NO reduction by CO over TiO_2-γ-Al_2O_3 supported In/Ag catalyst under lean burn conditions

TiO2/γ-Al2O3 supported In/Ag catalysts were prepared by impregnation method,and investigated for NO reduction with CO as the reducing agent under lean burn conditions.The microscopic structure and surface properties of the catalysts were studied by N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction,transmission electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,H2 temperature-programmed reduction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.TiO2/γ-Al2O3 supported In/Ag is a good catalyst for the reduction of NO to N2.It displayed high dispersion,large amounts of surface active components and high NO adsorption capacity,which gave good catalytic performance and stability for the reduction of NO with CO under lean burn conditions.The silver species stabilized and improved the dispersion of the indium species.The introduction of TiO2 into the γ-Al2O3 support promoted NO adsorption and improved the dispersion of the indium species and silver species.

Burning rate and other characteristics of strontium titanate （SrTiO3） supplemented AP/HTPB/Al composite propellants

In a quest of search for a new burning rate modifier for composite propellant, strontium titanate (SrTiO3), a perovskite oxide has been chosen for evaluation in a composite propellant formulation based on its other catalytic applications. Initially, SrTiO3 was characterized for particle size, morphology and material/ phase identification (using XRD). By varying SrTiO3 content in a standard composite propellant, different compositions were prepared and their performance and processing parameters like the end of mix (EOM) viscosity, mechanical properties, density, burning rate, pressure exponent (n-value), etc. were measured. The results reveal that 2% SrTiO3 causes more than 12% enhancement in propellant burning rate (at 70 ksc pressure) in comparison to the standard propellant composition. The pressure exponent also increases to 0.46, whereas the standard composition was having its value as 0.35.

Performance assessment of water mist applied in gas burning suppression in underground coal mine

The main objective of the present study was introduced water mist suppressiontechnology to prevent and control gas burning which occurred during drilling at Wu20160working-face in No.10 coal mine of Pingdingshan Ltd..Based on the self-developed ex-periment platform,a series of fire suppression tests to evaluate the performance of a watermist system were conducted.The detailed measurements of the spray characteristics,i.e.,the Sauter Mean Diameter(SMD),the velocity and spray angle which are the main pa-rameters considered in the Study,were obtained by using LS-2000 Sizer.The amount ofwater consumed and the water flux density distribution over the cross section downstreamthe nozzle exit were measured by cup collector method.The operating pressure of thewater mist nozzle is set to 0.5 MPa,the droplet SMD of 104 pm,the water flux density dis-tribution from 0.71 to 8.47 L/(m^2.min),the average velocity of 2.14 m/s.The experimentalresults show that the averaged time required for extinguishment is 3.14 s,and the corre-sponding amount of water used during fire test is about 0.11 kg.The gas fire suppressionsystem reduces the temperature in combustion chamber of the experimental apparatusbelow the ignition point of the gas,which can effectively avoid the occurrence of the gasfire in coal mine.

Effects of nutritional support route on intestinal structure and function in the early stage of severe burn injury

Objective:To assesstheclinicaleffectsof enteralnutritionon intestinalstructureandfunctionintheearly stageof severeburns.Methods :Nineteencasesof severeburninjuryweredividedrandomlyintoenteralnutrition group(EN)andparenteralnutritiongroup(PN).Gastrin,motilin,malondialdehyde(MDA),superoxidedismutase(SOD),endotoxin,tumornecrosis(TNF),diamineoxidase(DAO)andlactulose/mannitol(L/M)weredeterminedon postburnday1,4,8,14(PBD)respectively.Results:Serumgastrinandmotilinon PBD4and8weresignificantly higherinENgroupthanin PN group(P<0.05-0.01).PlasmaMDAon PBD4andPBD8was obviouslylowerin EN groupthaninPNgroup(P<0.01).PlasmaSODon PBD4andPBD8was significantlyhigherinENgroupthaninPN group(P<0.01).Atthemosttimepoints,endotoxinandTNFweresignificantlylowerinENgroupthaninPN group(P<0.01).SerumDAOtendedto decreaseinENgroup,andon PBD4itwasobviouslylowerinENgroupthaninPN group(P<0.01).GutpermeabilityL/Mon PBD4,PBD8wasobviouslyinENgrouplowerthaninPN group(P<0.05-0.01).Therewas positivecorrelationbetweenL/MandDAO,andbetweenMDAandTNF(P<0.05-0.01),and negativecorrelationbetweenL/MandSOD(P<0.01).Conclusion:On thebasisof thefindings,itis consideredthat theearlyenteralnutritionis moreeffectiveto preservethesecretionandmotilityof gastrointestinaltract,decrease intestinalischemiaandreperfusioninjury,reduceintestinalpermeability,decreaseplasmaendotoxinandmediators,andmaintainmucosabarrierfunction.Enteralnutritionis superiorto parenteralnutritionintheearlystageof severe burninjury.

Effective administration of cranial drilling therapy in the treatment of fourth degree temporal,facial and upper limb burns at high altitude:A case report

BACKGROUND Fourth degree burns damage the full thickness of the skin and affect underlying tissues.Skin grafting after debridement is often used to cover the wounds of salvageable severe burns.A granulation wound can be formed by drilling the skull to the barrier layer to solve the problem of skull exposure.Low oxygen levels present at high altitudes aggravate ischemia and hypoxia which can negatively impact wound healing.The impaired healing in such cases can be ameliorated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy.CASE SUMMARY We describe a patient who presented with fourth degree burns to the left temporal and facial regions upon admission in December 2018.The periosteum of the skull and the deep fascia of the face were exposed.After the first stage of debridement and skin grafting,the temporal skin did not survive well.Granulation was induced by cranial drilling,and then a local flap was transferred to cover the wound.The left temporal and facial wounds were completely covered and the patient recovered well.CONCLUSION Skin grafting and flap transfer after early debridement to cover the wound and control infection were of great significance.In the later stages of the patient's treatment,survival of the skin graft and skin flap was observed.The second stage repair was performed to achieve successful skin grafting by cranial granulation.Granulation was formed by drilling the skull,and then the wound was closed,which is suitable for cases with skull exposure and wounds with poor blood supply.We consider that hyperbaric oxygen treatment and improving tissue oxygen supply were beneficial in this patient.

Disruption of bone and skeletal muscle in severe burns

Severe burn injury triggers the body＇s nonspecific adaptive responses to acute insult, including the systemic inflammatory and stress responses, as well as the sympathetic response to immobilization. These responses trigger inflammatory bone resorption followed by glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis of osteoblasts and probably osteocytes. Because these patients are catabolic, they suffer concomitant muscle wasting and negative nitrogen balance. The use of anabolic agents such as recombinant human growth hormone and oxandrolone results in improved bone mineral content and muscle strength after approximately I year. Use of bisphosphonates within the first 10 days of a severe burn completely blocks the resorptive bone loss and has the added advantage of appearing to preserve muscle protein from excessive breakdown. The mechanism for the protective effect on muscle is not currently known. However, if the effect of bisphosphonates on muscle can be confirmed, it raises the possibility that bone communicates with muscle.

A model supported by GIS for locating and quantifying PM_(2.5) emission originated from residential wood burning

A research method was presented for spatially quantifying and allocating the potential activity of a fine particle matter emission （ PM2.5 ）, which originated from residential wood burning （RWB） in this study. Demographic, hypsographic, climatic and topographic data were compiled and processed within a geographic information system（GIS）, and as independent variables put into a linear regression model for describing spatial distribution of the potential activity of residential wood burning as primary heating source. In order to improve the estimation, the classifications of urban, suburban and rural were redefined to meet the specifications of this application. Also, several definitions of forest accessibility were tested for estimation. The results suggested that the potential activity of RWB was mostly determined by elevation of a location, forest accessibility, urban/non-urban position, climatic conditions and several demographic variables. The linear regression model could explain approximately 86% of the variation of surveyed potential activity of RWB. The analysis results were validated by employing survey data collected mainly from a WebGIS based phone interview over the study area in central California. Based on lots free public GIS data, the model provided an easy and ideal tool for geographic researchers, environmental planners and administrators to understand where and how much PM2.5 emission from RWB was contributed to air quality. With this knowledge they could identify regions of concern, and better plan mitigation strategies to improve air quality. Furthermore, it allows for future adjustment on some parameters as the spatial analysis method is implemented in the different regions or various eco-social models.

Up-regulation of Tim-3 Expression Contributes to Development of Burn-induced T Cell Immune Suppression in Mice

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 （Tim-3） is well known to negatively regulate T cells responses, but its role in burn-induced T cells immune suppression remains unclear. In the present study, in order to identify the relationship between Tim-3 expression and post-burn T cells immune suppression, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to burn injury or sham injury, and the liver and spleen were harvested at the day 1 after operation. The expression level of Tim-3 on hepatic or splenic T cells and the functional properties of Tim-3＋ T cells were evaluated. It was found burn injury induced dramatically elevated Tim-3 expression on both hepatic and splenic CD4＋ and CD8＋ T cells in contrast with the post-burn depletion of T cells. Furthermore, Tim-3 expression was correlated with the suppressive phenotype of T cells following burn injury, including increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, reduced T cell proliferation and elevated co-expression of Tim-3 and PD-1. Moreover, Tim-3＋ T cells subsets were more prone to spontaneous apoptosis than Tim-3- T cells subsets. Our findings reinforce the idea that the up-regulated expression of Tim-3 on T cells after burn injury plays an important role in the development and maintenance of burn-induced T cell immune suppression.

Bilateral Pedicled Superficial Epigastric Flap in the Management of Circumferential Combined Degloving and Full Thickness Burn Hand Injury—A Case Report

We report a case of combined hand trauma in the form of circumferential degloving injury of the hand with full thickness friction burns of the hand, forearm and the distal part of the upper arm. On exploration the hand was found avascular with loss of vital structures and full thickness burns. As a salvage procedure the hand was embedded in the subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen for 4 weeks and after that elevated as an inferiorly based flap on the bilateral superficial inferior epigastric arteries. Two weeks later the hand was freed by division of the base of the flap bilaterally. The details and description of the injury, the procedure and the outcome are discussed.

Once upon a time biomass burning in the western Alps: Nesting effects of climate and local drivers on long-term subalpine fires

Background:The present article questions the relative importance of local-and large-scale processes on the long-term dynamics of fire in the subalpine belt in the western Alps.The study is based on soil charcoal dating and identification,several study sites in contrasting environmental conditions,and sampling of soil charcoal along the elevation gradient of each site.Based on local differences in biomass combustion,we hypothesize that local-scale or landscape-scale processes have driven the fire history,while combustion homogeneity supports the hypothesis of the importance of large-scale or macro-ecological processes,especially climate.Results:Biomass burning during the Holocene resulted from the nesting effects of climate,land use,and altitude,but was little influenced by slope exposure(north versus south),soil(dryness,pH,depth),and vegetation.The mid-Holocene(6500–2700 cal BP)was an important period for climate-driven biomass burning in the subalpine ecosystems of the western Alps,while fires over the last 2500 years appear much more episodic,prompting us to speculate that human activity has played a vital role in their occurrence.Conclusion:Our working hypothesis that the strength of local drivers should offset the effects of regional climate is not validated.The homogeneity of the fire regime between sites thus underscores that climate was the main driver during the Holocene of the western Alps.Long-term subalpine fires are controlled by climate at the millennial scale.Local conditions matter for little in determining variability at the century scale.The mid-Holocene was a chief period for climatic biomass burning in the subalpine zone,while fires during the late Holocene appear much more episodic,suggesting that social drivers has exercised key function on their control.

Stir up a fire and burn oneself:the secret of fire therapy

On December 25,2018,Ding Xiang Yuan Weixin Public Platform,a well-known medical academic exchange platform in China,published an article"The Ten-Billion Health Care Empire Quan Jian and the Chinese Families in its Shadow".The article questioned whether Quan Jian Company's fire therapy has any therapeutic effect and cited several cases of death caused by fire therapy of Quan Jian Company.Quan Jian subsequently issued an official statement,stating that the article published by"Dingxiang Doctor",was false information and initiated a lawsuit against the company affiliated with Ding Xiang Yuan,which has now entered the judicial process.

SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN SUPPRESSES T-LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTIONS FOLLOWING BURNS

It is well known that serum immunosuppressive factors play an important role in the mechanism of postburn immunosuppression.This study was intended to investigate the effect of haptoglobin, purified from the serum of burned patients by affinity chromatography,on the proliferation and interleukin-2(IL-2) secretion of normal murine thymocytes induced by ConA and the proliferation of IL-2 dependent cell line(CTLL-2) stimulated by recombinant human IL-2,so as to elucidate the role of serum haptoglobin in postburn T-lymphocyte dysfunction.The results showed that purified haptoglobin,at the level equivalent to the concentration found in serum of burned patients,significantly inhibited the proliferation and IL-2 secretion of normal murine thymocytes as well as CTLL-2 proliferation;whereas it exhibited no immunosuppressive effects at the level equivalent to the concentration found in serum of nomal volunteers.According to the results reported here,it is suggested that extraordinary increase in serum haptoglobin level may be an important factor of impaired T-lymphocyte responses following burns.

Burning Cave-Pipe Coil-Kang Coupled Heating System Research

Nowadays,people still rely on traditional heating methods in rural areas of northern China,such as Kang(bed-stoves) and burning caves in cold winter.Field measurements of indoor environment were carried out in several rural houses with burning-cave-coil-Kang coupling heating system in northern China.The results show that this system is able to realize the graded use of internal energy of burning cave.The temperature of supply pipe water ranged from 30 ℃ to 50 ℃ which met the demands in 74.7% of time.The surface temperature of Kang maintained at above 25 ℃.Compared with traditional burning cave,using burning-cave-coil-Kang coupled with heating system has a higher thermal efficiency of 48.9%,which is 8.32% higher than the traditional one.

Hydrogen promotes the activation of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase in a rat corneal alkali-burn model

AIM: To investigate the effects of hydrogen(H2) on Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase(SOD1) activation in a rat model of corneal alkali burn. METHODS: In each rat, one cornea was subjected to alkali exposure. Physiological saline(saline group) or H2-dissolved saline(H2 group) was instilled continuously on the cornea for 5 min before and after alkali exposure. Inflammatory cells, neovascularization, and cytoplasmic SOD1 levels were evaluated immunohistochemically in enucleated eyes from both groups. Three-dimensional ultrastructural tissue changes in the eyes were analyzed using low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy.RESULTS: The numbers of both inflammatory and vascular endothelial cells were significantly reduced in the corneas of the H2 group(P<0.01). Furthermore, H2 treatment increased both cytoplasmic SOD1 levels(P<0.01) and activity in corneal epithelial cells(P<0.01). Notably, the SOD1 activity level in the H2 group was approximately 2.5-fold greater than that in the saline group.CONCLUSION: H2 treatment suppresses inflammation and neovascularization in the injured cornea and indirectly suppresses oxidative insult to the cornea by upregulating the SOD1 enzyme protein level and activity.

Scald Burns in Children. An Analysis with Special Attention to the Roma Ethnic Group in East Slovakia

Objectives: A retrospective analysis of scald burns in children in a region with a significant prevalence of Roma ethnicity living in poor socioeconomic situation. Patients: During 3 year period 273 children were admitted to the Clinic of Burns and Reconstructive Surgery of our hospital;201 of them were with scald burns accounting for 73.6% of all pediatric burn admissions. More than half (58.7%) of the 201 children with scald burns were of Roma ethnicity. Results: The average BSAB of the children with scald burns was 10.8%;mean length of hospital stay 11.5 days. 58.7% of the children with scald burns was of Roma ethnicity. The non-scald admissions of children had a similar pattern but these children were older and with an even higher prevalence of Roma patients (75%), a slightly lower average BSAB (9.8%) and a significantly longer need of hospital treatment (average 15.7 days). Conclusion: The frequency of scald burn injuries in very young Roma children in our region is very high. Prevention of scald burns is possible only through targeted and well-organized education of this vulnerable population.

Upper gastrointestinal burns by peroxyacetic acid in children:a review of seven cases

Objective： To study the clinical features of upper gastrointestinal burns by peroxyacetic acid （PA） in children and improve its treatment and outcome. Methods： The clinical materials of 7 cases with upper gastrointestinal burns by PA including clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes were reviewed. Results： There were six boys and one girl. The concentration of the swallowed PA was from 10% to 20% and the amount was 3-10 ml. The mainly bums were located in esophagus in one case, stomach in three cases, both esophagus and stomach in three cases. The gastrostomy and operation of dilating esophagus were performed in the cases with esophageal stricture. The pyloroplasty or gastroduodenostomy was performed in the cases with pyloric obstruction. All the cases were followed up for 12-18 months, dysfunction of esophagus or（and） cardia as well as stiffness and hypodynamia of the stomach was showed in most of the patients. Conclusion： The degree of upper gastrointestinal burns by PA varied according to different concentrations of PA which was swallowed. Correct emergent measures in the acute stage of the burns was very important, gastric tube should be inserted and go through esophagus and pylorus and must be retained for 5-8 weeks to prevent the stricture of esophagus and pylortts, otherwise the tube could act as a passage of nutriment. Prophylaxis of upper gastrointestinal bums by PA is very important because the treatment of the burns is difficulty and the outcomes are not always satisfactory.

Acupuncture as an Alternative Therapy in the Management of Burning Mouth Syndrome(BMS)

In the routine of dental care,complaints of burning sensation,burning tongue and dry mouth are frequent.Due to the complexity of etiology and diagnosis,treating patients with these sensations is a challenge for clinicians.This study aimed to assess acupuncture as an alternative therapy for patients with burning mouth syndrome(BMS).Clinical data were collected from visits of patients to the School of Dentistry of Piracicaba,State University of Campinas,with the application of a protocol of acupuncture points:LI-4(Hegu),HT-7(Shenmen),SP-6(Sanyinjiao),ST-36(Zusanli),REN-23(Lianquan),REN-6(Qihai),LI-11(Quchi),ExHn3(Yintang),LV-3(Taichong),ExHn12(Jinjin),and ExHn13(Yuye)to treat the symptoms of BMS,from August 2017 to March 2020.The sample consisted of 6 volunteers–5 female and 1 male patients–aged 40 to 79 years.The intensity of BMS was assessed before and after each session with self-reported verbal numerical rating scale(VNRS)during the treatment.On average,each patient had 8.16 sessions using 9.92 acupuncture points per session.Variation of VNRS during the treatment showed a decline in burning mouth in most patients,and 83.34%of the sample showed partial or total improvement of symptoms.This study showed that acupuncture was effective in relieving burning mouth,reducing it by 43%,representing an alternative therapy in the management of symptoms of burning mouth syndrome.

Integration of Multiple Spectral Data via a Logistic Regression Algorithm for Detection of Crop Residue Burned Areas:A Case Study of Songnen Plain,Northeast China

The burning of crop residues in fields is a significant global biomass burning activity which is a key element of the terrestrial carbon cycle,and an important source of atmospheric trace gasses and aerosols.Accurate estimation of cropland burned area is both crucial and challenging,especially for the small and fragmented burned scars in China.Here we developed an automated burned area mapping algorithm that was implemented using Sentinel-2 Multi Spectral Instrument(MSI)data and its effectiveness was tested taking Songnen Plain,Northeast China as a case using satellite image of 2020.We employed a logistic regression method for integrating multiple spectral data into a synthetic indicator,and compared the results with manually interpreted burned area reference maps and the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)MCD64A1 burned area product.The overall accuracy of the single variable logistic regression was 77.38%to 86.90%and 73.47%to 97.14%for the 52TCQ and 51TYM cases,respectively.In comparison,the accuracy of the burned area map was improved to 87.14%and 98.33%for the 52TCQ and 51TYM cases,respectively by multiple variable logistic regression of Sentind-2 images.The balance of omission error and commission error was also improved.The integration of multiple spectral data combined with a logistic regression method proves to be effective for burned area detection,offering a highly automated process with an automatic threshold determination mechanism.This method exhibits excellent extensibility and flexibility taking the image tile as the operating unit.It is suitable for burned area detection at a regional scale and can also be implemented with other satellite data.

Role of intestinal bifidobacteria in the pathogenesis of gut-derived bacteria/endotoxin translocation and the effect of bifidobacterial supplement on gut barrier function following burns

Objective:Early multiple organ dysfunction syndrome appears to be facilitated with bacterial transloca-tion in severely burn injury,yet the mechanisms of bacterial translocation remains in dispute.The aim of this studywas to investigate the potential role of intestinal bifidobacteria in the pathogenesis of gut-derived bacteria/endotoxintranslocation following burns and the effects of bifidohacterial supplement on gut barrier.Methods:Wistar rats wererandomly divided into burn group(Burn,n=60),sham burn g...