This paper analyzes the combustion characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions from varied heat fluxes with rice husks. In general, rice husks burnt outdoors at a lower temperature range of 300-400 ℃, which cannot a...This paper analyzes the combustion characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions from varied heat fluxes with rice husks. In general, rice husks burnt outdoors at a lower temperature range of 300-400 ℃, which cannot assure complete combustion, thus generating a large volume of toxic air pollutants. A heat flux of 40 kW/m^2, with a cone calorimeter, is the equivalent to the 700 ℃ of an incinerator. The test result shows that the mass reduction rate of the sample at this or at a higher temperature condition was 99.5% or higher, meaning that the sample was almost completely combusted. In this study using rice husks, the amount of carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, discharged were 1.57-3.61 kg/kg. This is as high as 10 times, than produced in other studies. When the rice husks are burnt outdoors, they are not completely combusted as the combustion temperature remains low, and the rice husk residuals are continuously being combusted in a smoldering phase which creates a large volume of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Therefore, it is recommended to burn rice husks at 700 ℃ or higher to minimize the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions.展开更多
生物质户外燃烧是影响环境空气质量的重要污染源,东北三省作为我国的重要农业产区,分析其生物质户外燃烧情况能够为当地秸秆资源综合利用和环境质量改善等提供依据.该研究基于卫星火点排放清单(Fire INventory from NCAR,FINN),分析了...生物质户外燃烧是影响环境空气质量的重要污染源,东北三省作为我国的重要农业产区,分析其生物质户外燃烧情况能够为当地秸秆资源综合利用和环境质量改善等提供依据.该研究基于卫星火点排放清单(Fire INventory from NCAR,FINN),分析了我国东北三省2016-2020年生物质户外燃烧火点的时空分布特征,结合空气质量监测数据进行了重污染天气成因分析,并建立了可用于数值模拟的生物质户外燃烧源网格化清单.结果表明:①东北三省2018-2019年火点数量较2016-2017年大幅减少,2020年有所增加.年内火点主要出现在春秋两季,春季相对更多.火点主要分布在东北平原,即黑龙江省的东部和西部,以及吉林省西部等,其他地区火点数量相对较少,呈零散式分布的特点.②该研究搭建了东北三省2016-2020年生物质户外燃烧源网格化清单,清单空间分辨率为3km,污染物种类包括SO_(2)、NOx、CO、NMVOC、NH_(3)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC和OC等,2016-2020年污染物排放量总体上呈下降趋势,2020年NOx、SO_(2)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的排放总量分别为3479.81、13418.5、215702.87和235495.21 t.③将2019年和2020年生物质户外燃烧污染物排放数据与空气质量数据进行时间拟合,发现部分城市在两个年份的春季秸秆集中燃烧时段均发生了重污染天气事件,且大气污染物浓度峰值与生物质户外燃烧排放污染物峰值出现的时间一致.研究显示,近年来东北三省生物质户外燃烧管控工作成效明显,大气污染物排放量总体上呈下降趋势,但仍然是东北三省部分城市春季发生重污染天气事件的重要原因之一,对部分生物质户外燃烧污染物排放量较大的城市应进一步严格秸秆禁烧等防控措施.该研究建立的生物质户外燃烧源网格化清单,可以更好地服务于区域空气质量数值模拟研究,应用在大气污染成因分析等多个方面,为制定更为精准的大气污染防治措施提供技术支撑.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to compare the part-load performance of a lean burn catalytic combustion gas turbine (LBCCGT) system in three different control modes: varying fuel, bleeding off the fuel mixture flow afte...The purpose of this study is to compare the part-load performance of a lean burn catalytic combustion gas turbine (LBCCGT) system in three different control modes: varying fuel, bleeding off the fuel mixture flow after the compressor and varying rotational speed. The conversions of methane species for chemical process are considered. A 1D heterogeneous plug flow model was utilized to analyze the system performance. The actual turbomachinery components were designed and predicted performance maps were applied to system performance research. The part-load characteristics under three control strategies were numerically investigated. The main results show that: the combustor inlet temperature is a significant factor that can significantly affect the part-load characteristics of the LBCCGT system; the rotational speed control mode can provide the best performance characteristics for part-load operations; the operation range of the bleed off mode is narrower than that of the speed control mode and wider than that of the fuel only mode; with reduced power, methane does not achieve full conversion over the reactor at the fuel only control mode, which will not warrant stable operation of the turbine system; the thermal efficiency of the LBCCGT system at fuel only control strategy is higher than that at bleed off control strategy within the operation range.展开更多
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and they mostly stem from the imperfect combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels.PAHs are inherently associated with homogenous fine particles or ...Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and they mostly stem from the imperfect combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels.PAHs are inherently associated with homogenous fine particles or distributed to different-sized particles during the aging of air masses.PAHs carried by fine particles undergo a long-range transport to remote areas while those adsorbed on coarse particles have a shorter lifetime in ambient air.More importantly, PAHs with higher molecular weights tend to be bound with finer particles and can deeply enter the lungs, posing severe health risks to humans.Thus, the environmental fate and health effects of particulate PAHs are strongly size-dependent.This review summarizes the size distributions of particulate PAHs freshly emitted from combustion sources as well as the distribution patterns of PAHs in ambient particles.It was found that PAHs from stationary sources are primarily bound to fine particles, which are slightly larger than particles to which PAHs from mobile sources are bound.In ambient air, particulate PAHs are distributed in larger size modes than those in the combustion fume, and the particle size decreases with PAH molecular weight increasing.The relevant mechanisms and influencing factors of particle size distribution changes are illustrated in this article, which are essentially attributed to combustion and ambient temperature as well as the physical and chemical properties of PAHs.Overall, the study on the particle size distribution of PAHs will contribute for a full understanding of the origin, atmospheric behaviors and health effects of particulate PAHs.展开更多
A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during March 2015 in Weizhou Island of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi province, South China. In this campai...A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during March 2015 in Weizhou Island of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi province, South China. In this campaign, a total of 3,100,597 particles were sized, and 25.8%particles with both positive and negative mass spectrum were collected and 24.8%characterized in combination with the ART-2 a neural network algorithm. The distribution of sized particles was mainly in from 520 to 600 nm, and the diameters ranging from 340 to1000 nm accounted for above 90%. Eight types of particles were classified： Elemental Carbon containing（EC）, Organic Carbon containing（OC）, EC and OC combined containing particles,Na containing particles, K containing particles（K）, Levoglucosan containing particles,mineral containing particles, and Heavy Metal containing particles（HM）. EC, OC and K were the major containing particles, which accounted for 84.3% in the eight types particles. The relative ratio and size distribution of the three types were EC（48.1%, 620 nm）, OC（12.7%,440 nm）, and K（23.5%, 600 nm）, respectively. The three types of particles were a bit increasing ratios compared with those in clean periods during haze pollution periods.Combined with the back-trajectory results from the Hysplit-4 model and local pollution sources revealed that the ambient air quality on the Weizhou Island may be influenced by biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula（biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula）from the transportation on higher level atmospheric layer and by mainland of south China located northeast of Weizhou Island on the ground.展开更多
The seasonal characteristics of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))were investigated from October 2020 to April 2021(spreading fall,winter and spring)in Harbin,a city located in northeast China.The mass concentrations o...The seasonal characteristics of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))were investigated from October 2020 to April 2021(spreading fall,winter and spring)in Harbin,a city located in northeast China.The mass concentrations of PM_(2.5)in winter were significantly higher than those in fall and spring.Moreover,our results indicated that various aerosol species had obvious seasonality.The proportions of secondary components were higher in winter than other two seasons.In contrast,the ratios of nitrate to sulfate(NO_(3)^(-)/SO_(4)^(2-))showed lower levels in winter,which was because both the ratios of nitrogen dioxide to sulfur dioxide(NO_(2)/SO_(2))and the ratios of nitrogen oxidation ratio to sulfur oxidation ratio(NOR/SOR)exhibited lower values in winter than in fall and spring.With PM_(2.5)increased,the NO_(3)^(-)/SO_(4)^(2-)ratios showed increasing trends in all three seasons,which was mainly attributed to the increase of NOR/SOR ratios in fall and spring,and the increase of both NO_(2)/SO_(2)and NOR/SOR ratios in winter.This result highlighted that nitrate was more important than sulfate as a driver for the growth of PM_(2.5)during the period of heavy air pollution.Additionally,the sources of organic aerosol(OA)in different seasons were also distinctly different.Overall,the sum of biomass burning OA(BBOA)and secondary OA(SOA)contributed>70%of OA in three seasons.The fractional contributions of BBOA to total OA,notably,exhibited higher levels in fall and spring,because of intensive open agricultural fires.The SOA fractions in OA were larger in winter,likely due to higher relative humidity which facilitated the secondary for-mation.A large increase in the proportions of BBOA was observed during polluted days in fall and spring compared to clean days.In comparison,during heavily-polluted periods,secondary formation made a dominant contribution to organic matter in winter.展开更多
文摘This paper analyzes the combustion characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions from varied heat fluxes with rice husks. In general, rice husks burnt outdoors at a lower temperature range of 300-400 ℃, which cannot assure complete combustion, thus generating a large volume of toxic air pollutants. A heat flux of 40 kW/m^2, with a cone calorimeter, is the equivalent to the 700 ℃ of an incinerator. The test result shows that the mass reduction rate of the sample at this or at a higher temperature condition was 99.5% or higher, meaning that the sample was almost completely combusted. In this study using rice husks, the amount of carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, discharged were 1.57-3.61 kg/kg. This is as high as 10 times, than produced in other studies. When the rice husks are burnt outdoors, they are not completely combusted as the combustion temperature remains low, and the rice husk residuals are continuously being combusted in a smoldering phase which creates a large volume of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Therefore, it is recommended to burn rice husks at 700 ℃ or higher to minimize the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions.
文摘生物质户外燃烧是影响环境空气质量的重要污染源,东北三省作为我国的重要农业产区,分析其生物质户外燃烧情况能够为当地秸秆资源综合利用和环境质量改善等提供依据.该研究基于卫星火点排放清单(Fire INventory from NCAR,FINN),分析了我国东北三省2016-2020年生物质户外燃烧火点的时空分布特征,结合空气质量监测数据进行了重污染天气成因分析,并建立了可用于数值模拟的生物质户外燃烧源网格化清单.结果表明:①东北三省2018-2019年火点数量较2016-2017年大幅减少,2020年有所增加.年内火点主要出现在春秋两季,春季相对更多.火点主要分布在东北平原,即黑龙江省的东部和西部,以及吉林省西部等,其他地区火点数量相对较少,呈零散式分布的特点.②该研究搭建了东北三省2016-2020年生物质户外燃烧源网格化清单,清单空间分辨率为3km,污染物种类包括SO_(2)、NOx、CO、NMVOC、NH_(3)、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC和OC等,2016-2020年污染物排放量总体上呈下降趋势,2020年NOx、SO_(2)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的排放总量分别为3479.81、13418.5、215702.87和235495.21 t.③将2019年和2020年生物质户外燃烧污染物排放数据与空气质量数据进行时间拟合,发现部分城市在两个年份的春季秸秆集中燃烧时段均发生了重污染天气事件,且大气污染物浓度峰值与生物质户外燃烧排放污染物峰值出现的时间一致.研究显示,近年来东北三省生物质户外燃烧管控工作成效明显,大气污染物排放量总体上呈下降趋势,但仍然是东北三省部分城市春季发生重污染天气事件的重要原因之一,对部分生物质户外燃烧污染物排放量较大的城市应进一步严格秸秆禁烧等防控措施.该研究建立的生物质户外燃烧源网格化清单,可以更好地服务于区域空气质量数值模拟研究,应用在大气污染成因分析等多个方面,为制定更为精准的大气污染防治措施提供技术支撑.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51206160)
文摘The purpose of this study is to compare the part-load performance of a lean burn catalytic combustion gas turbine (LBCCGT) system in three different control modes: varying fuel, bleeding off the fuel mixture flow after the compressor and varying rotational speed. The conversions of methane species for chemical process are considered. A 1D heterogeneous plug flow model was utilized to analyze the system performance. The actual turbomachinery components were designed and predicted performance maps were applied to system performance research. The part-load characteristics under three control strategies were numerically investigated. The main results show that: the combustor inlet temperature is a significant factor that can significantly affect the part-load characteristics of the LBCCGT system; the rotational speed control mode can provide the best performance characteristics for part-load operations; the operation range of the bleed off mode is narrower than that of the speed control mode and wider than that of the fuel only mode; with reduced power, methane does not achieve full conversion over the reactor at the fuel only control mode, which will not warrant stable operation of the turbine system; the thermal efficiency of the LBCCGT system at fuel only control strategy is higher than that at bleed off control strategy within the operation range.
基金supported in part by a Grant in Aid for Scientific Research (Nos.17K08388 and 17H06283) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technologythe cooperative research program of Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University (Nos.16007, 17002 and 17037).
文摘Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and they mostly stem from the imperfect combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels.PAHs are inherently associated with homogenous fine particles or distributed to different-sized particles during the aging of air masses.PAHs carried by fine particles undergo a long-range transport to remote areas while those adsorbed on coarse particles have a shorter lifetime in ambient air.More importantly, PAHs with higher molecular weights tend to be bound with finer particles and can deeply enter the lungs, posing severe health risks to humans.Thus, the environmental fate and health effects of particulate PAHs are strongly size-dependent.This review summarizes the size distributions of particulate PAHs freshly emitted from combustion sources as well as the distribution patterns of PAHs in ambient particles.It was found that PAHs from stationary sources are primarily bound to fine particles, which are slightly larger than particles to which PAHs from mobile sources are bound.In ambient air, particulate PAHs are distributed in larger size modes than those in the combustion fume, and the particle size decreases with PAH molecular weight increasing.The relevant mechanisms and influencing factors of particle size distribution changes are illustrated in this article, which are essentially attributed to combustion and ambient temperature as well as the physical and chemical properties of PAHs.Overall, the study on the particle size distribution of PAHs will contribute for a full understanding of the origin, atmospheric behaviors and health effects of particulate PAHs.
基金supported by the Innovation Funds for Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection(No.HKYCX-2015-5)Guangxi key research and development plan for Department of Guangxi Science(No.GUIKEAB16380292)+1 种基金the China Ministry of Environmental Protection's Special Funds for Scientific Research on Public Welfare(No.201309016)the support from the operation and maintenance teams of the environment observation stations in Beihai
文摘A single particle aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed to measure the changes of single particle species and sizes during March 2015 in Weizhou Island of the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi province, South China. In this campaign, a total of 3,100,597 particles were sized, and 25.8%particles with both positive and negative mass spectrum were collected and 24.8%characterized in combination with the ART-2 a neural network algorithm. The distribution of sized particles was mainly in from 520 to 600 nm, and the diameters ranging from 340 to1000 nm accounted for above 90%. Eight types of particles were classified： Elemental Carbon containing（EC）, Organic Carbon containing（OC）, EC and OC combined containing particles,Na containing particles, K containing particles（K）, Levoglucosan containing particles,mineral containing particles, and Heavy Metal containing particles（HM）. EC, OC and K were the major containing particles, which accounted for 84.3% in the eight types particles. The relative ratio and size distribution of the three types were EC（48.1%, 620 nm）, OC（12.7%,440 nm）, and K（23.5%, 600 nm）, respectively. The three types of particles were a bit increasing ratios compared with those in clean periods during haze pollution periods.Combined with the back-trajectory results from the Hysplit-4 model and local pollution sources revealed that the ambient air quality on the Weizhou Island may be influenced by biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula（biomass burning in the Indochina Peninsula）from the transportation on higher level atmospheric layer and by mainland of south China located northeast of Weizhou Island on the ground.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.41805097)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(grant No.YQ2019D004).
文摘The seasonal characteristics of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))were investigated from October 2020 to April 2021(spreading fall,winter and spring)in Harbin,a city located in northeast China.The mass concentrations of PM_(2.5)in winter were significantly higher than those in fall and spring.Moreover,our results indicated that various aerosol species had obvious seasonality.The proportions of secondary components were higher in winter than other two seasons.In contrast,the ratios of nitrate to sulfate(NO_(3)^(-)/SO_(4)^(2-))showed lower levels in winter,which was because both the ratios of nitrogen dioxide to sulfur dioxide(NO_(2)/SO_(2))and the ratios of nitrogen oxidation ratio to sulfur oxidation ratio(NOR/SOR)exhibited lower values in winter than in fall and spring.With PM_(2.5)increased,the NO_(3)^(-)/SO_(4)^(2-)ratios showed increasing trends in all three seasons,which was mainly attributed to the increase of NOR/SOR ratios in fall and spring,and the increase of both NO_(2)/SO_(2)and NOR/SOR ratios in winter.This result highlighted that nitrate was more important than sulfate as a driver for the growth of PM_(2.5)during the period of heavy air pollution.Additionally,the sources of organic aerosol(OA)in different seasons were also distinctly different.Overall,the sum of biomass burning OA(BBOA)and secondary OA(SOA)contributed>70%of OA in three seasons.The fractional contributions of BBOA to total OA,notably,exhibited higher levels in fall and spring,because of intensive open agricultural fires.The SOA fractions in OA were larger in winter,likely due to higher relative humidity which facilitated the secondary for-mation.A large increase in the proportions of BBOA was observed during polluted days in fall and spring compared to clean days.In comparison,during heavily-polluted periods,secondary formation made a dominant contribution to organic matter in winter.
