Experimental study on thermal environment in large-space building with low sidewall air supply

The thermal environmental characteristics are experim-entally studied in terms of different air supply volumes and outdoor meteorological parameters in a large-space building which is air conditioned with a low sidewall air supply.The experimental results show that the indoor vertical temperature distributions under different condition are similar.The maximum vertical temperature difference（MVTD）is up to about 20 ℃,and it linearly changes with the sol-air temperature.The indoor vertical temperature gradients（VTGs）in the upper,central and lower zones are different.The influence of the sol-air temperature on the VTGs in the upper and the lower zones is greater than that in the central zone.The characteristics of the VTGs in the three zones affected by the air supply volume are the same as those affected by the sol-air temperature.Besides,because of the small air velocity,the predicted mean vote（PMV）on comfort in the occupied zone is slightly high and the air temperature difference between the head and the ankle is usually more than 3 ℃.

Impact of light-weight external thermal insulation materials on building surrounding thermal environment in summer

The method for calculating wall surface heat storage coefficient was introduced,and the coefficients of several common walls with light-weight external thermal insulation materials and the traditional solid clay brick wall were calculated.In order to study the impact of light-weight external thermal insulation materials,a contrasting experiment was carried out between an external insulated room and an uninsulated room in August,2010,in Chongqing,China.The result shows that outside surface heat storage coefficient of the insulated wall is much less than that of the traditional wall.However,during sunny time,the surface temperature of external walls of the insulated room is obviously higher than that of the uninsulated room.In different orientations,due to different amounts of solar radiation and being irradiated in different time,the contrasting temperature difference(CTD) appears different regularity.In a word,using light-weight external thermal insulation materials has a negative impact on building surrounding thermal environment and people's health.Finally,some suggestions on how to eliminate the impact,such as improving the surface condition of the building envelop,and plating vertical greening,are put forward.

Test and Analysis of Indoor Thermal Environment of Urban Heating Residential Building in Hanzhong Area

By testing indoor and outdoor thermal environment of residential buildings that apply 4 mostused heating ways in Hantai District,Hanzhong City,this paper explored the indoor thermal environment conditions of different heating ways,to provide references for choosing a suitable heating way in the local area.

Indoor Environmental Quality of Air Conditioned Residential Buildings in Extreme Dry Desert Climate

In this study, the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in air conditioned residential buildings in a dry desert climate is examined from the perspective of occupants via two aspects: thermal comfort and indoor air quality. The study presents statistical data about the domestic-occupant thermal comfort sensations together with data describing the indoor air quality in Kuwaiti residential buildings. With respect to the latter, the overall IEQ acceptance using two measurements namely: physical measurements and subjective information collected via questionnaires, was used to evaluate 111 occupants living in twenty five air-conditioned residential buildings in the state of Kuwait. The operative temperature based on Actual Mean Vote (AMV) and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was identified using linear regression analysis of responses on the ASHRAE seven-point thermal sensation scale and was found to be 25.2°C and 23.3°C, respectively, in the summer season. Indoor air quality (IAQ) with respect to carbon dioxide concentration level was compared with the acceptable limits of international standards, i.e. ASHRAE Standard 62.1 [1]. The proposed overall IEQ acceptance findings in residential buildings show CO2 concentration level between 909 and 1250 ppm. However, this may be considered a higher level of CO2 concentration, which may require increasing ventilation rate through window operation or mechanical ventilation.

Assessing Indoor Environmental Quality of Educational Buildings Using BIM

Indoor Environmental Quality （IEQ） deals with providing a healthy and comfortable indoor environment. Most of international sustainability rating systems consider IEQ as a key perspective for developing sustainable buildings. Educational buildings include large number of people which increase the need to provide appropriate IEQ. Accordingly, there is a critical need to frequently assess of IEQ in this type of buildings in order to maintain the satisfactory level of IEQ. This paper aims to develop a framework for assessing and improving the IEQ of educational buildings in Saudi Arabia through measuring the IEQ parameters and integrating these results with Building Information Modeling （BIM）. The key IEQ parameters considered in this study include thermal comfort, indoor air quality and visual comfort. These parameters have been measured by comfort-sense system, indoor air quality meter and light meter respectively. The measured data are integrated with BIM model in order to track the IEQ problems, and to develop IEQ history over time. By using the proposed framework, the IEQ can be tracked and improved. The IEQ assessment framework has been implemented on educational building in Saudi Arabia as a case study to validate the process and perform the necessary modifications and improvements.

Energy Consumption, Thermal Performance and Thermal Comfort in Public School Buildings in Jordan

Good learning outputs in schools require an acceptable physical environment inside schools. Whatever the climatic context that surrounds any school buildings, energy flows of different types should be provided. Concerns may include thermal environment, luminous environment and acoustics environment. Types of energy used are an important variable that contributes to thermal comfort. Physical structure of the school building is another factor to be taken into consideration. This article established a relationship between thermal comfort inside schools and types of energy flows which have been consumed to maintain the level of comfort required, controlled by the building fabric and consequent economic factors that affect energy consumption of school buildings. Different approaches were applied in order to achieve the research objectives. Field surveys, field measurements and analyzing historical data were the most approaches followed to implement this study. The final outputs of this work have a national value nationwide： establishing a relationship among thermal comfort, energy flows and building fabric is of importance. Furthermore, it is of great importance to the decision maker for educational facilities. Research will also establish a wide platform based on scientific investigations for developing climate responsive school architecture in Jordan.

On the Development of China's Thermal Power in the 21st Century while Saving the Energy and Protecting the Environment

In light of China s Ninth Five-year Plan (1996-2000) for Electric Power Industry & the Long Term Targets by the Year 2010, the paper considers the strategy for developing China’s thermal power in the 21st century shall be the efficiency and cleaning technology of coal use. Especially important is the structure of power sources and configuration of technology process, and secondly the implementation of energy saving and environmental protection ideology in the various stages of thermal power construction and design work.

Application of natural ventilation of residential buildings in hot-humid regions

The current ventilation condition of the hot and humid regions was analyzed through on-site investigation. It is found that residents in this region expect to improve indoor thermal environment through natural ventilation as much as possible. Then,it comes to a conclusion by the field test that natural ventilation has certain practical effect on improving indoor thermal environment. CFD simulation software is employed to verify the test result. Based on PMV modified model,and according to norms,geography and climate combined with the measured and simulated results,the application of the time and effectiveness of natural ventilation in hot and humid region were analyzed,to some extent,providing a basis for reducing the air-conditioner's runtime with natural ventilation.

基于Designbuilder的改性生土建筑热工性能分析

为改善传统改性生土室内热工环境,借助Designbuilder软件,对某改性生土民居在3种不同的保温构造情况下,分别在夏时令和冬时令的自然环境中,进行建筑室内环境热工和相对湿度的模拟分析。通过分析发现,生土材料本身具备良好的温度和湿度调节能力。使用聚苯乙烯泡沫材料和硬泡聚氨酯保温结构层,对室内温度的调控效果更好。而以农村常见的秸秆作为保温构造的生土墙体,可以将室内相对湿度较长时间地处于人体相对舒适的环境。

Energy consumption pattern and indoor thermal environment of residential building in rural China

With the continuous deepening of China’s rural construction and development,people’s living conditions are improved day by day,while accompanied by energy and environment crisis issues.This paper mainly analyzes the energy consumption pattern and the indoor environment of rural households in China and discusses the energy-saving optimization strategies for improving the thermal environment of buildings.Questionnaire surveys and field surveys were conducted in three villages in Guanghan,China.The measurement results show that the annual indoor temperature range of the region in the summer is 15-31℃and the relative humidity range is 34%-96%.The average indoor temperatures in summer and winter are 28℃and 16℃respectively.The indoor thermal environment of rural buildings is usually poor and cannot meet the requirements of Chinese standards.At the same time,the architectural design and energy consumption pattern of rural households are different from those in urban areas as countryside has unique characteristics.Finally,we put forward certain energy-saving improvement measures at the end of the article.

Design of Rural Residence Based on Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Chengdu Area

With the improvement of living standards, peasants have attached increasing attention to quality of living environment, indoor thermal comfort of rural residence has become a functional need of new countryside residence. Chengdu is a foggy area with shorter sunshine hours, humid air, more foggy but fewer windy days, so local residence is likely to be muggy, which influences comfort of residents seriously. According to relevant researches, most rural residences in Chengdu use only natural ventilation, and the indoor thermal comfort is poor. In view of this, this paper tried to improve indoor thermal comfort and quality of living environment from the perspective of residence functional design.

Investigation of thermal environment and the associated energy consumption of transportation buildings along the expressways in the cold region of China:A case study

The transportation buildings alongside the expressways(TBE)have comprehensive characteristics,providing shopping and accommodations for drivers and passengers.However,the indoor thermal environment and energy consumption of such service buildings was not covered in most studies.To this end,based on some typical TBEs,this study investigated the thermal environment and energy consumption characteristics for TBEs.And the men-tioned TBEs are located in Xiong’an New Area,a national special zone with requirements of low carbon and low energy consumption in China’s cold region.The thermal environment study included questionnaire survey and on-site investigation by adopting dynamic thermal comfort evaluation index(i.e.,Relative Warmth Index(RWI)and Heat Deficit Rate(HDR)).Then,the TBE energy consumption was investigated with the main influencing factor analyses.Finally,numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the energy efficiency approaches in TBE.The results showed that RWI and HDR were able to evaluate the thermal comfort of personnel in transi-tional environment of TBE in winter.Meanwhile,when the room temperature was set as 16℃,it was still able to maintain the thermal environment for the indoor staff.The main energy influencing factors of TBEs are building scale,system equipment and usage characteristics.Besides,it was practicable to adopt the heat pump system to replace conventional space heating and cooling system,of which the total energy consumption of geothermal heat pump reduced by 38.1%.

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST 第5讲 影响建筑热过程的各种外界因素的取值方法

除供暖和空调系统的作用外 ,影响建筑物内热状况的外界因素主要是室外的气象条件、建筑周围的环境热状况以及室内发热量。在建筑热环境的动态模拟过程中 ,这些外界因素的数量大小和随时间的变化将对模拟结果产生较大的影响 ,因此各项因素的取值方法必须准确反映其数量大小和随时间的变化。讨论了这些外界因素的取值方法 。

厦门大学2013 SD参赛作品建筑遮阳模拟分析

建筑外门窗是建筑围护结构的重要组成部分,也是建筑热量损失与接收的薄弱环节。外窗不仅是建筑在采光通风功能上的需要,也是人与外环境沟通必不可少的通道。建筑遮阳是提高门窗在建筑围护中的热工性能的重要途径。结合Ecotect软件与厦门大学参加2013年国际太阳能竞赛(Solar Decathlon)的参赛方案,探讨了建筑遮阳对室内热环境的影响,以及不同形式遮阳对太阳辐射热的遮挡效果的差异。

温度影响epoxy/C‑S‑H界面黏结性能的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟技术模拟不同温度条件下环氧树脂(epoxy)/水化硅酸钙(C‑S‑H)界面的脱黏行为,研究了热环境对epoxy/C‑S‑H界面黏结性能的影响,从纳观尺度评价了其界面热敏感性.结果表明:随着温度的升高,epoxy/C‑S‑H界面的力学性能下降;在热环境下,epoxy在C‑S‑H表面附近密度降低、稳定性减弱,阻碍了epoxy与C‑S‑H之间的应力传递;随着温度的升高,epoxy与C‑S‑H之间的离子键合作用、氢键作用减弱,界面相互作用能下降.研究结果从纳观角度揭示了热环境下epoxy/C‑S‑H界面黏结弱化的内在机理,为FRP加固混凝土技术的优化设计和可持续发展提供了理论依据.

广西北海拉关木挥发物的ATD-GC/MS分析及安全性评价

速生红树植物拉关木具有优良的耐盐抗污染特性,但其自身吸收海水污染物后对周边环境及人类是否安全引人关注,尤其是该树种释放的挥发性成分在嗅觉方面是否安全有待评价。该研究以其活体无损伤幼龄及成年枝叶（无花、开花及带果状态）的挥发物为对象,用动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集方式采集样品后,经全自动热脱附—气相色谱/质谱（ATD-GC/MS）联用分析。结果表明：拉关木挥发物由萜烯、酮、羧酸等化合物组成,其中萜烯所占比例最高,而最优势成分α-蒎烯在各试样中的相对百分含量均在3/4左右,β-水芹烯、β-蒎烯等其它萜烯也具有较高含量,为10%～15%及在5%以上,萜烯类成分的存在与有关红树植物提取物化学成分的文献报道相吻合。试样中的其它少量成分呈松木、冬青、柑橘、桉树等香韵,部分成分具有中等强度的香比强值（ASV）,如莰烯（250）、苯甲醛（500）、苯乙酮（200）、壬醛（550）、水杨酸甲酯（450）等,部分成分的ASV值较低,如萜品油烯（异松油烯,120）、辛酸（100）、壬酸（100）、对伞花烃（80）等,但对总体气味均有一定的贡献度。由于拉关木挥发物中的各种成分总体有益于人体健康,且在日用香料香精产品中可广泛应用。因此,该树种在嗅觉方面安全、无毒,适合沿海植被恢复、景观及＂芳香化＂营造等,应用前景良好。

Method for determining climatic design conditions based on the indoor thermal environment risk level

Currently,climatic design conditions are usually selected according to the frequency of climatic parameters them-selves,which method cannot reflect the indoor thermal environment risk level of the building in design.In this regard,the research proposes to construct the correlation between climatic design conditions and indoor thermal environment risk level,and explore the effect of uncertainty in building thermal performance on this correlation from the perspective of probability,thus realizing the process of selecting the climatic design conditions based on the requirement for indoor thermal environment risk level.Taking Guangzhou in China as an example,the new process of determining climatic design conditions is realized.On this basis,the difference between the traditional method and the present research method is compared.In the Chinese norm method,the indoor thermal environ-ment risk level of the building is between 0 and 0.03%when the climatic design conditions are selected with 0.57%cumulative frequency of occurrence;in the research method,the indoor thermal environment risk level of the building is between 0.2%and 0.6%when the climatic design conditions are selected with 0.57%indoor thermal environment risk level and 100%confidence level.The results indicate that the research method can meet the designer’s expectation for indoor thermal environment risk level in design more directly and accurately.

民居建筑室内空间热环境多点能耗精准预测

在民居建筑室内热环境多点能耗预测时,若不能有效确定热环境下室内当前状态下舒适程度,会直接影响能耗预测精度。因此,提出考虑舒适度的民居建筑室内空间热环境多点能耗预测方法。根据室内状态建立民居建筑内热环境模型,采用主元分析法获取能耗评价指标,构建热环境下室内能耗指标评价体系,并利用指标建立评价模型,从而确定室内当前热环境能耗;将确定指标作为模型输入向量,利用RBF神经网络构建室内能耗多点预测模型;通过建立的模型实现对民居建筑室内空间多点能耗的精准预测。实验结果表明,所提方法开展室内能耗多点预测时,预测精度高、效果好。

气候变化下窑居建筑屋顶适宜性改造研究

调研发现陕北地区自2010年以来降水量开始呈现明显增加的趋势,而传统窑洞屋顶缺少良好的防水设计,易导致窑洞在经受暴雨时漏水甚至坍塌。村民采取在原屋顶上加建彩钢板的改造方式防雨,然而这种窑洞屋顶构造的自更新不仅未能充分解决屋顶防水问题,还在一定程度上破坏了窑洞村落的传统风貌。以陕北地区传统民居的典型代表窑洞为研究对象,通过调研测试与软件模拟分析窑洞屋顶加盖彩钢板构造对室内热环境的影响,发现加盖彩钢板能够提升屋顶的耐久度和防雨性能,但是不能改善室内热环境,并且不能充分融入到传统的乡村环境中。在此基础上提出了新型窑洞屋顶构造,以期进一步改善屋顶防水性能并延续传统民居建筑风貌,为后期窑居建筑更新改造提供参考。

多元文化交错区传统民居室内热环境对比研究——以乌兰察布地区为例

乌兰察布在历史上为内蒙古地区晋、冀移民圈的交汇处,农耕与游牧文化的交融,以及不同移民源地间文化的碰撞,使该地域传统民居在文化传播中因人地关系的复杂性呈现出四种典型类型。但伴随时代的发展,新建民居出现文化断层与冬季室内热舒适性亟待提高的双重困境。在归纳四类传统民居形制特征和尺寸取值的前提下,提炼出影响室内热环境的4个建筑要素,结合Ladybug+Honeybee软件,对比研究民居间主要活动空间冬季室内热环境的差异及原因。研究结果表明:大面积开窗可以有效利用太阳辐射提升室内温度,但保温性能差,而小面积开窗保温性能更好,但太阳辐射利用率较低;单坡屋顶比双坡屋顶单位面积照射到的太阳辐射更多,虽然其保温性能差,但对室内热环境质量的提升更有利;一进两开和里外间平面相比于单间和通间平面,卧室与入户门之间形成“温度缓冲区”可以有效减少门处的热量损失;小的空间尺度可以有效减少建筑的热量损失。基于以上结论提出四类民居在承续建筑文化基因的同时改善室内热环境的策略,为文化传承下的乌兰察布传统民居可持续发展提供一定的参考和借鉴。