Effects of Exogenous Organic Acids on Phosphorus Availability of Dark Brown Forest Soils and Phosphorus Absorption and Accumulation of Larix olgensis Seedlings with Nutrient Deficiency

Different proportions of A1 and B horizons dark brown forest soils （A1∶B=1∶2） were utilized to set the soil nutrient deficient conditions, and Larix olgensis seedlings were cultivated. By simulating organic acids concentrations in forest litter leachates of northeast China, the effects and mechanism of different concentrations of organic acid solutions on phosphorus （P） availability of dark brown forest soils and P absorption of Larix olgensis seedlings with nutrient deficiency were studied. The results showed that, compared with A1 horizon soils, available P contents of mixed soils in A1 and B horizons decreased, and P accumulation and efficiency of P uptake in root and leaves of Larix olgensis seedlings also decreased, but efficiency of P utilization increased. After treatments of exogenous organic acids, available P contents of mixed soils increased and the impact sequence of different organic acids were succinic acid 〉 citric acid 〉 oxalic acid; the concentration of 5.0 mmol/L had the best function, and the best effect of organic acids was at 20 d. Organic acids also increased P accumulation and efficiency of P uptake in roots and leaves of Larix olgensis seedlings, but decreased efficiency of P utilization. The impact strength of organic acids on P accumulation and efficiency of P uptake varied with treatment time, type and concentration of organic acids. The results of 20 d and 30 d in roots were higher than those of 10 d, however, the results of 10 d and 20 d in leaves were higher than those of 30 d, thus, at the earlier stage of organic acids treatments, more P absorbed were transferred to leaves, and at the later stage, more P would be accumulated in roots. The concentration of 10.0 mmol/L had the best function, and the impact sequence of different organic acids was succinic acid 〉 citric acid 〉 oxalic acid. Therefore, organic acids might contribute to P absorption and accumulation by Larix olgensis seedlings, final y increasing the adaptability and endurance of Larix olgensis seedlings to nutrient deficient soils.

Kinetic of Dissolved Phosphorus from Calcination Products of Mixed Rare Earth Minerals

The products of mixed rare earth minerals containing monazite and bastnaesite calcined by CaO-NaCl-CaCl2 contained calcium phosphate and phosphorite. In this paper, HCl-H3cit solution was used to wash the calcination products, and the kinetic character of dissolved phosphorus was studied. The results showed that the reaction rate control changed from chemical reaction control mode to mixed control mode and diffusion control mode with increasing temperature, and the activation energy were 7.36, 27.64 and 61.27 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The change of temperature, the reagent concentration and stirring speed were studied in order to increase the dissolution rate of phosphorus. Phosphorus and rare earth in the calcination products could be separated in this process applicable to the rare earth recovery in phosphorite containing the rare earth.

Calcination-Digestion-Desliming of Phosphorus Ore Bearing Rare Earth

The recoveries of phosphorus and RE of ore from Zhijin in Guizhou were studied.The influences of the calcination temperature, resident time, the digested time and water volume of the calcinating on concentrate yield by desliming were also investigated by orthogonal design.Appropriate calcination temperature is initial condition that makes carbonate mineral decomposition.The recovery of phosphorus is 83.02% and rare earth is 90.56% in phosphorus concentrate when calcined temperature is 900 ℃, other conditions include: calcined time is 30 min, digestion water volume is 300 ml, digestion time is 20 min.The results show that the pre-treatment of the ore is favorable for the separation and enrichment of rare earth from phosphorus ore, and a process of calcination-digestion-desliming was promised.

Northern Minerals eyes globally significant role for Browns Range project amid heightened interest in rare earth elements

Dysprosium is an essential ingredient in the production of NdDyFeB(dysprosium-neodymium-iron-boron)magnets which are used in clean energy and high-tech solutions.Northern Minerals Ltd(ASX:NTU)is progressing the staged development of its Browns Range heavy rare earths project as global events create a unique moment in the rare earth metals industry.

褐土色低红外发射率涂层的制备及性能研究

以环氧树脂为黏合剂,片状Cu粉为功能颜料,石墨烯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)为界面结构改性剂,制备得到了一种具有良好综合性能的褐土色低红外发射率涂层。系统研究了片状Cu粉添加量(质量分数)、石墨烯添加量(质量分数)及DOP添加量(质量分数)对涂层微结构、发射率、光泽度及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:合适的片状Cu粉添加量可以构建出表面结构规整、颜料分散均匀、片状Cu粉定向与涂层表面平行的微观结构,从而使涂层实现较低的发射率性能。石墨烯改性可提高涂层的致密度,减少由树脂填充的空隙,从而可进一步降低涂层的发射率。黑色石墨烯改性可明显强化涂层对可见光的吸收作用,从而降低涂层的光泽度。另外,利用石墨烯固有的高强度及高韧性特点,可改善涂层的柔韧性和耐冲击强度。DOP可通过减弱环氧树脂分子间作用力和增强分子链的移动性来提高涂层的塑性和韧性,从而可明显改善涂层的柔韧性和耐冲击强度。当涂层中片状Cu粉、石墨烯和DOP的添加量分别为40%、8%和7%时,所制备的褐土色涂层具有最佳的发射率(0.222)、光泽度(20.4)、附着力(1级)、柔韧性(2mm)及耐冲击强度(50kg·cm)性能。

长期不同施肥的棕壤胶体凝聚动力学比较

土壤胶体的凝聚与土壤团聚体的形成密切相关。施肥改变土壤溶液环境,对土壤团聚体形成、土壤结构和土壤物质组成产生影响。探索长期不同施肥影响土壤胶体微观性质和相互作用进而影响土壤宏观现象的关联十分必要。依托35年棕壤长期定位施肥监测试验站,选取不施肥处理(CK)、施用氮肥(N)、施用有机肥(M)、氮肥与有机肥配合施用(N+M)四种处理的棕壤为研究对象,采用动态光散射技术监测不同施肥处理的棕壤胶体凝聚动力学过程,通过对比分析棕壤有机质含量、表面化学性质和棕壤矿物组成等探究不同施肥处理对棕壤胶体凝聚过程的影响。研究发现:四种长期不同施肥处理的棕壤胶体凝聚特征均表现为在低电解质浓度条件下发生慢速凝聚(RLCA)与高电解质浓度条件下的快速凝聚(DLCA);不同施肥处理胶体在相同电解质体系中的临界聚沉浓度的大小顺序均为M>N+M>CK>N。有机肥的长期施用增加了棕壤有机质含量,从而提高了胶体颗粒表面电场强度,加大了胶体颗粒间的静电斥力,加之有机质组分的空间位阻效应使得胶体的凝聚现象减弱;另一方面,长期不同施肥处理并未改变棕壤黏土矿物组成类型,但对其相对含量产生影响:其中,有机肥的长期施入使2︰1型伊利石的相对含量增加,1︰1型高岭石的相对含量减少,长期施用氮肥使伊利石相对含量减少而高岭石相对含量增加。综上,长期不同施肥处理会改变棕壤胶体的基本理化性质和矿物组成比例关系,进而影响棕壤胶体的凝聚动力学过程。

考虑Hoek-Brown准则的挡土墙主动土压力

基于挡土墙对数螺旋破坏机制,考虑非线性Hoek-Brown强度准则,采用极限分析上限法计算了挡土墙的土体重力功率、内能耗散率和主动土压力功率,根据虚功率原理推导了挡土墙的主动土压力解析式,并采用Matlab软件求解了主动土压力的最优上限解.分析挡土墙和土体的参数、Hoek-Brown强度准则对挡土墙的主动土压力及稳定性的影响,结果表明,随着扰动因子、墙背倾角、挡土墙高度和土体容重的增大,主动土压力非线性增大,挡土墙的稳定性降低;随着地质强度指标、岩体常数、外摩擦角和单轴抗压强度的增大,主动土压力非线性减小,挡土墙的稳定性增加.

Reaction between Lanthanum and Phosphorus in Steel

Using Miedema binary heat formation model, it was confirmed thermodynamically that the fixation of P by La is possible. The reaction between La and P was studied by means of SEM and TEM. The result of electron diffraction shows that the compound between La and P is LaP. Therefore, the possibility of reducing detrimental effect of P in low oxygen and sulfur steels by addition of rare earth metals is clarified.

Influence of Lanthanum on Phosphorus Uptake and Its Chemical Fractions in Rice Crop (Oryza Sativa)

The effects of lanthanum on rice growth, phosphorus uptake and phosphorus chemical fractions in rice were studied with split root solution culture. Results show that low concentration of La (0.05～1.5 mg·L -1 ) significantly increases rice yield while high La concentration (9～30 mg·L -1 ) markedly decreases rice yield. When La concentration is 0.05～0.75 mg·L -1 , La increases stem and root dry weight, but the difference is not statistically significant. La significantly increases EDTA P and inorganic P content in the stem and root. More than 80% of the increase of phosphors content in roots attributing to increase of EDTA P and inorganic P. Low La concentration (0.05～0.75 mg·L -1 ) increases nucleic P content in root, but high La concentration (30 mg·L -1 ) decreases nucleic P and ester P content in root. The residue P content increases in the root and stem. Also the relationship between the chemical fractions of phosphorus and its uptake by rice was discussed.

Effect of Lanthanum on Nitrification, Phosphorus Transformation and Phenol Decomposition in Red Soil

The effect of La on nitrification, P transformation and phenol decomposition in red soil was studied by incubation and pot culture experiments. La at low concentration has stimulative effect on soil nitrification and P transformation while its high concentration has inhibitory effects, and the inhibition is strengthened with increasing concentration of La. La has strongly inhibitory effect on soil phenol decomposition and the inhibition is strengthened with increasing concentration of La. When the incubation time is prolonged, the inhibitory effect of La on soil nitrification and phenol decomposition tends to decrease.

冻融循环和土壤含水率对棕壤崩解特性的影响

以沈阳地区5~7 cm和25~27 cm 2个深度原状棕壤为研究对象,分析冻融循环次数和土壤含水率对棕壤崩解特性的影响。根据气象数据结合野外观测结果,共设计了5个冻融循环次数。控制土样质量含水率分别为10%、15%、20%、25%和35%。采用静水崩解,通过数显拉力计及测量软件测定崩解过程。结果表明:(1)棕壤崩解具有阶段性,包括快速吸水阶段、指数崩解阶段、阶跃崩解阶段和崩解完成阶段。其中指数崩解阶段是崩解过程的主要发生阶段,土样因拉扯或失去支撑接连崩落。该阶段的崩解速率和非毛管含水率对冻融循环次数的响应规律一致。根据拟合曲面,10%~15%的含水率区间存在最易崩解含水率,其最终崩解率最大。当土样含水率为25%和35%时,土样会跳过指数崩解过程直接进入阶跃崩解阶段。含水率35%条件下,5~7 cm和25~27 cm土样的最终崩解率很小,不超过6.93%和11.14%。(2)冻融作用会对含水率为10%和15%土样产生超固结效应,加速土壤孔隙的两极化分布,土样指数崩解阶段的崩解速率和非毛管含水率,最终在多次冻融后增加。冻融作用也会对含水率为25%和35%土样结构产生影响,扩张土壤孔隙造成内部沉降,以及降低吸水能力。土样指数崩解阶段的崩解速率和非毛管含水率,最终在多次冻融后减小。(3)25~27 cm土样孔隙差异性略大,较高的黏粒含量抑制了双电层对自由水的控制能力,最终崩解率偏高。冻融作用可将土壤抵抗由内到外发生侵蚀的能力,转化为抵抗由外到内发生侵蚀的能力。研究结果可为棕壤侵蚀研究提供数据支撑。

土壤特征微团聚体的组成比例与肥力评价

以棕壤为例研究了15对不同肥力水平的典型棕壤、棕壤型水稻土的特征微团聚体（＜10m和＞10m）的组成比例，结果表明该比例即微团聚体（＜10m）／微团聚体（＞10m）可成为土壤肥力水平的一个综合指标。以该指标为标准的典型棕壤和棕壤型水稻土肥、瘦地区分界数分别为0.25和0.35，小于此二值分别为各自肥地，反之亦反。土壤培肥措施可使肥、瘦地特征微团聚体的比例降低并提高土壤肥力水平或根本改变瘦地肥力实质。

长期施肥对土壤固定态铵含量及其有效性影响

棕壤连续13年定位试验表明，长期施用化肥或低量有机肥对土壤固定态接含量均无显著影响;而施用高量有机肥区固定态接含量比试验前平均增加30.2％。这部分增加的固定态按主要来自土壤有机氮矿化补充。施肥后固定态铵的净增加量超过作物施氮量是土壤激发效应的结果。土壤原有固定态铵含量在113～116mg／kg，对作物无效，而新固定态按时作物有效。生长季耕层土壤固定态铵总释放量（N）对照区为43kg／hm2，化肥区平均为110kg／hm2;有机肥与化肥配合区平均为165kg／hm2。施钾对固定态铵的释放有一定抑制作用。

西藏山地淋溶土系列与大骨节病分布的关系

通过西藏大骨节病县与非病县棕壤与暗棕壤各土属、土种的分布面积的对比分析对西藏耕型棕壤和暗棕壤分布与西藏大骨节病区分布的关系进行研究。结果表明,西藏大骨节病的分布与棕壤、暗棕壤为主的耕型淋溶土壤的分布有一定的联系,但土壤母质和发育程度不同,对大骨节病的分布影响不同。对于残坡积土壤,病区趋于分布在泥质土壤环境,而麻砂质土壤基本是大骨节病的非病区。同样的母质环境,大骨节病区趋于分布在土壤厚度较小,发育程度较低的地区;就洪积土壤来说,其与大骨节病分布的关系似乎与土壤质地有一定的联系,底部砾石含量高的土壤多集中在大骨节病地区。总体而言,山地棕壤、暗棕壤环境是西藏大骨节病区的主要土壤类型之一,西藏未开发的自然棕壤和暗棕壤环境将是大骨节病潜在危险区,因此系统研究西藏典型大骨节病区的土壤分异对探讨未来西藏大骨节病的分布与流行有重要意义。

地膜覆盖对土壤主要酶活性的影响

地膜覆盖后土壤的温度、湿度、ｐＨ等发生较大的变化，从而影响了土壤的酶活性。在棕壤上定位试验研究的结果表明：覆膜后土壤中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性显著降低，而提高了中性和酸性磷酸酶活性。施用有机肥可以明显提高过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性，但对这两种磷酸酶的活性影响较小。

长期施肥对棕壤团聚体组成及其主要养分赋存的影响

采用干筛法对长期不同施肥处理棕壤进行团聚体分级,并对不同级别团聚体中有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）和全钾（TK）含量与分配进行分析,探讨了土壤团聚体与土壤肥力状况的关系。结果表明,棕壤团聚体以0.25~1mm为优势粒级。有机肥（猪粪）施用与有机无机（猪粪＋氮肥）配施不仅增加了大团聚体含量,提高了团聚体稳定性,而且还增加了各粒级团聚体的SOC、TN、TP和TK含量,其中大团聚体中增加较多（〉0.25mm）。无机肥（氮肥）施用减少了大团聚体含量,降低了土壤团聚化程度,同时降低了各粒级团聚体的SOC、TP和TK含量。各施肥处理下大团聚体较微团聚体中含有更高的碳、氮、磷和钾储量。有机碳、全氮和全磷储量均与〉2mm团聚体含量呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。〉2,1~2mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）,其中〉2mm团聚体含量与MWD、GMD达到极显著正相关（P〈0.01）。因此,在农业生产过程中可以施用有机肥来改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力。

冻融作用对棕壤磷素吸附-解吸特性的影响

以棕壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟冻融环境的方法,研究土壤磷素吸附-解吸行为,采用Langumuir、Freundlich和Temkin方程对吸附过程进行拟合分析,定量研究冻融作用对土壤磷素吸附机制的影响,同时建立土壤磷素解吸量与吸附量关系方程,进一步探讨冻融土壤磷吸附-解吸特性。结果表明,冻融条件下棕壤对磷的吸附规律一致,吸附量均随着平衡溶液中磷浓度增加而逐渐增大,与未冻融土壤相比,冻融后土壤磷等温吸附曲线变得平缓。冻融条件下磷等温吸附曲线用Langmuir方程拟合相关性最好。土壤磷素解吸量与相应最大吸附量符合线性相关。冻融后土壤磷固定吸附量低于未冻融土壤,即冻融过程促进土壤磷素释放,增加了土壤磷流失风险。多次冻融循环对土壤磷吸附-解吸行为影响更为强烈。

长期施用含氯化肥对土壤酶活性的影响

在黄土性母质上发育的壤质棕壤农田上，长期施用双氯化肥氯磷铵和氯化钾，使土壤中０～２０ｃｍ土层中含氯量达４１．０ｍｇｋｇ－１，此时对土壤中过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶的活性略有所降低，施用单氯化肥氯化钾，使土壤０～２０ｃｍ土层中含氯量为３３．０ｍｇｋｇ－１，略高于对照，此时，土壤中过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶活性与对照相比，无明显差异；施用双氯或单氯肥料后，与对照相比，土壤中酸性磷酸酯酶活性无明显差异。通过对土壤中酶活性的测定，为长期施用含氯肥料提供一些理论依据．

长期施用有机肥对棕壤中主要重金属积累的影响

以沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验地为研究对象,分别选取不同年限CK、M2、M4、N4P2、M4+N4P2等10个处理的0～20cm土壤,测定土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd等重金属的含量。结果表明:随着年限的增长,土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量均呈现增加的趋势,以施用有机肥M4和M2及有机肥化肥配施M4+N4P2对土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量影响最为明显,而在无肥对照CK和单施化肥N4P2处理下四种元素均有少量增加;几种重金属元素增长的相对大小为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb,其中目前Cu含量还未达到国家二级环境质量标准,Cd含量超标应引起足够重视。几种元素的相关分析表明,Cu、Zn之间具有极显著相关性,表明它们的来源具有一定的相关性。

长期地膜覆盖对土壤磷素状况的影响

本文采用对比法对沈阳农业大学长期（１９８９～１９９２）地膜覆盖定位试验地棕壤中磷素的平衡与变化情况进行了全面研究．结果表明：覆膜之后土壤磷移出量增多而积累量减少。地膜覆盖降低了土壤无机磷和有机磷的含量，其中下降幅度最大的是Ａｌ－Ｐ形态磷和中等活性有机磷；而Ｆｅ－Ｐ和Ｃａ－Ｐ形态磷含量有所提高．覆膜后土壤中吸附磷和保持磷的数量下降，而解吸磷能力增强、试验结果还表明增施有机肥能显著提高上壤有机磷和无机磷的含量以及提高磷的解吸能力，增加幅度最大的是Ａｌ－Ｐ和中等活性有机磷。因此，增施有机肥是恢复和提高覆膜后土壤磷素肥力的较好措施。