Commercial Technologies for Advanced Light Control in Smart Building Energy Management Systems: A Comparative Study

This work investigates the economic, social, and environmental impact of adopting different smart lighting architectures for home automation in two geographical and regulatory regions: Algiers, Algeria, and Stuttgart, Germany. Lighting consumes a considerable amount of energy, and devices for smart lighting solutions are among the most purchased smart home devices. As commercialized solutions come with variant features, we empirically evaluate through this study the impact of each one of the energy-related features and provide insights on those that have higher energy saving contribution. The study started by investigating the state-of-the-art of commercialized ICT-based light control solutions, which allowed the extraction of the energy-related features. Based on the outcomes of this study, we generated simulation scenarios and selected evaluations metrics to evaluate the impact of dimming, daylight harvesting, scheduling, and motion detection. The simulation study has been conducted using EnergyPlussimulation tool, which?enables fine-grained realistic evaluation. The results show that adopting smart lighting technologies have a payback period of few years and that the use of these technologies has positive economic and societal impacts, as well as on the environment by considerably reducing gas emissions. However, this positive contribution is highly sensitive to the geographical location, energy prices, and the occupancy profile.

Photovoltaic energy balance estimation based on the building integration level

The photovoltaic module building integration level affects the module temperature and,consequently,its output power.In this work,a methodology has been proposed to estimate the influence of the level of architectural photovoltaic integration on the photovoltaic energy balance with natural ventilation or with forced cooling systems.The developed methodology is applied for five photovoltaic module technologies(m⁃Si,p⁃Si,a⁃Si,CdTe,and CIGS)on four characteristic locations(Athens,Davos,Stockholm,and Würzburg).To this end,a photovoltaic module thermal radiation parameter,PVj,is introduced in the characterization of the PV module technology,rendering the correlations suitable for building⁃integrated photovoltaic(BIPV)applications,with natural ventilation or with forced cooling systems.The results show that PVj has a significant influence on the energy balances,according to the architectural photovoltaic integration and climatic conditions.Keywords:Photovoltaic cooling;BIPV;Photovoltaic;Ventilation;Photovoltaic integration level in building【OA】(2)Graph⁃Based methodology for Multi⁃Scale generation of energy analysis models from IFC,by Asier Mediavilla,Peru Elguezabal,Natalia Lasarte,Article 112795 Abstract:Process digitalisation and automation is unstoppable in all industries,including construction.However,its widespread adoption,even for non⁃experts,demands easy⁃to⁃use tools that reduce technical requirements.BIM to BEM(Building Energy Models)workflows are a clear example,where ad⁃hoc prepared models are needed.This paper describes a methodology,based on graph techniques,to automate it by highly reducing the input BIM requirements found in similar approaches,being applicable to almost any IFC.This is especially relevant in retrofitting,where reality capture tools(e.g.,3D laser scanning,object recognition in drawings)are prone to create geometry clashes and other inconsistencies,posing higher challenges for automation.Another innovation presented is its multi⁃scale nature,efficiently addressing the surroundings impact in the energy model.The application to selected test cases has been successful and further tests are ongoing,considering a higher variety of BIM models in relation to tools and techniques used and model sizes.

Integrating Virtual Reality and Energy Analysis with BIM to Optimize Window-to-Wall Ratio and Building’s Orientation for Age-in-Place Design at the Conceptual Stage

This study unfolds an innovative approach aiming to address the critical role of building design in global energy consumption, focusing on optimizing the Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR), since buildings account for approximately 30% of total energy consumed worldwide. The greatest contributors to energy expenditure in buildings are internal artificial lighting and heating and cooling systems. The WWR, determined by the proportion of the building’s glazed area to its wall area, is a significant factor influencing energy efficiency and minimizing energy load. This study introduces the development of a semi-automated computer model designed to offer a real-time, interactive simulation environment, fostering improving communication and engagement between designers and owners. The said model serves to optimize both the WWR and building orientation to align with occupants’ needs and expectations, subsequently reducing annual energy consumption and enhancing the overall building energy performance. The integrated model incorporates Building Information Modeling (BIM), Virtual Reality (VR), and Energy Analysis tools deployed at the conceptual design stage, allowing for the amalgamation of owners’ inputs in the design process and facilitating the creation of more realistic and effective design strategies.

智能建筑狭义BAS系统中的电气设备施工要点

在智能建筑狭义自动化系统中,为了解电气设备的相关施工要点,对其进行具体分析。根据电气设备选择的注意事项,为电气设备的选择提供参考,在熟练掌握建筑电气图纸后,再科学合理地制订电气安装计划。完成电气设备的准备工作后,才能进行电气设备的安装工作。参考安装过程的注意事项,具体分析配电箱安装技术、管路敷设技术等技术的施工要点,以此来促进电气设备更加高效、安全地运行,强化对设备安装的重视程度,让电气设备施工技术能够得到不断优化。

基于智能控制理论的BAS系统模型

对建筑设备自动化系统(BAS:BuildingAutomationSystem)的客观描述和定量分析一直是智能建筑工程建设和教学中的难点和重点,建立计算机仿真系统是解决问题的有效方法之一。在分析BAS特征的基础上,提出了基于智能控制理论的BAS模型,对BAS计算机仿真系统的基本结构进行了初步探索。实验模型硬件由NIPXIDAQ平台组成(8185控制器,64路模拟输出/输入通道,96路数字输出/输入通道),采用LabVIEW图形化软件建立系统模型,对BAS系统进行仿真。数据分析表明,在分辨率16bit,采样率100ksample/s条件下,仿真结果与实际系统数据一致,该研究结果将首先应用于BAS系统现场检测。

智能建筑BAS设计应注意的若干问题

分析了智能建筑BAS设计与施工中出现的诸多问题。根据实践经验与新的国家标准与规范,对BAS设计深度若干实践与理论问题进行了深入的探讨。以空调系统为例,分析了现代建筑系统的节能新技术,以达到最佳运行效果。

基于LonWorks技术的BAS集成与实施

针对建筑设备自动化系统(BAS)中存在的系统集成难题,结合某工程的技术改造,构建了基于LonWorks总线的BAS控制网络结构．文中分析了该系统通信的实时性,探讨了相关技术难点,特别是各子系统之间的通信问题．工程实践表明基于LonWorks的现场总线技术在建筑智能化系统中有极好的应用前景．

从BAS走向BEMS

楼宇自动化系统BAS（Building Automation System）是智能建筑的主要构成部分,自从20世纪80年代诞生以来,BAS一直被认为是现代建筑中通过自动控制来提高服务质量和管理效率、节约运行成本的重要装备。到90年代,随着建筑物规模的增大,建筑设备系统的复杂性日益提高,为进一步增强建筑物的综合管理能力,出现了建筑管理系统BMS（Building Management System）。BMS是在BAS的基础上,增加了建筑物运行信息集成与综合管理功能,与工业自动化一起。

On building automation system security

Building Automation Systems(BASs)are seeing increased usage in modern society due to the plethora of benefits they provide such as automation for climate control,HVAC systems,entry systems,and lighting controls.Many BASs in use are outdated and suffer from numerous vulnerabilities that stem from the design of the underlying BAS protocol.In this paper,we provide a comprehensive,up-to-date survey on BASs and attacks against seven BAS protocols including BACnet,EnOcean,KNX,LonWorks,Modbus,ZigBee,and Z-Wave.Holistic studies of secure BAS protocols are also presented,covering BACnet Secure Connect,KNX Data Secure,KNX/IP Secure,ModBus/TCP Security,EnOcean High Security and Z-Wave Plus.LonWorks and ZigBee do not have security extensions.We point out how these security protocols improve the security of the BAS and what issues remain.A case study is provided which describes a real-world BAS and showcases its vulnerabilities as well as recommendations for improving the security of it.We seek to raise awareness to those in academia and industry as well as highlight open problems within BAS security.

直接数字控制器在BAS中的应用

直接数字控制器(DDC)是楼宇自动化系统(BAS)的基本控制单元。正确应用DDC是楼宇自动化系统设计的关键所在。它关系到整个系统能否正常运行。结合实际经验,对DDC的应用进行了探讨。详细介绍了DDC的实际应用情况,对DDC的配置、安装、测试等方面进行了具体阐述。

Scalable Distributed Sensor Fault Diagnosis for Smart Buildings

The enormous energy use of the building sector and the requirements for indoor living quality that aim to improve occupants' productivity and health, prioritize Smart Buildings as an emerging technology. The Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning(HVAC) system is considered one of the most critical and essential parts in buildings since it consumes the largest amount of energy and is responsible for humans comfort. Due to the intermittent operation of HVAC systems, faults are more likely to occur, possibly increasing eventually building's energy consumption and/or downgrading indoor living quality. The complexity and large scale nature of HVAC systems complicate the diagnosis of faults in a centralized framework. This paper presents a distributed intelligent fault diagnosis algorithm for detecting and isolating multiple sensor faults in large-scale HVAC systems.Modeling the HVAC system as a network of interconnected subsystems allows the design of a set of distributed sensor fault diagnosis agents capable of isolating multiple sensor faults by applying a combinatorial decision logic and diagnostic reasoning. The performance of the proposed method is investigated with respect to robustness, fault detectability and scalability. Simulations are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the presence of multiple sensor faults applied to a 83-zone HVAC system and to evaluate the sensitivity of the method with respect to sensor noise variance.

基于BAS数据挖掘的空调运行节能优化

运用数据挖掘技术中的聚类分析方法对楼宇自控系统(BAS)存储的设备运行数据进行分析。结合南京某档案馆实例,采用数据分析软件SPSS对暖通空调(HVAC)的运行数据进行了聚类分析,得出年采样周期时间段内设备运行的聚类结果,并根据实际的能耗数据,提出了合理的优化策略,以指导物业人员调整设备运行时间,降低了建筑能耗。

楼宇自控系统(BAS)施工调试方法探究

近年来,国家经济与社会发展速度加快,技术信息化改变了人们生活的方方面面。当前,智能化成为社会发展的主要趋势。楼宇自控系统是信息技术发展的产物,是城市智能化的重要表现。楼宇自控系统作为建筑节能手段,被广泛地应用于建筑工程,成为建筑智能化发展的必要途径,适应时代发展的建筑趋势。文章在阐述楼宇自控系统概念的基础上,分析其施工与调试阶段需要注意的问题并加以改进,加快了建筑智能化的步伐。

基于地铁BAS系统建设门禁系统的方案研究

以沈阳地铁1号线为背景,对环境与设备监控系统和门禁系统进行分析,论证了将门禁系统集成到环境与设备监控系统的可行性,提出了依托地铁运营线路的环境与设备监控系统来建设门禁系统的设计方案。为了优化门禁系统的实施,提出了一种地铁无线门禁系统的设计和施工方法。

5G和WiFi6技术在地铁BAS中的研究与应用

城市轨道交通环境与设备监控系统(building automation system,BAS)的传统组网方案主要是冗余现场总线和工业以太网方案,这两种方案均需要铺设大量通信电缆,且数据传输速度和距离会受到一定限制。随着5G和WiFi6无线通信技术的普及与应用,通过与传统组网方案进行对比分析,提出基于5G和WiFi6的BAS冗余无线通信方案。相比传统BAS组网方案,该方案大大增强了BAS系统的稳定性、可靠性、扩展性、维护性和数据实时性,同时优化了施工图纸设计,避免了大量通信电缆的铺设施工,降低了相关材料和人力成本。此方案符合《中国城市轨道交通智慧城轨发展纲要》中提出的应用云计算、大数据、物联网、5G等新兴技术,深度融合乘客、设施、设备、环境新信息,构建安全、便捷、高效、绿色、经济的新一代中国式智慧城市轨道交通的发展战略。

浅析南京地铁一号线BAS的环控工艺及其调试

通过对地铁车站和隧道不同工况下与BAS有接口的机电设备的运行(模式)的介绍与分析,陈述以空调通风系统为主的环控工艺要求,并根据实际工作的积累总结,尝试地提供具有适应性的调试工作方案。

BAS自动模式控制技术在地铁环控中的应用

环境与设备监控系统(BAS)是城市轨道交通运营管理系统中必不可少的一个重要环节,其作用是实现车站环境及机电设备的自动化监控,为乘客及运营人员提供舒适的环境,而要实现根据地铁环境的温湿度自动调节,需运用相应的通风模式对车站通风环境进行控制,通过计算应用来实现高效运营、节能降耗的目的。介绍了BAS与通风系统的自动模式控制技术在地铁环控中的应用情况,并详细叙述在运用过程中的效果和目的等。

智能建筑中的楼宇自动化系统(BAS)及其设计

论述了智能建筑中楼宇自动化系统的组成、控制形式、网络结构及其设计方法．

Automated Smart Utilization of Background Lights and Daylight for Green Building Efficient and Economic Indoor Lighting Intensity Control

The ways which are used today in order to light houses, offices, and most of the indoor areas are inefficient as a lot of energy is consumed unnecessarily during the day time. Mainly this problem because the interior lighting design consider the worst case when the light service is at night, which is not always valid. Also in most cases the lighting system design relies on people to control the lights switching on and off. This problem is also one of the design concerns in Green Building. In this paper, a solution to this problem and a method for people’s comfort who use the indoor facilities in industrial buildings is presented. In the proposed smart lighting system, lights switch on automatically when there is somebody in the room or in the occupied space and switch off when there is no occupancy. In addition to this known technique, adjustment of the brightness level of the lights will be possible via the personal computer or any other smart device. In this method, for the illumination level in the area, where is needed to be controlled for better energy saving, the light automatically is measured by the sensor and considering the amount of background lights coming from outside, automatically the brightness of lights is controlled to reach the preset level that determined for that room. By the means of this method, it is possible to provide better user comfort, avoid human forcedness to switch the light on and off, and hence effective energy saving. Arduino controller is used to build the controller and to demonstrate the results. Economic analysis was done to calculate the percentage of the energy saving that can be obtained by implementing the proposed smart lighting controller. As an outcome of the economic analysis, energy saving norm for an office with a standard size was calculated.