Comparative study of the effects of Tartary buckwheat seed and sprout consumption on the physiological indices and gut microbiota of C57BL/6J mice

Tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)is a well-known pseudocereal for its health and economic value.However,abundant antinutritional factors(ANFs)reduces its health benefits.As reported,germination can improve the nutritional profile of grains.In this study,we systematically evaluate the safety of Tartary buckwheat seeds(TB)and Tartary buckwheat sprouts(TBS)used as high active ingredients.After evaluating nutrition levels,bioactive compounds and ANFs in TBS during germinating,5^(th)-day TBS were selected as the raw material.C57BL/6J mice were gavaged daily with distilled water,TB,or TBS for 6 weeks.The physiological indices related to ANFs were determined.Results showed that the TB intake tends to generate negative effects on the gut microbiota,and organs.Additionally,upon TB intake,the Fe^(3+)content in serum,trypsin activity in pancreas and jejunum decreased,while the cytokine,IgE,and histamine levels in serum,water content in faeces,cytokine levels in liver and jejunum increased.Conversely,TBS did not induce any obvious negative effects on the above relevant indices and showed better lipid-lowering effect.Altogether,TBS are safer and more effective as a raw material to produce the functional food for long-term consumption with the intention of preventing and treating hyperlipidaemia.

Preparation of Tartary Buckwheat Seed Coating Agent and Its Effect on Germination

To mitigate the wastage of seed resources and reduce the usage of pesticides and fertilizers, seed coating agentshave gained popularity. This study employs single-factor and multi-index orthogonal experimental design methodsto investigate the seed coating formula and physical properties of Tartary buckwheat. The specific effects ofeach component on Tartary buckwheat seed germination are analyzed. The findings reveal that the seed coatingagent formulated with 1.5% polyvinyl alcohol, 0.15% sodium alginate, 0.2% op-10, 0.1% polyacrylamide, 8% colorant,3% ammonium sulfate, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.15% carbendazim exhibits the mosteffective coating. It demonstrates optimal physical properties and promotes seed germination efficiently. The suspensionrate of this seed coating agent reaches 91.12%, with a mere 2.13% coating shedding rate and 2.5% coatingseed rot rate. Furthermore, it achieves a germination percentage of 99.17%, which is 20.84% higher than the lowestgroup. The germination potential and index are also significantly higher than the lowest group, with anincrease of 20.84% and 26.56%, respectively. Additionally, the vitality index is 553.08, a 15.75% increase comparedto the lowest group. The application of seed coating agents helps reduce seed resource loss, increase plant numbers,and ultimately enhance agricultural yields. This finding holds practical significance in agriculturalproduction.

Silicon Mitigates Aluminum Toxicity of Tartary Buckwheat by Regulating Antioxidant Systems

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a considerable factor limiting crop yield and biomass in acidic soil. Tartary buckwheatgrowing in acidic soil may suffer from Al poisoning. Here, we investigated the influence of Al stress on the growthof tartary buckwheat seedling roots, and the alleviation of Al stress by silicon (Si), as has been demonstrated inmany crops. Under Al stress, root growth (total root length, primary root length, root tips, root surface area, androot volume) was significantly inhibited, and Al and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulated in the root tips. At thesame time, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase activities, polyphenols, flavonoids, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) free-radical scavenging abilitywere significantly decreased. After the application of Si, root growth, Al accumulation, and oxidative damage wereimproved. Compared to Al-treated seedlings, the contents of ·O2− and MDA decreased by 29.39% and 25.22%,respectively. This was associated with Si-induced increases in peroxidase and CAT enzyme activity, flavonoidcompounds, and free-radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS). The application of Si therefore has positive effectson Al toxicity in tartary buckwheat roots by reducing Al accumulation in the roots and maintaining oxidationhomeostasis.

Determination of total flavonoids content in buckwheat and inhibition of α-amylase activity

Diabetes is one of the most difficult chronic diseases to cure in the world,which seriously affects people’s health and quality of life.Flavonoids in buckwheat can regulate blood glucose levels by inhibitingα-amylase activity.Therefore,sweet buckwheat produced in Inner Mongolia was used as the research object,and buckwheat fl avonoids were extracted by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method.Total fl avonoids content was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.With acarbose as the positive control,the inhibition test ofα-amylase was carried out by DNS colorimetry to study the inhibition behavior of fl avonoids onα-amylase activity.The results showed that the extraction process of flavonoids was stable and reliable,and the established method for the determination of flavonoids was simple,accurate and reproducible.The total flavonoids content of buckwheat samples was 2.706 mg/g,buckwheat total fl avonoids extraction solution had an inhibitory eff ect onα-amylase,and its median inhibition concentration(IC_(50))was 38.53 mg/mL.The results of this experiment provide a technical reference for the development and utilization of fl avonoids in Inner Mongolia sweet buckwheat,and provide a theoretical reference for the development and application of flavonoid-rich hypoglycemic food.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on protein synthesis, accumulation, and physicochemical properties in common buckwheat

Nitrogen(N)fertilization affects grain quality in common buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench).But the effects of N fertilizer on various buckwheat protein parameters are not fully understood.This study aimed to investigate the synthesis,accumulation,and quality of buckwheat protein under four N application rates in the Loess Plateau,China.Optimal N application(180 kg N ha-1)improved yield,agronomic traits,and N transport and increased protein yield and protein component accumulation.Prolamin and glutelin accumulation first increased and then decreased with increasing N application.The relationships between the contents of protein components and the amount of applied N generally followed quadratic functions.Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities first increased and then decreased with increasing N levels.Optimal N fertilizer increased the waterholding capacity and thermal stability of buckwheat protein and reduced its emulsification capacity,but negligibly changed its oil-absorption capacity.Hydrophobic amino acids and glutelin content were the main factors affecting protein quality.

The beneficial effects of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) on diet-induced obesity in mice are related to the modulation of gut microbiota composition

The gut is home to a large number of intestinal microbiota that play an important role in the metabolism and immune system of the host.A growing body of evidence suggests that a high-fat diet is closely associated with many metabolic disorders,including fatty liver and type 2 diabetes.According to reports,Tartary buckwheat extract has a positive effect on intestinal microbiota in animals.The effects of Tartary buckwheat on biochemical indexes and intestinal microflora in mice were studied.Tartary buckwheat protein(FGP),Tartary buckwheat resistant starch(FGS)and Tartary buckwheat flour(FGF)alleviated organ damage in mice and lowered the atherosclerotic index(AI)in plasma.Otherwise,principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)showed that intestinal bacterial structure of FGF were separated apparently from other groups.The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes(F/B)value of the high-fat(HF)-FGF group was significantly lower than that of the HF-FGP and HF-FGS groups.FGF significantly increases the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium,while decreasing the abundance of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-producing bacteria.Observation of blood lipid metabolism parameters and analysis of the intestinal microbiota suggested that FGF can be more effective than FGP and FGS to reduce the effects of a high-fat diet in mice,restoring the blood parameters to values similar of those in mice fed a low-fat diet.FGF may be used to prevent or treat blood lipid metabolism disorders and intestinal microbiota disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Growth,ROS Markers,Antioxidant Enzymes,Osmotic Regulators and Metabolic Changes in Tartary Buckwheat Subjected to Short Drought

Tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum)is an important pseudocereal feed crop with medicinal and nutritional value.Drought is one of the main causes of reduced growth and yield in these plants.We investigated the growth,physiological,and metabolic responses of the widely promoted Tartary buckwheat variety Chuan Qiao No.1 to polyethylene glycol(PEG)-mediated drought stress.Drought significantly decreased shoot length,shoot biomass and relative water content.Root length,malondialdehyde content,electrolyte leakage,activities of superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,catalase and amylase,and contents of soluble sugar,soluble protein and proline were increased by PEG-mediated drought.Untargeted metabolomics analysis identified 32 core metabolites in seedlings subjected to PEG-mediated drought,16 of which increased—including quercetin,isovitexin,cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside,L-arginine,and glycerophosphocholine,while the other 16 decreased—including 3-methoxytyramine,2,6-diaminopimelic acid,citric acid,UDP-alpha-D-glucose,adenosine,keto-D-fructose.The 32 core metabolites were enriched in 29 metabolic pathways,including lysine biosynthesis,citrate(TCA)cycle,anthocyanin biosynthesis,and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis.Among them,taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,flavor and flavor biosynthesis,indole alkaline biosynthesis,and alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism were the four main metabolic pathways affected by drought.Our findings provide new insights into the physiological and metabolic response mechanisms of Tartary buckwheat to drought stress.

西伯利亚龟象取食对荞麦不同抗感品种生化物质的影响

为探讨抗虫和感虫荞麦品种对西伯利亚龟象Rhinoncus sibiricus取食的反应,选择抗虫品种‘蒙0207’‘晋苦6’和感虫品种‘蒙0208’‘晋苦2’,研究害虫不同程度(轻度、中度和重度)取食情况下,荞麦叶片中营养物质(可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖)和次生代谢物质(单宁、总酚和类黄酮)含量,防御酶[过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)]以及蛋白酶抑制剂[胰蛋白酶抑制剂(TI)、胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂(CI)]活性的变化,以及西伯利亚龟象体内主要解毒酶活性的变化。结果表明,西伯利亚龟象取食48 h后,各处理组荞麦叶片中可溶性性蛋白、可溶性糖、单宁、总酚和类黄酮的含量以及PAL、CAT、TI、CI活性均有增加。在供试的4个荞麦品种中,抗虫品种被取食后可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量上升幅度较感虫品种更大,感虫品种被取食后单宁含量,PAL、TI、CI活性上升幅度较抗虫品种更大。在不同取食程度下,抗虫品种中的TI和CI活性均显著高于感虫品种。西伯利亚龟象成虫取食抗虫荞麦品种后体内羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性均显著高于取食感虫品种的个体。研究结果表明,西伯利亚龟象取食能诱导荞麦抗虫性物质含量的变化,但对荞麦抗性品种与感虫品种的影响不同。

氮水平对苦荞生长发育及氮素吸收利用的影响

为提高西北干旱地区的苦荞产量、减少氮肥施用及提高氮肥利用效率,以适宜西北地区种植的川荞2号(CQ2)和晋荞2号(JQ2)为材料,设置4个施氮水平(0、60、120和180 kg·hm^(-2)),研究氮对苦荞生长、产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,苦荞氮肥偏生产力和农学利用效率显著降低,SPAD值、干物质积累量、氮素积累量和每吨籽粒氮需要量逐步增加,而农艺指标、产量及其构成、氮肥表观利用率和氮收获指数均呈先升后降趋势,均以120 kg·hm^(-2)施氮量最高。60、120和180 kg·hm^(-2)施氮量处理下,JQ2的株粒数、有效株数和产量较CQ2平均增加6.2%、6.1%和18.2%,且其氮素吸收利用和收获指数更高,表现出更强的增产性和氮素利用能力。相关性和聚类分析发现,施氮对苦荞各指标的影响可被明显区分,苦荞的氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮收获指数与苦荞产量及构成呈极显著正相关。综合考虑氮素吸收利用效率及成本与产量因素,西北干旱地区苦荞氮施用量以120 kg·hm^(-2)为宜,品种以JQ2较为适宜。本研究结果对苦荞的高效生产及生态环境的保护具有重要的理论与实际意义。

不同青贮处理对苦荞麦品质及营养成分的影响

目的:研究不同青贮处理对荞麦秸秆的感官性状及营养品质的影响。方法:将不同比例的玉米面、米糠、糖蜜和玉米秸秆加入荞麦秸秆中混合青贮,从感官、pH值、氨态氮和营养成分等方面进行分析评价。结果:与对照组相比,各处理组均不同程度地改善了青贮品质。从pH值和氨态氮含量来看,30%混合玉米青贮组效果最好;4%米糠组的粗蛋白(5.74%)含量显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05);5%糖蜜组和30%混合玉米青贮组的粗脂肪含量显著低于其他三个处理组(P<0.05)。结论:综合比较感官性状和营养品质,5%糖蜜和4%米糠处理条件下,青贮品质总体效果较好,是荞麦秸秆饲用前处理的可行途径之一。

荞麦蜂花粉多糖的纯化、表征及其在体外消化过程中抗氧化活性的变化

本论文旨在研究荞麦蜂花粉多糖(BWPP)在模拟体外胃肠消化过程中的抗氧化活性。采用DEAE-52纤维素柱对粗多糖进行分级纯化,经体外模拟胃、肠消化研究其在体外消化过程中的抗氧化活性的变化规律。结果表明经DEAE-52纤维素柱层析洗脱纯化后得到总糖含量最高组分BWPP-1,其主要由Glc、Xyl、Ara等组成,且红外光谱显示BWPP-1具有明显的多糖特征吸收峰。BWPP和BWPP-1在进行体外模拟胃肠消化时,模拟胃液消化60 min时,BWPP和BWPP-1的ABTS^(+)·清除率均达到最大值,分别为86.39%±1.28%、90.38%±2.78%,与其他消化时间的存在显著差异(P<0.05);60 min时对DPPH·清除率达到最大值,分别为86.86%±0.11%、89.58%±1.67%,且二者差异不显著(P>0.05);模拟肠液消化时,BWPP和BWPP-1对ABTS^(+)·清除率在60 min时达到最大值为88.67%±0.40%和91.82%±2.77%,且二者差异不显著(P>0.05);对DPPH·清除率在240 min时达到最大值57.11%±0.06%和65.67%±3.67%,二者差异显著(P<0.05);而在消化过程中,对铁离子还原能力均较弱。由此可得,BWPP和BWPP-1具有较好的ABTS^(+)·和DPPH·清除能力,且胃液消化时DPPH·清除能力略高于肠液消化,而肠液消化时的ABTS^(+)·清除能力略高于胃液消化。本研究为以荞麦蜂花粉为基料的功能性产品的开发提供理论依据。

杂粮、糯小麦与普通小麦配粉对面团特性和面条品质的影响

杂粮面条具有很好的特色风味及营养保健功能,为拓宽糯小麦的应用范围,提高面条营养价值,利用两种杂粮粉(紫薯粉和苦荞粉)、两种筋力类型糯小麦粉与特一粉配粉,分析杂粮粉和糯小麦粉对面粉的理化特性及面条品质的影响。结果表明:糯小麦杂粮配粉及面条制作中,添加紫薯粉比添加苦荞粉总淀粉含量、稳定时间低,直链淀粉含量、吸水率和面条评分高;糯小麦比例提高,总淀粉含量升高,直链淀粉含量、面粉峰值粘度和回升值下降,面条评分增加;强筋糯小麦配粉更有利于杂粮面条品质改良,以30%扬糯麦2号和15%紫薯粉配粉,面条综合评分最高。

调亏灌溉和秸秆覆盖对苦荞生物学特性和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨调亏灌溉和秸秆覆盖对苦荞生物学特性和水分调亏利用效率的影响,设置秸秆覆盖(裸地S_(1)、秸秆覆盖S_(2))和灌溉方式(常规灌溉M_(1)、轻度调亏灌溉M_(2)、重度调亏灌溉M3)组合共6个处理,比较各处理的土壤含水量、农艺性状、产量和水分调亏利用效率等差异。结果表明:与裸地处理相比,秸秆覆盖处理的产量和水分调亏利用效率分别提高了13.5%和32.9%。与全灌处理相比,轻度调亏灌溉处理的产量、水分调亏利用效率分别提高了5.3%和52.8%。调亏灌溉和秸秆覆盖互作后,M_(2)S_(2)处理下产量和水分调亏利用效率最高。M_(2)S_(2)的产量、水分调亏利用效率较M_(1)S_(1)分别增加16.1%,95.7%,主要是因为M_(2)S_(2)处理的净光合速率、单株分枝数、生物量及结实率较M_(1)S_(1)分别显著增加13.0%,12.1%,12.5%和8.3%。综上所述,轻度调亏灌溉和秸秆覆盖能显著提高苦荞产量和水分调亏利用效率,可为苦荞的节水高效栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。

基于苦荞的低GI高膳食纤维面条挤压工艺研究

本研究以挤出改性苦荞粉为基料,添加复合膳食纤维,研制低GI高膳食纤维面条,采用单因素和响应面试验优化面条的最佳工艺参数。结果表明:当螺杆转速22.36 Hz、水分添加量24.51%、挤出温度88.67℃时,以苦荞为基料的低GI高膳食纤维面条的感官评分最高为93.64分。对苦荞营养面条感官评分的影响因素从大到小为:螺杆转速>水分添加量>挤出温度。本研究利用苦荞低GI高膳食纤维的特性,采用双螺杆挤出技术开发出一款适合三高人群的产品。

超声波辅助低共熔溶剂提取荞麦壳中总黄酮的工艺研究

以荞麦壳为原料,采用超声波辅助低共熔溶剂提取荞麦壳中总黄酮。实验对低共熔溶剂(DES)的种类、摩尔比、含水量进行了筛选,在此基础上优化了超声提取工艺条件。结果表明,用摩尔比为1∶2的氯化胆碱/乙二醇合成的低共熔溶剂,当DES含水量为30%、液料比为30∶1(mL∶g)、超声温度为70℃、超声时间为40min时,总黄酮提取得率为8.26mg·g^(-1),高于传统醇提得率。此工艺绿色温和,适用于荞麦壳中总黄酮的高效提取,研究为植物源废弃物中天然产物的提取提供了新技术。

荞麦皮对棉织物植物染色色素提取液的提取工艺探究

为探究和优化荞麦皮对棉织物染色色素提取工艺,以荞麦皮为材料、水为提取剂,采用超声波辅助提取法提取色素;基于超声功率500 W、温度55℃和时间30 min等主要参数,制备料液比1∶10~1∶50的提取液,并测试荞麦皮色素在最大吸收波长550 nm下的可见光光谱。通过提取温度、提取时间和料液比单因素实验及其正交实验设计分析,得出最佳提取工艺参数分别是:60℃,45 min和1∶10。结果表明,提取材料及过程节能环保,提取工艺和数据合理,对实践能提供一定的理论指导。

不同波长LEDs光源对苦荞芽菜生长、生物活性物积累及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究不同波长LEDs光源对苦荞芽菜生长的影响,本研究以黑暗(D)作对照,采用单色红(R)、蓝(B)、绿(G)光源培养苦荞芽菜,收获后分别测定其形态指标、生物活性物积累量、类黄酮合成关键基因表达量及抗氧化活性指标,结果表明:B处理的苦荞芽菜下胚轴呈深红色,伸长生长受到强烈抑制,花青素、总黄酮及总酚积累量均最高,分别是D的7.18、2.96和2.49倍;R处理的下胚轴呈浅粉色,上述3种生物活性物积累量分别是对照的2.56、1.68和1.40倍;G处理的下胚轴伸长与R相似,外观呈透明白色,生物活性物积累量与对照无显著差异。B和R均强烈诱导类黄酮生物合成通路上关键结构基因表达,显著增加苦荞芽菜下胚轴抗氧化活性。此外,各单色光处理均未显著影响苦荞芽菜可食用部位的鲜重。由此可见,红、蓝LEDs光源可显著影响苦荞芽菜形态生长,并增加其生物活性物积累及抗氧化能力,以蓝光最佳。

苦荞叶提取物对油脂的抗氧化能力研究

以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,采用响应面法优化微波提取苦荞叶中抗氧化物质的工艺,并以特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)为对照,探究苦荞叶提取物对菜籽油和猪油的抗氧化能力。结果表明:最佳提取工艺条件为提取溶剂为蒸馏水、微波功率400 W、微波时间110 s、微波温度47℃、液料比23∶1(mL/g),在此条件下苦荞叶提取物对DPPH自由基的清除率为80.71%±0.11%。抗氧化试验结果表明,苦荞叶提取物对菜籽油和猪油均具有较好的抗氧化能力。

苦荞叶提取物清除亚硝酸钠及阻断亚硝胺合成作用研究

采用超声波辅助,响应面优化苦荞叶清除亚硝酸钠物质提取工艺,并以Vc和甘草提取物为对照,探究苦荞叶提取物对亚硝胺合成的阻断作用。结果表明,苦荞叶清除亚硝酸钠物质提取最佳工艺条件为:乙醇浓度44%,超声功率260 W,料液比21 mL/g,目数为80目,超声时间为30 min,提取温度50℃,此条件下苦荞叶提取物对亚硝酸钠的清除率为(83.97±0.12)%;在20~100 mg/L溶度范围内,Vc、苦荞叶提取物和甘草提取物对亚硝胺合成的阻断率线性关系良好,其对应的半阻断浓度IC50分别为61.26、80.09和90.20 mg/L。质量浓度继续增加时,苦荞叶提取物和甘草提取物对亚硝胺合成的阻断率随之下降,但同浓度情况下苦荞叶提取物对亚硝胺合成的阻断率高于甘草提取物,苦荞叶提取物对亚硝胺合成的阻断作用弱于Vc,但强于甘草提取物。

低GI复合苦荞面条的研制

采用单因素试验和响应面优化试验对复合苦荞面条配方进行优化,以感官评价为指标。研究荞麦粉、谷朊粉、猪血粉、黄原胶和水添加量对复合苦荞面感官评分的影响,并测定其血糖生成指数值(Glycemic index,GI)。结果表明,以1 kg高筋小麦粉为基准,黄原胶、水、猪血粉、谷朊粉、荞麦粉添加量分别为1%,38%,7.5%,5%,30%时,复合苦荞面条感官品质最佳,血糖生成指数GI值为45.4±3.8。在此条件下研制的复合苦荞面条感官风味俱佳、营养价值丰富,属于低GI食物,可为低糖食品需求者选择食物提供参考。