U-Net Inspired Deep Neural Network-Based Smoke Plume Detection in Satellite Images

Industrial activities, through the human-induced release of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, have beenidentified as the primary cause of global warming. Accurate and quantitative monitoring of these emissions isessential for a comprehensive understanding of their impact on the Earth’s climate and for effectively enforcingemission regulations at a large scale. This work examines the feasibility of detecting and quantifying industrialsmoke plumes using freely accessible geo-satellite imagery. The existing systemhas so many lagging factors such aslimitations in accuracy, robustness, and efficiency and these factors hinder the effectiveness in supporting timelyresponse to industrial fires. In this work, the utilization of grayscale images is done instead of traditional colorimages for smoke plume detection. The dataset was trained through a ResNet-50 model for classification and aU-Net model for segmentation. The dataset consists of images gathered by European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 satellite constellation from a selection of industrial sites. The acquired images predominantly capture scenesof industrial locations, some of which exhibit active smoke plume emissions. The performance of the abovementionedtechniques and models is represented by their accuracy and IOU (Intersection-over-Union) metric.The images are first trained on the basic RGB images where their respective classification using the ResNet-50model results in an accuracy of 94.4% and segmentation using the U-Net Model with an IOU metric of 0.5 andaccuracy of 94% which leads to the detection of exact patches where the smoke plume has occurred. This work hastrained the classification model on grayscale images achieving a good increase in accuracy of 96.4%.

Experimental investigation of the inhibition of deep-sea mining sediment plumes by polyaluminum chloride

Deep-sea sediment disturbance may occur when collecting polymetallic nodules,resulting in the creation of plumes that could have a negative impact on the ecological environment.This study aims to investigate the potential solution of using polyaluminum chloride(PAC)in the water jet.The effects of PAC are examined through a self-designed simulation system for deep-sea polymetallic nodule collection and sediment samples from a potential deep-sea mining area.The experimental results showed that the optimal PAC dose was found to be 0.75 g/L.Compared with the test conditions without the addition of PAC,the presence of PAC leads to a reduction in volume,lower characteristic turbidity,smaller diffusion velocity,and shorter settling time of the plume.This indicates that PAC inhibits the entire development process of the plume.The addition of PAC leads to the flocculation of mm-sized particles,resulting in the formation of cm-sized flocs.The flocculation of particles decreases the rate of erosion on the seabed by around 30%.This reduction in erosion helps to decrease the formation of plumes.Additionally,when the size of suspended particles increases,it reduces the scale at which they diffuse.Furthermore,the settling velocity of flocs(around 10^(-2) m/s)is much higher that of compared to sediment particles(around 10^(-5) m/s),which effectively reduces the amount of time the plume remains in suspension.

Plume-lithosphere interaction in the Comei Large Igneous Province: Evidence from two types of mafic dykes in Gyangze, south Tibet, China

Two suites of mafic dykes,T1193-A and T1194-A,outcrop in Gyangze area,southeast Tibet.They are in the area of Comei LIP and have indistinguishable field occurrences with two other dykes in Gyangze,T0902 dyke with 137.7±1.3 Ma zircon age and T0907 dyke with 142±1.4 Ma zircon age reported by Wang YY et al.(2016),indicating coeval formation time.Taking all the four diabase dykes into consideration,two different types,OIB-type and weak enriched-type,can be summarized.The“OIB-type”samples,including T1193-A and T0907 dykes,show OIB-like geochemical features and have initial Sr-Nd isotopic values similar with most mafic products in Comei Large Igneous Provinces(LIP),suggesting that they represent melts directly generated from the Kerguelen mantle plume.The“weak enriched-type”samples,including T1194-A and T0902 dykes,have REEs and trace element patterns showing withinplate affinity but have obvious Nb-Ta-Ti negative anomalies.They show uniform lowerεNd(t)values(−6‒−2)and higher 87Sr/86Sr(t)values(0.706‒0.709)independent of their MgO variation,indicating one enriched mantle source.Considering their closely spatial and temporal relationship with the widespread Comei LIP magmatic products in Tethyan Himalaya,these“weak enriched-type”samples are consistent with mixing of melts from mantle plume and the above ancient Tethyan Himalaya subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)in different proportions.These weak enriched mafic rocks in Comei LIP form one special rock group and most likely suggest large scale hot mantle plume-continental lithosphere interaction.This process may lead to strong modification of the Tethyan Himalaya lithosphere in the Early Cretaceous.

A Lagrangian Particle Random Walk Model for Simulating A Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Plume with both Buoyant and Non-Buoyant Features

This paper presents a computational model of simulating a deep-sea hydrothermal plume based on a Lagrangian particle random walk algorithm. This model achieves the efficient process to calculate a numerical plume developed in a fluid-advected environment with the characteristics such as significant filament intermittency and significant plume meander due to flow variation with both time and location. Especially, this model addresses both non-buoyant and buoyant features of a deep-sea hydrothermal plume in three dimensions, which significantly challenge a strategy for tracing the deep-sea hydrothermal plume and localizing its source. This paper also systematically discusses stochastic initial and boundary conditions that are critical to generate a proper numerical plume. The developed model is a powerful tool to evaluate and optimize strategies for the tracking of a deep-sea hydrothermal plume via an autonomous underwater vehicle （AUV）.

LIF Measurement of the Diluting Effect of Surface Waves on Turbulent Buoyant Plumes

In this paper, the diluting effect of surface waves on a buoyant plume has been measured using a Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique. The resulting time-averaged, full field concentration maps have allowed quantification of enhanced mixing due to surface waves as well as measurement of other plume parameters.

Automatic segmentation of gas plumes from multibeam water column images using a U-shape network

Cold seeps are widely developed on the seabed of continental margins and can form gas plumes due to the upward migration of methane-rich fluids.The detection and automatic segmentation of gas plumes are of great significance in locating and studying the cold seep system that is usually accompanied by hydrate layers in the subsurface.A multibeam echo-sounder system(MBES)can record the complete backscatter intensity of the water column,and it is one of the most effective means for detecting cold seeps.However,the gas plumes recorded in multibeam water column images(WCI)are usually blurred due to the interference of the complicated water environment and the sidelobes of the MBES,making it difficult to obtain the effective segmentation.Therefore,based on the existing UNet semantic segmentation network,this paper proposes an AP-UNet network combining the convolutional block attention module and the pyramid pooling module for the automatic segmentation and extraction of gas plumes.Comparative experiments are conducted among three traditional segmentation methods and two deep learning methods.The results show that the AP-UNet segmentation model can effectively suppress complicated water column noise interference.The segmentation precision,the Dice coefficient,and the recall rate of this model are 92.09%,92.00%,and 92.49%,respectively,which are 1.17%,2.10%,and 2.07%higher than the results of the UNet.

Vestiges of the Kerguelen Mantle Plume in Southern Tibet:Evidence from 123-117 Ma Magmatism in the Dingri Area of the Central Tethys Himalaya

The widely distributed Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Tethys Himalaya(TH)of southern Tibet is related to the Kerguelen mantle plume.Associated magmatic activity products are distributed in the eastern TH,where the active age is earlier than the peak ages of the Kerguelen mantle plume.This study investigated magmatic activity of the Dingri area in the central TH which was coeval with the Kerguelen mantle plume.The intrusion in the Dingri area contains diabases and monzonites.The zircon age of diabase is 123±1 Ma,and that of monzonite is 117±1 Ma.Geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic analyses show that the mafic-intermediate dikes were formed in an intraplate extensional environment.The diabase is derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle and monzonite is derived from partial melting of the lower crust,with both magmatic evolutions being contaminated by crustal materials.These characteristics are similar to those of the Rajmahal-Sylhet basalt,a typical Kerguelen mantle plume product.The discovery of the Dingri mafic-intermediate dikes of the central TH suggests that the TH and Rajmahal-Sylhet Traps formed a continuous mantle plume overflow magmatic belt which was a product of the continuous eruption of the Kerguelen mantle plume.

Dilution characteristics of dual buoyant jets in wavy cross-flow environment

Due to the difference in density between the discharge effluent and coastal water,partially treated wastewater is often discharged into the marine environment as a buoyant jet via submarine outfalls with multiport diffusers.The dilution characteristics of effluent discharge(dual buoyant jets)in a wavy cross-flow environment were studied in a laboratory.The planar laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to obtain the concentration data of the jets.The effects of different environmental variables on the diffusion and dilution characteristics of the jets were examined through physical experiments,dimensional analysis,and empirical formulations.It was found that the dilution process of the dual jets could be divided into two components:the original jet component and the effluent cloud component.The jet-to-current velocity ratio was the main parameter affecting the concentration levels of the effluent cloud.The merging of the two jets increased the jet concentration in the flow field.When the jets traveled further downstream,the axial dilution increased gradually and then increased significantly along the axis.Under the effects of strong waves,the concentration contours branched into two peaks,and the mean dilution became more significant than under the effects of weak waves.Therefore,the dilution of the effluent discharge was expected to be significant under strong wave effects because the hydrodynamic force increased.A dilution equation was derived to improve our understanding of the dilution process of buoyant jets in a wavy cross-flow environment.This equation was used to determine the influences of the jet-to-current velocity ratio,wave-to-current velocity ratio,and Strouhal number on the minimum jet dilution.It revealed that the wave and buoyancy effects in effluent discharges were significant.

Quaternary Intrusions from the Zhongjiannan Basin,South China Sea:Their Relationship with the Hainan Mantle Plume and Influence on Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

The transportation of magma in sedimentary basins often occurs through extensive dyke-sill networks.The role of sills on the plumbing system in rifted margins and the impact of sills on hydrocarbon reservoirs of prospective sedimentary basins has long been an area of great industrial interest and scientific debate.Based on 2D seismic reflection,we present data on how the sills emplaced to form a magmatic plumbing system of the volcanic system for the Zhongjiannan Basin(ZJNB).The results show that sixty-nine sills and fourteen forced folds have been identified.The distribution and geometry of the sills suggest that magma flowed from west to east and then ascended to near the surface.The onlap relationship of the forced folds indicates that the timing of magmatic activities can be constrained at ca.0.2 Ma.The spatial and temporal occurrences of intrusions imply that the strong post-rift magmatism in ZJNB was associated with the Hainan mantle plume arising from the core-mantle boundary.Furthermore,these forced folds could produce several types of hydrocarbon traps,due to accommodation through bending and uplift of the overlying rock and free surface,but it is critical to evaluate the effect of such emplacement when setting exploration targets.

Quantitative estimation of bubble volume fraction of submarine seep plumes by modeling seismic oceanography data

Submarine seep plumes are a natural phenomenon in which different types of gases migrate through deep or shallow subsurface sediments and leak into seawater in pressure gradient.When detected using acoustic data,the leaked gases frequently exhibit a flame-like structure.We numerically modelled the relationship between the seismic response characteristic and bubble volume fraction to establish the bubble volume fraction in the submarine seep plume.Results show that our models are able to invert and predict the bubble volume fraction from field seismic oceanography data,by which synthetic seismic sections in different dominant frequencies could be numerically simulated,seismic attribute sections(e.g.,instantaneous amplitude,instantaneous frequency,and instantaneous phase)extracted,and the correlation between the seismic attributes and bubble volume fraction be quantitatively determined with functional equations.The instantaneous amplitude is positively correlated with bubble volume fraction,while the instantaneous frequency and bubble volume fraction are negatively correlated.In addition,information entropy is introduced as a proxy to quantify the relationship between the instantaneous phase and bubble volume fraction.As the bubble volume fraction increases,the information entropy of the instantaneous phase increases rapidly at the beginning,followed by a slight upward trend,and finally stabilizes.Therefore,under optimal noise conditions,the bubble volume fraction of submarine seep plumes can be inverted and predicted based on seismic response characteristics in terms of seismic attributes.

热羽流与置换通风作用下油雾颗粒预测模型

高大空间机械厂房采用置换通风系统时,存在竖直方向油雾颗粒浓度分布不均匀的现象。这种现象会影响以降低室内颗粒浓度为目的的需求通风量。为了快速预测竖向油雾颗粒浓度分布,采用区域模型建模方法,考虑壁面流区、热羽流区和主流区等主要区域,基于质量平衡与能量平衡方程,建立了竖向油雾颗粒浓度分布预测模型;同时在实验舱内进行了实验验证,模型计算结果与实验结果趋势相符,最大相对误差不大于20%,表明该模型能够基本满足工程要求;以5种颗粒散发率工况为例进行节能分析,发现引入预测模型后计算得到的置换通风系统需求通风量可比传统变风量系统通风设计方法计算的减少18.83%~44.41%。该预测模型能较为准确地预测高大厂房中置换通风时竖向不同高度的油雾颗粒浓度,可应用于需要快速预测竖向颗粒平均浓度的场景。

真空羽流中相变过程DSMC仿真方法研究

真空燃气羽流快速膨胀过程中,其中的H_(2)O和CO_(2)等组元容易发生凝结相变现象.为了研究真空羽流中水蒸气的相变产物冰晶对羽流红外信号、侵蚀等污染效应的影响,开展羽流中相变过程的数值模拟方法研究.基于稀薄两相羽流双向耦合DSMC方法,采用经典成核理论和液滴生长理论,建立了真空羽流的相变过程的数值仿真方法.对水蒸气在拉法尔喷管中自凝结试验的仿真.通过与试验结果的对比,对经典成核理论进行了修正,对成核率给出了10^(3)的修正因子,可以得到与试验符合的仿真结果,表明对成核理论修正后,可以应用到稀薄流动的数值模拟中.对某发动机真空羽流相变流场的仿真,在核心区得到与CFD相近的结果.仿真结果表明,在羽流流场中,由于相变,存在较多的冰晶颗粒,在计算条件下,羽流核心区冰晶数密度最大达到10^(15) m^(-3)的量级,冰晶直径在约10^(-8) m的量级.在真空环境下,随着羽流向倒流区无限制膨胀,倒流区流场内也会出现一定数量的冰晶颗粒,数密度从10^(7)~10^(10)m^(-3)的量级,直径在5.0×10^(-10)m的量级.颗粒在空间的数密度、尺寸等分布与气相分布存在差异,需要开展相关污染效应的影响研究.

助推段火箭发动机喷焰红外辐射特性数值计算

助推段火箭发动机尾喷焰具有显著的红外辐射特性,成为天基红外预警系统重点关注的对象。以三组元固体发动机为研究对象,建立连续流域和过渡流域的尾喷焰反应流场计算模型,采用两级助推段质心弹道法确定飞行弹道,通过反向寻优法完备发动机型谱参数,基于等效单喷管法简化流场计算,基于窄谱带法和视在光线法计算尾喷焰的红外辐射特性。研究结果表明:复燃效应使得尾喷焰红外辐射光谱强度升高约20倍,谱带积分强度升高约10倍;尾喷焰红外光谱存在2.7μm和4.3μm的特征峰值;低空流域的光谱强度较高,且不同谱带内积分强度随高度的升高呈现出波动规律和暗区现象;助推段尾喷焰辐射强度差值高达3个量级,尤其在4.3μm较为明显。所得成果可为火箭在助推段的探测和识别提供一定的理论参考。

基于遗传-模式搜索算法的微尺度管控区域大气污染物PM2.5溯源

针对微尺度管控区域可能发生的大气污染提出有效的靶向诊断方法-结合高斯烟羽模型和遗传-模式搜索算法的大气污染物分布式溯源方法.将污染源反算模型得到的污染物理论质量浓度与传感器网络观测值的数据对应关系作为目标函数,使用模式搜索算法嵌入遗传算法加快反算模型的搜索过程,反算得到污染源强度和位置.依托杭州市亚运板球场馆大气感知器网络进行实验验证,监测2021年10月PM2.5质量浓度、气象数据,对所提出的混合式大气污染溯源方法进行实验验证.实验结果表明:改进遗传-模式搜索算法对于多维变量的搜索效果较好,能快速精准地反算污染源的位置和强度,可以为微尺度管控区域突发性气体污染防治提供应急决策参考.

高分辨率阻滞势分析仪设计与验证

为提高电推进羽流离子能量分布测量分辨率,设计研制了结构尺寸为Φ19 mm×24 mm的4栅型阻滞势分析仪(RPA)。设计关键参数为栅网网孔直径为0.3 mm,网孔心距为0.5 mm,电子排斥栅和离子阻滞势栅间距2 mm,能量分辨率为9.8%。RPA在LIPS-200离子电推进羽流区验证的结果表明:离子能量分布在955~1 047 eV,离子能量平均值为1 001.0 eV,ΔE_(FWHM)为36.1 eV,能量分辨率为3.6%。在LHT-40霍尔电推进羽流区验证结果表明:离子能量分布在220~279 eV,离子能量平均值为249.6 eV,ΔE_(FWHM)为23.4 eV,能量分辨率为9.4%。该RPA离子能量分辨率指标优于国内外同类产品,具有更小的测量不确定度。

自然通风条件下的两连接腔室中氢气泄漏试验研究

通过理论模型预测氢在自然通风条件的两连接腔室中缓慢泄漏而产生的氢-空气浮力射流。假设氢-空气混合物是线性混合类型,即密度仅是浓度的函数,通过三大守恒和伯努利方程得到并转化为非线性方程组,并进行了数值求解和试验验证。结果表明:两连接腔室中的一个腔室发生氢气泄漏时,连通口与泄漏区域区外侧通风口的相对位置对氢气分布的影响较大。增大中间连通口与泄漏区外侧通风口之间的距离和通风口面积都可以降低空间中的密度并提升高浓度出现的位置。分层高度与泄漏源高度呈正相关。本研究预测了氢气在自然通风的连通空间中的分散机制,从氢气风险控制的角度确定高浓度出现的位置,更好地为储氢设备的安全运行提供理论支持。

低功率平面型霍尔推力器的工作特性研究

为了解决低功率霍尔推力器存在的寿命问题,本文设计了一种平面型霍尔推力器。该推力器取消了内部放电通道,前壁和阳极在同一平面,电离和加速过程完全发生在推力器外部的开放空间中。推力器在0.6~1.0 mg/s的氙气流量下,实现稳定放电。本文实验研究了不同运行参数下推力器的阳极电流特性、推力特性和羽流束流特性。结果表明,阳极电流的振荡频谱主要集中在20~60 kHz,与常规霍尔推力器的呼吸振荡频率范围相似。在62~245 W的功率下,推力为3.2~10.5 mN,阳极效率为8%~22%。推力水平与同功率等级的传统霍尔推力器相当,而阳极效率偏低。利用法拉第探针获得离子的束流特性,结果表明:较低的羽流发散效率是造成目前推力器阳极效率偏低的主要因素。结合实验结果,分析了平面型霍尔推力器与传统霍尔推力器在离子加速方面的差异。本文设计的平面型霍尔推力器为解决霍尔推力器的壁面侵蚀问题提出了一种可能的方案。

磁性浮珠VMB@Fe_(3)O_(4)@CS对鱼腥藻和微囊藻的去除

为了有效处理有害藻华,并避免化学物质二次污染,结合磁絮凝与浮珠浮选方法,以玻化微珠、Fe_(3)O_(4)、壳聚糖为原料合成磁浮珠VMB@Fe_(3)O_(4)@CS,对水华鱼腥藻和铜绿微囊藻进行去除实验.结果表明,磁浮珠对2种水华藻的最佳去除效率分别达到99.01%(0.12g/L)、98.6%(0.21g/L).VMB@Fe_(3)O_(4)@CS在较宽的pH值范围(4~10)和水温范围(5℃~35℃)内实现较高的去除率(>60%),离子强度的增加对微藻的去除起负面影响.通过形态学观察、表面疏水率及Zeta电位分析确定静电吸引、吸附架桥是磁浮珠对藻细胞主要的絮凝机理.制备的VMB@Fe_(3)O_(4)@CS去除有害藻华具有很大应用潜力.

四川盐源地区晚二叠纪双峰式火山岩的厘定及其地质意义

四川省盐源县柏林山一带广泛分布着一套基性岩、酸性岩的火山岩组合,两类火山岩在时空上紧密伴生,二者之间缺失中性火山岩,构成典型的双峰式火山岩组合。通过对区内双峰式火山岩的空间分布调查,基性岩主要为致密块状玄武岩、斑状玄武岩,酸性火山岩主要为碱流岩,碱流岩位于玄武岩顶部,为晚二叠纪峨眉山大火成岩省的组成部分。在地质背景、岩石学、地球化学等方面研究的基础上,对区内双峰式火山岩的成因和形成环境进行了探讨,表明玄武岩的原始岩浆来自富集型地幔源区,为地幔橄榄岩小程度部分熔融的产物,形成于洋岛构造环境,碱流岩主要为玄武岩浆极度分离结晶后的酸性残余岩浆形成,形成于陆内拉张构造环境。柏林山地区晚二叠纪双峰式火山岩的发现和厘定为峨眉山玄武岩的演化提供了新的线索和依据,为区域成矿研究以及稀有稀土找矿提供了新的启示。

利用洋中脊玄武岩中橄榄石斑晶制约南海打开的地幔动力学机制

地幔柱与板块构造是地球运行的两大基本动力学机制。南海及其周缘地区处于海南地幔柱与东南亚环形俯冲系统时空交汇的背景,而新生代地幔柱在南海形成演化过程中所扮演的角色存在颇多争议。地幔源区富含辉石岩是南海及其周缘与地幔柱活动相关的玄武岩的共有特征,基于此推测,本文利用国际大洋发现计划(IODP)367航次在南海北缘U1500B站位钻遇的南海扩张初期洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)的橄榄石成分来制约南海扩张初期的地幔岩性,以检验南海扩张初期是否存在地幔柱-洋脊叠加。U1500B MORB所含橄榄石斑晶的Fo=76.4~89.4,NiO=0.09%~0.26%,CaO=0.25%~0.34%,MnO=0.16%~0.33%。这些橄榄石斑晶具有与南海西南次海盆扩张末期U1433B钻孔的MORB以及全球其他开放大洋MORB相似的NiO、CaO、MnO含量和FeO/MnO比值,代表其源区岩性主要为橄榄岩。U1500B钻孔MORB与该区存在地幔柱叠加的基性岩浆所含橄榄石斑晶成分的差异显著,表明南海扩张初期不存在地幔柱叠加,与前人估计的U1500B洋中脊玄武岩的正常地幔潜能温度(~1380℃)相符合。由于南海扩张初期洋中脊岩浆产率高,但缺乏地幔热异常和易融组分如辉石岩等,推测其地幔中可能有较多的早前俯冲板片贡献的再循环挥发分来维持高岩浆产率。所以,俯冲板片后撤导致的岩石圈伸展可能是南海打开的主要动力学机制。