary compliance and pulmonary expansion index, and increasse of inflammatory cytokines in the tissues of lungs. Only slight mechanic obstructive effect on the airway was observed in rats of group A and B. The pathological changes of the lungs of the rats in group C were similar to those of the dogs with actual smoke inhalation injury. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the BALF collected from dogs with acute severe smoke inhalation injury in the early stage after injury injured the normal lungs of rats with the bioactive substances in the BALF. These findings show us that it is a valuable therapeutic procedure to apply massive bronchoalveolar fluid lavage in the early stage after inhalation injury.

Comparison on Detection Results of Pathogen Nucleic Acids for Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Lung Infection Infants Between Uighur Nationality and Han Nationality

Objective:To analyze the detection results of pathogen nucleic acids for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)of lung infection infants from Uighur nationality and Han nationality.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on the 318 infants with lung infection who were admitted to the hospital from April 2018 to April 2019.According to their nationality,they were divided into Uighur nationality group(190 cases)and Han nationality group(128 cases).The BALF specimens were collected to test pathogen nucleic acid.The distribution and positive rates of[respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),adenovirus(ADV),influenza virus A(IFA),influenza virus B(IFB),parainfluenza virus type 1(PIV I),parainfluenza virus type 2(PIV II),parainfluenza virus type 3(PIV III)],bacteria(Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae,staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,klebsiella pneumoniae),Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)and Chlamydia pneumoniae(CP)in both groups were observed and compared.Results:The virus detection for RSV,ADV and PIV III were on the top three in BALF from the children in both groups.The total positive rate of virus examination in Uighur nationality group was higher than that in Han nationality group(P<0.05).BALF in both groups was mainly on Streptococcus pneumoniae.The total positive rate of bacteria,MP and detection rate of chlamydia were higher in Uighur nationality group were higher than those in Han nationality group(P<0.05).Conclusion:The pathogen nucleic acid examination for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in infants with lung viral infection is in the majority,mainly on RSV virus infection.The positive rates of virus,bacteria,MP and CP of children in Uighur nationality are high than those in Han nationality.

Expression of endostatin in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with lung cancer

Objective To evaluate the expression of endostatin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum in patients with lung cancer,and to analysis the relationship between endostatin expression and clinical prognosis as well as pathophysiological characteristics. Methods The samples of serum and BALF were obtained from 57

涂片与培养方法检测痰液和肺泡灌洗液中抗酸菌诊断肺结核的管理研究

目的评价痰液和肺泡灌洗液联合抗酸菌检测的临床应用价值,为肺结核临床诊疗决策提供参考。方法以在同一周内并行痰液涂片染色查找抗酸菌和/或分枝杆菌培养检查的可疑肺结核患者为研究对象,从医院LIS系统中收集、整理2021年1月—7月的相关检测数据,分析4种检测结果的同一性与差异性。结果①在272例患者中,痰涂片、肺泡灌洗液涂片、痰培养、肺泡灌洗液培养(以下分别称为“A”“B”“C”“D”)的阳性检出率分别为14.71%(40/272)、19.49%(53/272)、25.00%(67/268)和31.90%(74/232),4种检测作为平行试验的阳性率为37.50%(102/272);②A^(+)C^(+)、A^(-)C^(+)、A^(+)C^(-)、A^(-)C^(-)、A^(-)C N(上标中的“+”“-”“N”分别代表“阳性”“阴性”“未检测”,下同)和B^(+)D^(+)、B^(-)D^(+)、B^(+)D^(-)、B^(-)D^(-)、B^(-)D^(N)结果组合分别占14.71%(40/272)、13.97%(38/272)、0、69.85%(190/272)、1.47%(4/272)和19.12%(52/272)、8.82%(24/272)、0.37%(1/272)、56.99%(155/272)、14.71%(40/272);③A^(+)B^(+)、A^(+)B^(-)、A^(-)B^(+)、A^(-)B^(-)和A^(+)D^(+)、A^(+)D^(-)、A^(+)D^(N)、A^(-)D^(+)、A^(-)D^(-)、A^(-)D^(N)、A^(N)D^(+)、A^(N)D^(-)、A^(N)D^(N)结果组合分别占14.71%(40/272)、0、4.78%(13/272)、80.51%(219/272)和19.12%(52/272)、5.51%(15/272)、4.04(11/272)、8.09%(22/272)、51.74%(140/272)、10.29%(28/272)、0.74%(2/272)、0.37%(1/272)、0.37%(1/272)。结论较通常应用痰液检测抗酸菌而言,行肺泡灌洗液抗酸菌检测可以大幅提高肺结核病原学确诊率,值得临床大力推广应用。

肺部感染儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液病原及细胞学分析

目的分析肺部感染儿童支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中的病原及细胞学成分,为临床提供诊断及治疗依据方法选取2021年8月至2022年10月于泉州市儿童医院住院治疗的42例患儿作为研究对象,其中23例BALF培养确诊为细菌感染性肺炎的患儿为细菌性肺炎组,19例支气管异物行异物取出术后BALF培养无细菌生长的患儿为支气管异物组。采用液基细胞学沉降法对上述两组患儿BALF进行病理学分析。结果23例细菌性肺炎以肺炎链球菌感染为主,肺部CT易合并肺不张;19例支气管异物以左主支气管异物多见,其中以坚果类异物为主。细菌性肺炎组的中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平高于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎组的淋巴细胞百分比低于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);细菌性肺炎组BALF中性粒细胞百分比高于支气管异物组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组BALF中淋巴细胞百分比、巨噬细胞百分比、纤毛柱状上皮细胞百分比比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论儿童细菌性肺炎以肺炎链球菌感染多见,其BALF细胞学组成以中性粒细胞为主,这为临床诊断及治疗提供了依据,避免临床抗生素滥用。

肺泡灌洗液白细胞介素-17A含量与重症肺炎患者预后的关系

目的探究肺泡灌洗液白细胞介素(IL)-17A含量与重症肺炎患者预后的关系。方法回顾性选取2021年1月至2023年1月第九〇九医院厦门大学附属东南医院收治的重症肺炎患者126例,收集患者的一般临床资料,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析重症肺炎患者预后的影响因素,应用Pearson相关性分析急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、IL-17A、Toll样受体4(TLR4)、高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)与重症肺炎患者发生死亡的相关性,绘制受试者工作特征曲线评估APACHEⅡ评分、IL-17A、TLR4、HMGB1指标单一检测对重症肺炎患者预后的预测价值。结果126例重症肺炎患者经门诊复查以及电话随访1年,有38例患者死亡,死亡率为33.16%。死亡组患者的APACHEⅡ评分、IL-17A、TLR4、HMGB1水平均高于生存组[(27±4)分比(25±3)分、(7.2±1.8)μg/L比(6.0±1.2)μg/L、(7.2±1.8)μg/L比(6.0±1.6)μg/L、(5.0±1.3)mg/L比(4.2±1.1)mg/L](P<0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,APACHEⅡ评分、IL-17A、TLR4、HMGB1升高是重症肺炎患者死亡的危险因素(OR=1.291,95%CI 1.103~1.511;OR=1.841,95%CI 1.299~2.609;OR=1.441,95%CI 1.053~1.973;OR=1.903,95%CI 1.211~2.989)(P<0.05或P<0.01)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,APACHEⅡ评分、IL-17A、TLR4、HMGB1与重症肺炎患者死亡率均呈正相关(r=0.656,P<0.001;r=0.751,P<0.001;r=0.473,P<0.001;r=0.542,P<0.001)。IL-17A预测重症肺炎患者预后的曲线下面积高于其他各指标(P<0.05)。结论APACHEⅡ评分、IL-17A、TLR4、HMGB1升高是重症肺炎患者死亡的危险因素,其指标变化与患者预后具有明显相关性,IL-17A预测重症肺炎患者预后的效能优于其他指标。

肺癌病理应用支气管冲洗细胞块免疫组化链霉菌亲生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连接法染色的诊断效果及检出率评价

目的探讨肺癌病理应用支气管冲洗细胞块免疫组化链霉菌亲生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶连接法(SP)染色的诊断效果及检出率。方法选取2017年2月至2021年12月广东省开平市中心医院收治的70例经支气管冲洗液检查阳性患者作为研究对象。采用液基薄层细胞学(TCT)技术制备细胞块,分别采用免疫组化SP法、苏木精伊红染色(HE)进行常规细胞学检查,比较两种检测方法诊断效能及不同肺癌类型免疫组化SP法检查后不同抗体阳性表达率比较。结果免疫组化SP法对恶性肿瘤诊断的灵敏度为96.15%、准确度为95.71%,均高于HE染色的69.23%、70.00%(P<0.05),特异度为94.44%,高于HE染色的72.22%,但差异无统计学意义。免疫组化SP法对肺癌病理类型总检出率高于HE染色,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。免疫组化SP法对肌上皮(p63)、细胞角蛋白5/6抗体(CK5/6)、细胞角蛋白7(CK7);甲状腺转录因子-1(TTF-1)、突触素(Syn)、人表皮生长因子受体-5(CD56),增殖细胞的核抗原(Ki67),天冬氨酸蛋白酶(Napsin-A)表达阳性率均高于HE染色,差异统计学意义(P<0.05)。不同类型肺癌患者p63、CK5/6、CK7、TTF-1、Syn、CD56、Ki67、Napsin-A阳性表达率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论支气管冲洗液细胞块免疫组化SP法染色对肺癌有较高的诊断价值,对不同类型肺癌有较高的检出率及鉴别率,具有重要的临床意义。

老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌培养及药敏分析

目的 分析老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌构成及药敏情况。方法 纳入2022年3月至2023年8月收治的老年重症肺炎患者180例,对患者支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细菌培养和鉴定,采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)法进行药物敏感试验分析。结果 180例老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液共分离出217株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌141株(64.98%),革兰阳性菌57株(26.27%),真菌19株(8.76%)。革兰阴性菌中肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌分布最广,肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、复方新诺明的敏感率较高,对哌拉西林、环丙沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对复方新诺明、妥布霉素的敏感率较高,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松的耐药率较高;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟的敏感率较高,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林、头孢他啶的耐药率较高。革兰阳性菌中肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌分布最广,肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利福平、青霉素的敏感率较高,对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利福平、克林霉素的敏感率较高,对青霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高。结论 老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,不同病原菌药敏分析结果差异较大,临床应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素。

急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原菌特征分析

目的研究急性下呼吸道感染患儿病原菌特点,探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液荧光PCR检测对儿童急性呼吸道感染病原学的诊断价值。方法选择2018年6月至2019年5月吉林大学第一医院收治的急性呼吸道感染住院患儿172例为研究对象,收集其支气管肺泡灌洗液,通过多重实时荧光定量PCR检测其病原体。结果本研究中172例支气管肺泡灌洗液样本致病菌检出有106例,阳性率为61.63%(106/172);排在前三位的病原菌检出率依次为肺炎链球菌26.74%(46/172),流感嗜血杆菌17.44%(30/172),百日咳鲍特菌8.14%(14/172),且不同年龄组的病原菌检出率存在差异,P<0.01。结论急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺炎链球菌检出率最高,依次为流感嗜血杆菌、百日咳鲍特菌、卡他莫兰汉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。急性下呼吸道感染患儿的病原菌检出率在不同年龄段分组中存在差异。

儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎肺泡灌洗液病菌量与Th1/Th2细胞免疫应答的相关性研究

目的探究儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎肺泡灌洗液病菌量与Th1/Th2细胞免疫应答的相关性。方法随机选择郑州大学附属儿童医院诊治的96例难治性肺炎支原体肺炎患儿为研究对象,根据肺泡灌洗液中肺炎支原体DNA含量进行分组,即>106/m L为高菌量组(n=35),103~106/m L为中菌量组(n=30),<103/m L为低菌量组(n=31)。检测三组患儿肺泡灌洗液的炎性因子水平,对比三组的炎性因子水平、肺部影像学与实验室检查结果、临床表现和基础情况,分析肺泡灌洗液中肺炎支原体DNA含量与炎性因子的相关性。结果在体温高于39℃、热程高于10天患儿占比以及总发热时间、使用抗生素后热程、住院时间、乳酸脱氢酶、血小板计数、中性粒细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数上,三组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),白细胞计数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);双侧或大量胸腔积液、肺不张或者大片肺实变发生率、白细胞介素-4(interleukin-4,IL-4)水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),三组之间的双侧肺病变、左侧肺病变、右侧肺病变发生率以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、干扰素(interferon-γ,INF-γ)、IL-8水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);肺泡灌洗液中IL-4与肺炎支原体DNA水平呈正相关(P<0.05),肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、INF-γ、IL-8与肺炎支原体DNA水平无相关性(P>0.05)。结论儿童难治性肺炎支原体肺炎肺泡灌洗液病菌量与Th1/Th2细胞免疫应答具有相关性,肺炎支原体DNA菌量越高,肺内外损害和肺部炎症越严重,Th1/Th2免疫应答失衡。

肺泡灌洗液mNGS检测神经外科重症下呼吸道感染病原的应用

目的分析宏基因二代测序(mNGS)技术对神经外科重症下呼吸道感染患者肺泡灌洗液中病原体和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因检测。方法选取2020年6月至2022年6月河南省人民医院收治的196例神经外科重症下呼吸道感染患者作为研究对象。采集患者的肺泡灌洗液标本进行常规病原学与mNGS技术检测,对病原体进行分离鉴定,并计算2种检测方法的差异性;并检测肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药基因与药敏试验结果。结果常规病原学检测的阳性率为62.42%(122/196),mNGS技术检测阳性率为88.27%(173/196),mNGS技术检测高于常规病原学检测(χ^(2)=35.631,P<0.05);肺炎克雷伯菌经mNGS技术检出耐药基因包括超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因(SHV、TEM)与碳青霉烯酶基因(KPC);药敏试验结果显示,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林、头孢呋辛及头孢曲松的耐药率较高,分别为75.00%、66.67%及54.17%,对比阿培南及美罗培南的耐药率较低,分别为16.67%及12.50%。结论mNGS技术能够有效提高神经外科重症下呼吸道感染阳性检出率,可辅助评估肺炎克雷伯菌抗菌药物耐药性基因。

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺泡灌洗液中sIgA与血清总IgA、T淋巴细胞亚群的相关性分析

目的:比较慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)、肺炎及正常人在肺泡灌洗液中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)及血液中T淋巴细胞亚群的差异,探讨检测肺泡灌洗液sIgA、血清IgA及血液中T淋巴细胞亚群的临床意义。方法:收集2018年12月至2020年3月包头市中心医院呼吸与危重症医学科住院患者及包头市中心医院健康体检中心体检健康人员。慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺炎组(COPD-P组)29人,单纯慢性阻塞性肺疾病组(S-COPD组)26例,单纯肺炎组(S-P组)27例,体检健康人员为对照组(CG组)27例。收集肺泡灌洗液检测sIgA和血清中IgA、CD4^(+)T细胞百分数、CD8^(+)T细胞百分数、T淋巴细胞绝对数,CD4^(+)T/CD8^(+)T的比值等数据。运用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据分析。结果:4组间血清IgA、T淋巴细胞绝对数、CD4^(+)T细胞百分数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);4组间sIgA水平、CD4^(+)T细胞/CD8^(+)T细胞比值、CD8^(+)T细胞百分数差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在S-COPD和COPD-P患者的肺泡灌洗液中sIgA含量明显降低,提示黏膜表面缺乏sIgA导致了黏膜屏障受损。感染与黏膜表面的sIgA缺乏相关,黏膜的sIgA缺乏可能是COPD感染机会增多的原因之一。在COPD患者血清中的CD8^(+)T细胞增高,CD4^(+)T细胞/CD8^(+)T细胞比值的失衡在COPD患者中普遍存在,提示细胞免疫存在功能紊乱。在COPD中检测T淋巴细胞亚群,把CD4^(+)T/CD8^(+)T细胞的比值作为预测T淋巴细胞亚群内部细胞组成成分紊乱的指标之一,具有提示效应。

不同时期RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液SPA表达及与肺功能的关系

目的探讨不同时期难治性支原体肺炎(refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,RMPP)患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中表面活性物质相关蛋白-A(surfactant protein A,SPA)的表达水平及与肺功能的关系。方法选取2021年1月—2023年1月南通市第一人民医院收治的62例RMPP患儿为对象,以同期行支气管镜异物取出术且无肺部感染的50例患儿为对照组。RMPP患儿于急性期、恢复期行支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA检测以及肺功能指标检测[第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV_(1))、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、FEV_(1)/FVC],对照组同样如此。比较三者检测结果差异,使用Pearson分析RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与肺功能指标的相关性。结果RMPP患儿肺泡灌洗液中的SPA急性期(59.82±12.64)μg/L、恢复期(129.91±24.86)μg/L高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。RMPP急性期、RMPP恢复期的FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC(80.95±6.88)%、(88.41±5.75)%较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RMPP患儿于急性期时肺泡灌洗液中的SPA较恢复期低,FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC较恢复期低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RMPP患儿肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与FEV_(1)、FVC、FEV_(1)/FVC呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论RMPP患儿病情处于急性发展阶段的情况下其支气管肺泡灌洗液中的SPA表达相较病情恢复阶段更低,同时RMPP患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中SPA水平与其肺功能指标呈正相关性。