THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON BUBBLE DIAMETER AND GAS HOLDUP IN AERATED STIRRED TANKS

1 INTRODUCTIONBubble diameter distribution and gas holdup are very important parameters indicatingthe characteristics of gas-liquid dispersion,works done are mostly experimentalobservation.Theoretical analysis of bubble diameter has been mostly focused on thebreak-up of bubbles in the impeller region,and only the theoretical relationship be-tween bubble diameter and operating variables in the impeller region has been

Estimation of diameter and surface area flux of bubbles based on operational gas dispersion parameters by using regression and ANFIS

Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) procedure and regression methods were used to predict the Sauter mean bubble (bubble diameter) and surface area flux of the bubble in a flotation process. The operational conditions of flotation, impeller peripheral speed, superficial gas velocity, and weight percent solids were used as inputs of methods. By using the mentioned operational conditions, the non linear regression results showed that Sauter mean, and surface area flux of the bubble are predictable variables, where the coefficients of determination (R 2 ) are 0.57 and 0.74, respectively. To increase the accuracy of prediction an ANFIS model with cluster radius of 0.4 was applied. ANFIS model was capable of estimating both Sauter mean, and surface area flux of the bubble, where in a testing stage, satisfactory correlations, R 2 = 0.78, and 0.86, were achieved for Sauter mean, and surface area flux of bubble, respectively. Results show that the proposed ANFIS model can accurately estimate outputs and be used in order to predict the parameters without having to conduct the new experiments in a laboratory.

Influence of bubble diameter and solids concentration on bubble stability: Development of a novel analytical approach

The properties and thickness of the bubbles in the froth control the flotation process. There is no work showing how to measure bubble film composition and thickness by a straightforward manner. In this work, a novel approach, a custom-designed bubble cell associated with layer interferometry(in the UV-vis region) and FT-IR spectroscopy was used to investigate the effect of solid particle type(hydrophilic vs hydrophobic), concentration and bubble diameter on stability of a bubble blown in air. Stability was quantified by measuring bubble lifetime and hydrated film thickness. Kerosene with silicone oil as a foaming agent was used to evaluate the impact of bubble diameter(test series I). Frother solutions(MIBC, Dowfroth 250, Hexanol and F-150) were used for the solid type concentration experiments(test series II). In the first series of experiments, it was determined that as the diameter of a bubble increased from 10 to 25 mm, so did the hydrated film thickness from 350 to 1000 nm. In the second series, as the silica concentration increased(0 to 10%), an increase in bubble lifetime and hydrated film thickness was resulted(130%-250%). An impact of solid hydrophobicity was found but to a lesser degree than expected. It is possible that the small particle size(<0.1 m) of silica was responsible for this behavior. The findings are used to interpret the effect of solids in flotation froth.

Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Xenon Bubbles in a Bubble Column

Xenon was used as the gas phase to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics in a bubble column.It was found that the flow pattern is mainly in the churn-turbulent flow regime through analysing the relationship between the slip velocity and gas holdup.The influence of operating conditions on the gas holdup and the Sauter mean diameter was studied.The experimental results show that the Sauter mean diameter decreases with the increase of energy dissipation rate.A new correlation was developed to predict the Sauter mean diameter with an average error of less than 15%.

Analysis of Bubble Behavior in a Horizontal Rectangular Channel under Subcooled Flow Boiling Conditions

Experiments on subcooled flow boiling have been conducted using water in a rectangular flow channel.Similar to the coolant channel in internal combustion engines(IC engines),the flow channel in this experiment was asymmetrically heated.Bubble images were captured using a high speed camera from the side view of the channel.The experimental conditions in terms of bulk temperature,bulk velocity,pressure and heat flux ranged from 65°C–75°C,0.25 m/s–0.75 m/s,1–1.7 bar and 490 kW/m2–700 kW/m2,respectively.On the basis of these tests,a statistical analysis of the bubble size has been conducted considering a population of 1400 samples.It has been found that the mean Sauter bubble diameter increases with the decrease of subcooling,bulk velocity,pressure and increased heat flux.A modified correlation has been finally proposed to predict the mean Sauter bubble diameter under subcooled flow boiling conditions upstream of the onset of significant void,which shows good accuracy with the experimental results.

TWO-AREA MODEL FOR BUBBLE DISTRIBUTION IN A TURBULENT FLUIDIZED BED OF FINE PARTICLES

The flow behavior of gas and solid was investigated in FCC simulator of φ710×4000/φ870×11000mm.The axial and radial distributions were detected with matrix fiber-opticprobes.It was found that the distribution of bubble diameter in the turbulent region of the fluidizedbed of fine particles was different from the results reported for lab-scale experiments.Radially therewere three areas,i.e.,the central(r/R=0-0.4),the intermittent or stable(r/R=0.4-0.8)and thenear wall(r/R=0.8-1.0)areas respectively.It was noticed that bubbles were almost non-existing atthe near wall area.Hence,according to the coalescence and splitting theory of bubbles,a two-areamodel of bubble diameter distribution was proposed and a dimensionless parameter(γ_M)regarded asan index for’quality’of fluidization was deduced.

Modified Model of Bubble Formation in Non-Newtonian Fluids

Based on the comprehensive forces balance model, a modified model of the formation of a single bub-ble in non-Newtonian fluid under constant flowrate was developed by taking account of the effect of the ingoing gas through orifice as well as its variation on the radial expansion of bubble. The modified model involves the radial expansion equation of bubble surface and the forces balance equation in vertical direction of the bubble respec-tively. The shape variation of bubbles formed in polyacrylamide (PAM) aqueous solutions under various conditions was predicted numerically. The practical formation of bubbles was real-time visualized and recorded by a CCD camera and a computer by means of a special laser image measurement system. Results show that the predicted shapes of the bubbles by the present model agree well with experimental observation.

气体流量和喷嘴直径对鼓泡塔内气泡大小和形状分布的影响

通过高速摄影结合图像处理算法,研究气体流量和喷嘴直径对气泡尺寸和纵横比分布的影响。结果表明,在所有喷嘴直径下,气泡当量直径的概率密度呈现双峰分布,其中第一个峰值接近直径为1.5~2 mm的小气泡区域,另一个峰值位于较大的气泡区域。将气体流量从0.1 L/min增加到0.2 L/min会导致大气泡的概率密度更高,表明气泡聚并现象普遍存在。当气体流量增加至1.2L/min时,峰值对应的气泡直径变小,并且气泡破裂占主导地位。对于直径为1~2 mm的气泡,形状受气体流量的影响较小,而3~9 mm的气泡在所有气体流量下气泡纵横比概率密度分布的峰值均位于纵横比E=0.5处。Iguchi和Chihara提出的模型能更好地预测气泡脱离直径随气体流量的增大的变化。

倾斜壁面汽泡脱离行为的实验研究

为探索壁面沸腾过程汽泡的脱离规律,通过可视化实验对倾斜壁面汽泡的脱离行为进行研究,获得了倾斜壁面汽泡主要发生的3类脱离行为,包括自由脱离、碰撞脱离与扰动脱离。为降低汽泡行为随机性带来的干扰,建立了量化汽泡脱离特征量的最小无关数原则,确定汽泡自由脱离、碰撞脱离的最小无关数分别为25、34,确保对应脱离特征量的统计偏差小于±5%。在实验参数范围内,基于最小无关数原则统计获得汽泡脱离特征量,结果表明,随着加热壁面热流密度的升高,汽泡自由脱离直径呈增大趋势,汽泡碰撞脱离直径呈减小趋势,汽泡生长时间与等待时间减少,汽泡脱离频率增大。碰撞脱离对汽泡生长时间的减少效应强于对等待时间的延迟效应,综合结果为碰撞脱离缩短了汽泡脱离周期,加快了壁面核化过程。

蒸汽加热窄矩形通道内完全沸腾起始点研究

以去离子水为工质,对尺寸为1400 mm×250 mm×3.5 mm(高×宽×深)的蒸汽加热竖直矩形窄通道内完全沸腾起始点进行实验研究,并对气泡脱离直径构建预测模型。分析入口温度、质量流量以及加热蒸汽流量对完全沸腾起始点位置及对应位置处壁面过热度的影响。基于Hata、Mcadams的公式模型提出实验工况范围内蒸汽加热竖直窄矩形通道的完全沸腾起始点过热度的预测关联式,其平均相对误差为6.11%;采用力学方法对加热壁面附壁气泡进行力学分析,构建基于受力平衡的气泡脱离直径预测模型,采用可视化实验进行验证,其平均相对误差为13.37%。

多孔板鼓泡塔流动与传质特性数值模拟

采用Euler-Euler双流体模型对安装不同数量的水平多孔板的鼓泡塔内气液两相流动及传质特性进行数值模拟研究,并探究了不同表观气速条件对鼓泡塔内气含率、气泡直径分布和气液传质系数的影响。结果表明,不同数量的多孔板和不同位置的多孔板都会影响气含率的分布;随着多孔板的数目增加,鼓泡塔液相上方区域的气含率增加,但影响区域有限;安装多孔板后,鼓泡塔内径向位置的平均气含率变化明显,出现“M”形状的分布。不同表观气速下,未安装多孔板的鼓泡塔内直径为1~2mm的微小气泡占比超过30%;安装多孔板后,微小气泡占比明显增加;气液传质系数在中心区域(径向无量纲为-0.5~0.5)较为平缓,波动不大。最后将模拟计算得到的气液体积传质系数与Akita的关联式计算值进行比较,本文计算结果略高。

稠油油藏水气交替诱导泡沫油冷采提高采收率实验

针对普通稠油油藏水驱过程中存在的黏性指进、动用不充分、采出程度低等问题,基于新疆油田吉7油藏开展了水气交替诱导泡沫油冷采技术研究,自行设计泡沫油配样装置,通过Image J软件对泡沫油图像进行表征,对泡沫油的性能、泡径、泡沫数量进行综合分析;设计制作可视化平面模型,开展稠油注气辅助水驱的泡沫油微观驱油机理研究;开展岩心驱替实验,优化水气交替诱导泡沫油冷采的注入参数。研究表明:CO_(2)在低黏原油中形成的泡沫油性能更好,发泡体积为202.1 mL,半衰期为324 s,降黏率为32.35%;泡沫油的发泡体积和半衰期通常与泡径和泡沫油数量呈负相关关系;泡沫油聚并对黏壁残余油有剥离作用,CO_(2)能够有效动用小孔喉原油、油膜和上层原油;在气液比为1∶1、注入压力为30 MPa、驱替速度为0.2 mL/min的条件下,水气交替诱导泡沫油冷采较普通稠油水驱可提高采收率18.90%。研究成果为新疆油田吉7油藏水气交替诱导泡沫油冷采技术提供了理论依据,也为其他油田水驱稠油油藏提高采收率技术提供了参考。

基于鼓泡-引射耦合的柴油初次雾化

针对斯特林发动机小负荷燃油雾化不良问题,提出了基于鼓泡-引射耦合的雾化方式.基于VOF(Volume of Fluid)仿真研究了鼓泡喷嘴内气液流态,并依据时间线性稳定性分析,对射流液膜失稳和破碎进行数学描述,建立了鼓泡-引射耦合下的初次雾化模型.分析了气液质量比RGL(gas-liquid mass ratio)、负荷对初次雾化的影响,并与传统雾化方式比较.结果表明:增大RGL会促进射流失稳、减小液滴粒径.相较于传统雾化方式,鼓泡-引射耦合下小负荷索特平均直径SMD减小约62%,雾化质量显著提高.

不同长径比柱形炸药水下爆炸气泡动力学行为特性

采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了不同长径比的柱形装药在固支方板下爆炸气泡动力学行为;对质量2.5g、长径比分别为1∶1和2∶1的TNT炸药进行了水中固支方板下的爆炸实验,利用高速摄影记录爆炸气泡演化图像;使用ABAQUS软件对长径比为5∶1、10∶1、20∶1的柱形装药,在竖直与水平设置条件下的水下爆炸气泡演化过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,炸药长径比为1∶1和2∶1时,爆炸气泡演化现象无明显差别。当药柱竖直放置时,由于炸药长径比不同导致的爆炸气泡初始形态差异,会在气泡演化过程中迅速消弭;但长径比与起爆位置都对射流速度有不同程度的影响;当药柱水平放置时,起爆点位置会影响气泡的对称性和水射流形态;药柱端部起爆时,气泡膨胀过程的形态略微不对称,水射流向起爆点方向偏移;炸药长径比越大爆炸水射流在气泡内部越宽,并且水射流的载荷越小;药柱中心起爆时,爆炸气泡产生竖直向上的水射流,不发生偏移。

Investigation of bubble diameter and flow regime between water and dilute aqueous ethanol solutions in an airlift reactor

In this study,the effect of ethanol addition into pure water and its concentration on bubble diameter,gas hold-up andflow regimes were investigated in an airlift reactor.Air and water with ethanol(concentration ranging from 0%–1%,v/v)were as dispersed and continuous phases,respectively.Superficial gas velocity was consid-ered as an effective parameter.Bubble size distribution was measured by photography and picture analysis at various concentrations of ethanol and various velocities of gas.Alcohol concentration enhancement caused bubble dia-meter to decrease.Furthermore,the bubbles diameter in pure water was nearly 4 times higher than that of ethanol with concentration of 1%(v/v)and also was 3.4 times higher than that of ethanol with concentration of 0.25%(v/v)at the highest aeration gas velocity inlet.For ethanol solutions in lower superficial gas velocity,a homogenousflow regime was observed.This trend continued to inlet gas velocity of about 0.4 cm/s.The transitionflow regime occurred after this datum although in pure water,a homogenousflow regime was observed up to a superficial gas velocity of 0.7 cm/s.The gas hold-up in dilute ethanol solutions were more than(around 2 times)that of pure water and increased with increasing concentration of ethanol in those solutions.

Bubbling to Jetting Transition during Argon Injection in Molten Steel

Bubbling to Jetting Transition is of the outmost importance in metallurgical processes given that the flow regime influences the refining rates, the refractory erosion, and the blockage of injection nozzles. Bubbling to jetting transition during subsonic bottom injection of argon in molten steel is studied here. The effect of the molten steel height, the injection velocity, the nozzle diameter, and the molten steel viscosity on the jet height and the bubbling to jetting transition is numerically analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Five subsonic argon injection velocities are considered: 5, 25, 50, 100 and 150 m/s. Three values of the metal height are taken into account, namely 1.5 m, 2 m and 2.5 m. Besides, three values of the nozzle diameters are considered: 0.001 m, 0.005 m and 0.01 m. Finally, three values of the molten steel viscosity are supposed: 0.0067, 0.1 and 1 kg/(m·s). It is observed that for the argon-molten steel system, the bubbling to jetting transition occurs for an injection velocity less than 25 m/s and that for the range of viscosities considered, the molten steel viscosity does not exert significant influence on the jet height and the bubbling to jetting transition. Due to the jet instability at subsonic velocities, a second transition, namely jetting to bubbling, is appreciated.

荷兰斜纹筛网有效孔隙直径的数值分析与模型构建

泡破压力是表征筛网通道式液体获取装置气液分离性能的关键指标之一,而筛网有效孔隙直径是准确预测泡破压力的核心参数。面对现有研究仍主要基于实验测量方法获得有效孔隙直径的局限性,通过构建荷兰斜纹型筛网(Dutch twill weave,DTW)真实结构的三维几何模型,获得了筛网内部孔隙流域的结构变化特征。基于表面张力模型与压力边界设置开展了特征喉部截面泡破压力数值仿真,提出了基于筛网几何结构参数的有效孔隙直径计算模型。结果表明:决定DTW泡破压力的特征喉部截面位于z=±(r w+r s)附近,具有近四边形的封闭边界。针对特征喉部截面,通过泡破压力数值仿真反推获得的有效孔隙直径与文献实验数据相对误差小于6,所提出的有效孔隙直径模型预测结果与文献实验数据同样吻合良好,平均误差不超过10,均能够实现不依赖于实验测量的筛网有效孔隙直径准确预测,可为筛网泡破压力性能分析及液体获取装置设计优化提供重要支撑。

水下排气流动与噪声特性试验研究

为明确水下排气噪声发生的空间位置,掌握流动形态对排气噪声的影响特征,在水池中通过水下摄像和噪声监测方法研究了瞬态水下排气过程。结果表明:40 mm管口水下稳定排气产生的气泡直径约3~21 mm,气泡群上浮平均速度为0.31 m/s;水下排气噪声主要发生在排气管口附近,在气泡形成过程中产生,单极子辐射占主导地位,是水下排气的主要噪声源;气泡上浮时的噪声总级远低于管口气泡形成噪声,与背景噪声接近,是水下排气中可以忽略的噪声源,其频谱特征中主要是气泡固有频率,峰值频率约800 Hz;气泡在水面破碎时产生的噪声比排气出口噪声略低,是水下排气的次要噪声源,偶极子噪声占主导地位。

Micro-interface enhanced mass transfer sodium carbonate absorption carbon dioxide reaction

Micro-interface intensified reactor(MIR)can be applied in series/parallel in the absorption of CO_(2)in industrial gases by Na_(2)CO_(3)due to the ability to produce large numbers of stable microbubbles.This work focuses on the variation pattern of mass transfer characteristics parameters of the reaction gas in Na_(2)CO_(3) solution under the influence of different solution properties and operating parameters in the reaction of CO_(2)absorption by Na2CO3.The mass transfer characteristics parameters include bubble Sauter mean diameter,gas holdup,interfacial area,liquid side mass transfer coefficient,and liquid side volume mass transfer coefficient kLa.The solution properties and operating parameters include Na2CO3 concentration(0.05–2.0 mol·L^(-1)),superficial gas velocity(0.00221–0.01989 m·s^(-1)),superficial liquid velocity(0.00332–0.02984 m·s^(-1)),and ionic strength(1.42456–1.59588 mol·kg^(-1)).And volumetric mass transfer coeffi-cients kLa and superficial reaction rates r of the MIR and the bubble column reactor are compared in the reaction of sodium carbonate absorption of carbon dioxide,and the former shows a greater improvement under different solution properties and operating parameters.The enhanced role of MIR in mass transfer in non-homogeneous reactions is verified and the feasibility of industrial practical applications of MIR is demonstrated.

制备磷酸铁的氧化反应器数值模拟分析

对磷酸铁氧化工序鼓泡式反应器内气泡直径大、传质效果差的问题,文中结合射流技术设计了一种新型氧化反应器。根据欧拉-欧拉模型、RNG k-ε模型和群体平衡模型进行数值建模,探究射流器内气泡的破碎机理、反应器内的流场形态、流体入口流速对混合效果的影响。结果表明:射流器喉管处的气泡被高速液体剪切破碎;增大液体入口速度会使气泡直径减小,当液体入口速度从3.2 m/s增加到5.2 m/s时,反应器出口的气泡直径从9.0 mm下降到7.2 mm;增大空气入口速度会使气泡直径增加,当空气入口速度从1.0 m/s增加到2.5 m/s时,反应器出口的气泡直径从7.2 mm增加到9.2 mm。