Electrochemical determination of vitamin C in the presence of uric acid by a novel TiO_2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

The electrochemical behavior of vitamin C（ascorbic acid or AA） is investigated on the surface of a carbon-paste electrode modified with TiO2 nanoparticles and 2,2＇-（1,2 butanediylbis（nitriloethylidyne））-bis-hydroquinone（BBNBH）.The prepared modified electrode showed an efficient catalytic role in the electrochemical oxidation of AA,leading to remarkable decrease in oxidation overpotential and enhancement of the kinetics of the electrode reaction.This modified electrode exhibits well-separated oxidation peaks for AA and uric acid（UA）.The modified electrode is successfully applied for the accurate determination of AA in pharmaceutical preparations.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine on magnetic bar carbon paste electrode modified with benzothiazole and iron oxide nanoparticles: Simultaneous determination of hydrazine and phenol

A magnetic bar carbon paste electrode （MBCPE） modified with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles （Fe3O4NPs） and 2‐（3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl） benzothiazole （DPB） for the electrochemical determina‐tion of hydrazine was developed. The DPB was firstly self‐assembled on the Fe3O4NPs, and the re‐sulting Fe3O4NPs/DPB composite was then absorbed on the designed MBCPE. The MBCPE was used to attract the magnetic nanoparticles to the electrode surface. Owing to its high conductivity and large effective surface area, the novel electrode had a very large current response for the electrocat‐alytic oxidation of hydrazine. The modified electrode was characterized by voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and UV‐visible spectroscopy. Voltammetric methods were used to study the electrochemical behaviour of hydrazine on MBCPE/Fe3O4NPs/DPB in phosphate buffer solution （pH = 7.0）. The MBCPE/Fe3O4NPs/DPB, acting as an electrochemical sensor, exhibited very high electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of hydrazine. The presence of DPB was found to reduce the oxidation potential of hydrazine and increase the catalytic current. The dependence of the electrocatalytic current on the hydrazine concentration exhibited two linear ranges, 0.1–0.4 μmol/L and 0.7–12.0 μmol/L, with a detection limit of 18.0 nmol/L. Additionally, the simultaneous determination of hydrazine and phe‐nol was investigated using the MBCPE/Fe3O4NPs/DPB electrode. Voltammetric experiments showed a linear range of 100–470 μmol/L and a detection limit of 24.3 μmol/L for phenol, and the proposed electrode was applied to the determination of hydrazine and phenol in water samples.

Studies on Zeolite Modified Electrode(Ⅰ)─Ascorbic Acid Sensor Based on Carbon Paste Electrode Containing Fe(Ⅲ)Y Zeolite

A new ascorbic acid sensor constituted of carbon paste and Fe(Ⅲ)Y zeolite was studied.The characters of the sensor such as linear range. potential window、apparen Michaelis constant、response time、stability and accuracy wee investigated. The experimental results indicate that the analytical performance of the sensor is satisfactory.

Electrochemical determination of catechol in tea samples using anthraquinone modified carbon paste electrode

Electrochemical investigation of catechol using square wave voltammetry with anthraquinone modified carbon paste electrode was found to be very sensitive. Compared with the unmodified carbon paste electrode, the anthraquinone modified electrode remarkably increases the peak currents of catechol, and greatly lowers the peak potential separation. Two varieties of tea, namely green, and black variety: Wush Wush tea, from Ethiopia, known by its brand name were investigated. Responses for the extracts using ethanol: water (1:4) % v/v showed green tea to be superior in catechol content. Optimization of different variables such as pH of working solution, modifier composition and square wave parameters such as frequency, amplitude and step potential were made to improve the method efficiency during the experiment. The reproducibility for the nine repeated analysis of 80 μmol·L-1 of catechol gave a relative standard deviation of 3.65% and linear calibration plots were obtained in the range 6 to 80 μmol·L-1 with (R = 0.998) and the detection limit with (S/N = 3) was as low as 2.155 x 10-7 mol·L-1.

Inorganic-Organic Hybrid 18-Molybdodiphosphate Nanoparticles Bulk-modified Carbon Paste Electrode and Its Electrocatalysis

A kind of inorganic organic hybrid 18 molybdodiphosphate nanoparticles ([(C 4H 9) 4N] 6P 2Mo 18 O 62 ·4H 2O) was firstly used as a bulk modifier to fabricate a three dimensional chemically modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) by direct mixing. The electrochemical behavior of the solid nanoparticles dispersed in the CPE in acidic aqueous solution was characterized by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The hybrid 18 molybdodiphosphate nanoparticles bulk modified CPE (MNP CPE) displayed a high electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of nitrite, bromate and hydrogen peroxide. The remarkable advantages of the MNP CPE over the traditional polyoxometalates modified electrodes are their excellent reproducibility of surface renewal and high stability owing to the insolubility of the hybrid 18 molybdodiphosphate nanoparticles.

CuO-nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode for square wave voltammetric determination of lidocaine: Comparing classical and Box–Behnken optimization methodologies

In this research, copper oxide nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode was developed for the voltammetric determination of lidocaine. The square wave voltammogram of lidocaine solution showed a well-defined peak between ＋0.5 and ＋1.5 V. Instrumental and chemical parameters influencing voltammetric response were optimized by both one at a time and Box–Behnken model of response surface methodology. The results revealed that there was no significant difference between two methods of optimization. The linear range was 1–2500 μmol L^-1（Ip= 0.11 C（LH）＋ 17.38, R^2= 0.999）. The LOD and LOQ based on three and ten times of the signal to noise（S/N） were 0.39 and 1.3 μmol L^-1（n = 10）,respectively. The precision of the method was assessed for 10 replicate square wave voltammetry（SWV）determinations each of 0.05, 0.5 and 1 μmol L^-1 of lidocaine showing relative standard deviations 4.1%,3.7% and 2.1%, respectively. The reliability of the proposed method was established by application of the method for the determination of lidocaine in two pharmaceutical preparations, namely injection and gel.

Homogeneous and nanomolar detection of hydrazine by indigocarmine as a mediator at the surface of TiO_2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode

The homogeneous electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine（HZ） has been studied by indigocarmine（IND） as a mediator at the surface of TiO_2 nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode（TNMCPE）.Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical behavior of IND at different scan rates.The voltammetric response of the modified electrode was linear against the concentration of HZ in the ranges of 3.0×l0^（-8）-7.0×10~6 mol/L with differential pulse voltammetry method.The detection limit（3σ） was determined as 27.3 nmol/L.To evaluate the applicability of the proposed method to real samples,the modified CPE was applied to the determination of HZ in water samples.

A novel ZnO/reduced graphene oxide and Prussian blue modified carbon paste electrode for the sensitive determination of Rutin

A carbon paste modified sensor based on a novel composite of zinc oxide nanoparticles deposited on reduced graphene oxide(ZnO-rGrO) and Prussian blue(PB) was drop-cast(ZnO-rGrO-PB/MCPE) for the sensitive estimation of Rutin(Rtn) at pH 7.0.The high surface area of ZnO-rGrO and electrocatalytic property of PB promotes the oxidation of Rtn. Field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX) techniques were employed to confirm the deposition of ZnO-rGrO and PB on carbon paste electrode(CPE). The ability of ZnO-rGrO-PB/MCPE in charge transfer at the interface was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The heterogeneous rate constant(ks) and the charge transfer coefficient(α) have been calculated as 6.08 s^(-1) and 0.74 respectively. This sensor showed a wide linear response for Rtn from 7.0×10^(-8)to 7.0×10^(-6) M and 7.0×10^(-6) to 1.0×10^(-4) M with a limit of detection(2.05±0.04)×10^(-8) M(S/N=3). The application of ZnO-rGrO-PB/MCPE was found in the analysis of Rtn in fruit juice samples using standard addition method. This sensor showed good reproducibility, stability, selectivity and sensitivity.

Preparation, Electrochemical Property and Application in Bulk-modified Electrode of Dawson-type Phospho-molybdate-doped Polypyrrole Composite Nanoparticles

A kind of inorganic-organic hybrid semiconductor composite nanoparticles： Dawson-type phosphomolybdate- doped polypyrrole （P2Mo18-PPy） was designed and prepared using microemulsion oxidation-polymerization at room temperature and characterized by TEM and IR. The P2Mo18-PPy was used as a bulk-modifier to fabricate a chemically modified carbon paste electrode（CPE） by direct mixing, which represents the example of polyoxometalates（ POMs）- doped semiconductor polymer nanoparticles modified electrode. Both the advantage of POMs-doped polymer and the surface-renewal property of the CPE were fully utilized. The electrochemical behavior of the P2Mo18-PPY bulk-modified CPE（P2Mo18-PPy-CPE） was investigated with cyclic voltammetry. Three couples of reversible redox peaks were observed in the range from ＋ 800 to 0 mV, which corresponded to the reduction and oxidation through two-, four- and six-electron processes, respectively. The P2 Mo18-PPY-CPE showed a high electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of nitrite, which expanded the application of POMs-doped semiconductor polymer nanoparticles.

Preparation and Properties of a New Carbon Paste Iron Selective Electrodes and Their Applications

The new ferrous-selective modified carbon paste electrodes (I and II) based on 5,5’-(propane-1,3-diylbis(sulfanediyl))bis(3-benzyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine) (electrode I, A-ionophore) and 5,5’-(butane-1,4-diyl-bis(sulfane- diyl))bis(3-benzyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine) (electrode II, B-ionophore) as ionophores are described. These electrodes exhibit Nernstian slopes of 30.2 ± 0.5 and 29.1 ± 0.5 mV·decade-1, linear range of 1.0 × 10-7 - 1.0 × 10-2 mol·L-1 Fe(II) ion and detection limit of 1.0 × 10-7 mol·L-1 Fe(II) ion for electrode (I) and electrode (II), respectively. Both electrodes (I and II) have a fast response time of about 15 sand can be used for at least 3 months. The two electrodes revealed a good selectivity for Fe(II) over a wide variety of other metal ions and could be used in the pH range of 1.8 - 3.0 without any divergence in potential. The proposed sensors were successfully applied for the determination of Fe(II) ion in different real samples.

Co-piny-CMCPE对对苯二酚的电催化作用及测定

研制了一种新型的联吡啶钴配合物修饰碳糊电极（co—piny-CMCPE），并利用循环伏安法研究了该修饰电极在pH4．0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液中对对苯二酚（HQ）具有电催化作用，同时利用线性溶出伏安法测定了HQ的含量，线性范围为3．50×10^-7～7．50×10^-5mol／L，检出限为1．00×10^-7mol／L。该法的重现性和稳定性均较好，并成功用于模拟水样中的HQ含量的测定。

纳米金/β-环糊精复合修饰碳糊电极测定亚硝酸盐

本文研究了亚硝酸盐(NO_2^-)在纳米金和β-环糊精复合修饰碳糊电极(AuNPs-β-CD/CPE)上的电化学行为。实验结果表明,与裸CPE相比,AuNPs-β-CD/CPE对NO_2^-的电化学氧化有显著的促进作用,其氧化峰电流显著增加。同时用循环伏安法(CV)、计时电流法(CA)测定了NO_2^-在AuNPs-β-CD/CPE上的电极反应动力学参数,用线性扫描伏安法(LSV)法测得NO_2^-氧化峰电流与其浓度在6.0×10-6~8.0×10-3 mol·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为5.7×10-7 mol·L-1。将该传感器应用于水样的检测,相对标准偏差在0.15%~1.40%之间,回收率达99.3%~104.0%,检测结果符合定量测定要求。

1,10-邻菲啰啉-5,6-二酮修饰碳糊电极测定水中镉

以1,10-邻菲啰啉-5,6-二酮(phendio)修饰碳糊电极为工作电极,在0.05mol/L HAc-NaAc(pH4.74)电解液中,于-1.30V(vs.SCE)处Cd2+以Cd-1,10-邻菲啰啉-5,6-二酮络合物的形式吸附到电极上,再经过阳极溶出,从而建立了一种测定水样中痕量镉的新方法。本法于-0.69V处产生一个灵敏的溶出峰,其二阶导数峰电流与Cd2+的浓度在2.4×10-7~6.0×10-9mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系;检出限为3.0×10-10mol/L(S/N=3)。应用本方法测定水样中的Cd2+,结果令人满意。

用2,4,6-三(3,5-二甲基吡唑)-1,3,5-三嗪碳糊修饰电极测定痕量Zn(Ⅱ)

用2,4,6 -三 (3,5 -二甲基吡唑 ) -1,3,5-三嗪 (TDT)制得了碳糊修饰电极 ,在pH=5的HAc -NaAc的缓冲溶液中,将锌富集在电极上,用差示脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定锌,锌(Ⅱ)的浓度在3.0×10-8～4.0×10-5mol·L-1 范围内与峰高呈良好的线性关系。该电极可用于测定自来水中锌的含量,获得满意的效果。

痕量铜在8-羟基喹啉碳糊化学修饰电极上催化溶出伏安法的研究

我们研究铜在8-羟基喹啉(HOX)碳糊化学修饰电极上的阴极溶出伏安特性时,发现铜与HOX生成的配合物在电极上可还原为低价铜的HOX配合物,后者可催化氢在该电极上的放电,产生一灵敏的催化氢波,由于该波是在化学修饰电极基础上得到的,因而具有良好的选择性与灵敏度,用于人发及血中铜的测定,效果较好,初步探讨了催化氢波的反应机理。

依诺沙星-汞(Ⅱ)配合物修饰碳糊电极的制作及应用

为丰富和发展新药依诺沙星主含量的检测方法 ,以依诺沙星与硝酸汞配合比为 2∶1的配位化合物作为电活性物质 ,研制了依诺沙星汞修饰碳糊电极 ,并对影响其电化学性能的一些因素进行了探究 ,得到了良好的电极响应曲线 ,响应斜率为 2 9.8mV pC ,线性范围达 4个数量级 ,检出限为 1.0× 10 - 5mol L ,十多种常见无机离子与一些辅料对电极基本无干扰 ,可采用直接电位法测定市售依诺沙星片主含量 。

4-(3-吡啶基)-2-巯基咪唑修饰碳糊电极阳极溶出伏安法测定痕量银

报道了采用化合物4-（3-吡啶基）-2-巯基咪唑（PMI）修饰碳糊电极测定痕量银的阳极溶出伏安法。在0．1mol／L的HNO3中，Ag^＋可以富集于PMI修饰电极表面，将介质交换至含I^-的0．02mol／L硫酸溶液中，-0．20V还原30S后再进行阳极溶出伏安测定，可以获得灵敏的银阳极溶出峰。一次导数峰电流与Ag^＋在8．0×10^-10～4．0×10mol／L浓度范围内呈线性关系，检出限可达5．0×10^-10mol／L（S／N=3）。采用本法不经过预分离，对成分复杂的定影液废液和锌合金等样品进行了直接测定，测定的回收率为92％～105％。

多巴胺在3-巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷铜/多孔晶形分子筛修饰碳糊电极上的电化学氧化

制备了3巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷-铜/多孔晶形分子筛修饰碳糊电极,研究了多巴胺在该电极上的电化学氧化及溶液pH对电化学反应的影响。结果表明:修饰电极对多巴胺的电化学氧化具有催化作用。以修饰碳糊电极为柱端检测电极,研制了芯片毛细管电泳电化学检测系统,采用该系统测定多巴胺的线性浓度范围为2.0～400.0μmol/L;检出限为0.2μmol/L。

1-(-2-吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚修饰碳糊电极测定铜的研究

本文报道１－（２－吡啶偶氮）－２－萘酚（ＰＡＮ）修饰碳糊电极在乙酸盐缓冲液（ｐＨ５．０）中，与铜离子生成电后性螯合物，并吸收在电极表面，经介质交换到０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ中，用微分脉冲伏安法测定，用－０．１５Ｖ出现一灵敏的还原峰。用正交试验优化法研究了测定铜的最佳条件。其相对柯准偏差３．２７％。这一方法用于阳极泥中铜的测定，回收率为９４．３％。还用双电位阶跃计时库仑法，循环伏安法研究了ＰＡＮ修饰碳糊电极与Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）的反应机理，获得良好的结果。

NO_2^-的芯片毛细管电泳修饰碳糊电极电化学检测

制备了3巯丙基三甲氧基硅烷铜(MPTMSCu)/MCM41分子筛修饰碳糊电极,研究了该修饰电极对NO-2电化学还原的电催化作用,分析了修饰物含量、溶液pH对电化学反应的影响。以该电极为检测电极,设计制作了芯片毛细管电泳电化学检测系统,探讨了NO-2的芯片毛细管电泳检测方法。以50mmol/L醋酸钠(pH5.8)为电泳缓冲液、分离电压为-1.6kV时,检测可在40s内完成。纯水中NO-2检测的线性浓度范围为10.0～5000.0μmol/L,检出限为4.0μmol/L。