Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Aluminum Alloy in Burnishing Process Based on Chaos Theory

Burnishing experiments with different burnishing parameters were performed on a computer numerical control milling machine to characterize the surface roughness of an aluminum alloy during burnishing.The chaos theory was employed to investigate the nonlinear features of the burnishing system.The experimental results show that the power spectrum is broadband and continuous,and the Lyapunov exponentλis positive,proving that burnishing has chaotic characteristics.The chaotic characteristic parameter,the correlation dimension D,is sensitive to the time behavior of the system and is used to establish the corresponding relationship with the surface roughness.The correlation dimension was the largest,when the surface roughness was the smallest.Furthermore,when the correlation dimension curve decreases,the roughness curve increases.The correlation dimension and surface roughness exhibit opposite variation trends.The higher the correlation dimension,the lower the surface roughness.The surface roughness of the aluminum alloy can be characterized online by calculating the correlation dimension during burnishing.

A gradient nano/micro-structured surface layer on copper induced by severe plasticity roller burnishing

In order to investigate a gradient nano/micro-structured surface layer on pure copper produced by severe plasticity roller burnishing （SPRB） and grain refinement mechanism, the microstructure characteristics and material properties of sample at various depths from the topmost surface were investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD, OM etc. The experimental results show that the gradient nano/micro-structure was introduced into the surface layer of over 100μm in thickness. The remarkable increase in hardness near the topmost surface was mainly attributed to the reduced grain size. The equiaxed nano-sized grains were in random orientation and the most of their boundaries were low-angle grain boundaries （LAGBs）. The coarse grains are refined into the few micro-sized grains by dislocation activities;deformation twinning was found to be the primary form for the formation of submicron grains;the formation of nanostructure was dominated by dislocation activities accompanied with rotation of grains in local region.

Surface Texture Analysis after Hydrostatic Burnishing on X38CrMoV5-1 Steel

Ball burnishing is a plastic deformation process used as a surface smoothing and surface improvement finishing treatment after turning or milling processes. This process changes the surface stereometrics of the previously machining surface. Burnishing with hydrostatic tools can be easily and effectively used on both conventional and Computer Numeric Control(CNC) machines. The existing research of the burnishing process mainly focuses on the functional surface characterization, for example, surface roughness, wear resistance, surface layer hardness, etc. There is a lack of references reporting a detailed analysis of 3D parameters calculation with a mathematical model to evaluate the results of the ball burnishing. This paper presents the effect of ball burnishing process parameters with hydrostatic tools on the resulting surface structure geometry. The surface topography parameters were calculated using the Taly Map software. Studies were conducted based on Hartley’s static, determined plan. Such a plan can be built on a hypersphere or hypercube. In this work, a hypercube was used. In the case of Hartley’s plan makes it possible to define the regression equation in the form of a polynomial of the second degree. The input process parameters considered in this study include the burnishing rate, applied pressure, and line-to-line pitch. The significant influence of these parameters was confirmed and described as a mathematical power model. The results also showed a positive effect of hydrostatic burnishing on the roughness and geometric structure of the surface.

Investigation of Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Surface Burnishing Process on 7075-T6 Aluminum

A novel two-dimensional ultrasonic surface burnishing process(2D-USBP)is proposed.7075-T6 aluminum samples are processed by a custom-designed 2D-USBP setup.Parameter optimization of 2D-USBP is conducted to determine the best processing strategy of 7075-T6 aluminum.A uniform design method is utilized to optimize the 2D-USBP process.U〔3(133)and 4(72)tables are established to conduct parameter optimization.Burnishing depth,spindle speed,and feed rate are taken as the control parameters.The surface roughness and Vickers hardness are taken as the evaluation indicators.It establishes the active control models for surface quality.Dry wear tests are conducted to compare the wear-resistance of the 2D-USBP treated sample and the original sample.Results show that the machining quality of 2D-USBP is best under 0.24 mm burnishing depth,5000 r/min spindle speed,and 25 mm/min feed rate.The surface roughness of the sample is reduced from 2517.758 to 50.878 nm,and the hardness of the sample surface is improved from 167 to 252 HV.Under the lower load,the wear mechanism of the 2D-USBP treated sample is mainly abrasive wear accompanied by delamination wear,while the wear mechanism of the original sample is mainly delamination wear.Under the higher load,the accumulation of frictional heat on the sample surface transforms the wear mechanisms of the original and the 2D-USBP treated samples into thermal wear.

An investigation into ball burnishing process of magnesium alloy on CNC lathe using different environments

Ball burnishing routine permits through a simple,fast and economical manner to obtain free chip on the manufactured parts.It generates a superior surface finish by rotating a ball tool against a workpiece.The burnishing process is commonly developed in industry in order to improve the surface quality,which is a critical issue in the manufacturing sector.An experimental study were carried out to determine the best surface quality for magnesium alloy subjected to d iff ere ni medium.Burnishing of magnesium alloy was performed varying four different mediums and combining different burnishing parameters.To design the experiment were used the classical Taguchi method through which were developed the L16 orthogonal array.This strategy allowed to detect the driving parameters that generate the best surface roughness value by computing the signal-to-noise ratio.The driving parameters values for this study are 400 N(force),0.05 mm/min(feed rate),three number of passes and boron oil as medium.The results are paramount important for designing heavy parts used in transportation vehicles such as automobiles,airplanes,high-speed trains etc.

Improvement of Flat Surfaces Quality of Aluminum Alloy 6061-O By A Proposed Trajectory of Ball Burnishing Tool

Burnishing is a profitable process of surface finishing due to its ability to be automated,which makes burnishing method more desirable than other finishing methods.To obtain high surface finish,non-stop operation is required for CNC machine and we can attain that by choosing a suitable trajectory of the finishing tool.In other words,burnishing paths should be multidirectional rather than monotonic,in order to cover uniformly the surface.Indeed,the burnishing force is also a key parameter of the burnishing process because it determines the degree of plastic deformation,and that makes determining the optimum burnishing force an essential step of the burnishing process a success.Therefore,we consider the strategy of ball burnishing path and the burnishing force as variable parameters in this study.In this paper,we propose a new strategy of burnishing tool path with trochoid cycles that achieves a multidirectional burnishing of the surface according to various patterns.Taking into consideration the optimum burnishing force,to improve flat surface finish of AL6061-O samples by reducing the surface roughness parameter(Rz).Experiments carried out on 3-axis milling machine show that the proposed trochoidal path is more effective than the conventional one.

Improvement in Surface Roughness and Hardness for Carbon Steel by Slide Burnishing Process

Slide burnishing process, which is a surface severe plastic deformation technique, offers an attractive post-machining alternative due to its chip-less and relatively simple operations. The purpose of the present work is to investigate effects of initial turned surface roughness on the burnished surface roughness and hardness in slide burnishing. The carbon steel samples those have different roughness surfaces being treated were prepared by turning by varying the feed. Slide burnishing was then carried out by a silicon nitride ceramic ball that was loaded and fed on the turned surface of a rotating specimen using a lathe machine. It was found that the turned surfaces were smoothed drastically by the burnishing process, and that the Ra and Rz values were reduced at most by a factor of 52 and 21, respectively. However, the smoothing effect of burnishing has limit, and the limited maximum height roughness (Rz*) for burnishing smoothing increased under a higher burnishing force and with a larger ball diameter. When the Rz values of initial turned surfaces were less than the Rz*, the roughness of the burnished surfaces did not depend on the roughness of the initial turned surface and the burnishing force. There was no significant difference in the burnished microstructure and hardness under a specific burnishing force among the initial turned surface roughness, while a higher burnishing force caused a greater increase in surface hardness.

Surface integrity of ball burnished bioresorbable magnesium alloy

Magnesium alloys are potential biodegradable and biocompatible implant materials because of their excellent biological properties. Recently, interest in these alloys as a promising alternative for temporary orthopedic implants has grown owing to their desirable biological, mechanical, and physical properties. However, the application of magnesium alloys is hindered by their rapid degradation and low corrosion resistance in physiological fluids, leading to the failure of implants. Thus, the current challenge is to enhance the corrosion resistance and control the degradation rate of magnesium under physiological conditions. The rapid degradation of magnesium alloys can be controlled by improving their surface integrity, such as surface roughness and microhardness. The present study aims to improve the surface integrity of the Mg Ze41A alloy by the ball burnishing technique. The surface roughness improved by 94.90% from 0.941 μm to 0.048 μm with a burnishing force of 50 N, burnishing speed of 1 300 r/min, burnishing feed of 130 mm/min, and three passes. Similarly, the microhardness improved by 50.62% from 75.2 HV to 113.27 HV with a burnishing force of 60 N, burnishing speed of 1 100 r/min, burnishing feed of 100 mm/min, and five passes. The variations in microhardness, which were observed up to 400 μm beneath the surface, exhibited a linear nature. These variations may be attributed to the movement of dislocations, formation of new dislocations, nanocrystal structures, metastable phases and subgrains, and lattice distortion or grain refinement. The surface features obtained from optical images demonstrated the fundamental mechanisms involved in the ball burnishing process. The concept of burnishing maps and zones will assist in the design of the ball burnishing parameters of a material with an equivalent yield strength of 140 MPa. The significant improvement in the surface integrity of the Mg Ze41A alloy by the ball burnishing technique is expected to improve its functional performance.

Enhancing fatigue performance of AZ31 magnesium alloy components fabricated by cold metal transfer-based wire arc directed energy deposition through LPB

Cold Metal Transfer-Based Wire Arc Directed Energy Deposition(CMT-WA-DED)presents a promising avenue for the rapid fabrication of components crucial to automotive,shipbuilding,and aerospace industries.However,the susceptibility to fatigue of CMT-WA-DED-produced AZ31 Mg alloy components has impeded their widespread adoption for critical load-bearing applications.In this study,a comprehensive investigation into the fatigue behaviour of WA-DED-fabricated AZ31 Mg alloy has been carried out and compared to commercially available wrought AZ31 alloy.Our findings indicate that the as-deposited parts exhibit a lower fatigue life than wrought Mg alloy,primarily due to poor surface finish,tensile residual stress,porosity,and coarse grain microstructure inherent in the WA-DED process.Low Plasticity Burnishing(LPB)treatment is applied to mitigate these issues,which induce significant plastic deformation on the surface.This treatment resulted in a remarkable improvement of fatigue life by 42%,accompanied by a reduction in surface roughness,grain refinement and enhancement of compressive residual stress levels.Furthermore,during cyclic deformation,WA-DED specimens exhibited higher plasticity and dislocation density compared to both wrought and WA-DED+LPB specimens.A higher fraction of Low Angle Grain Boundaries(LAGBs)in WA-DED specimens contributed to multiple crack initiation sites and convoluted crack paths,ultimately leading to premature failure.In contrast,wrought and WA-DED+LPB specimens displayed a higher percentage of High Angle Grain Boundaries(HAGBs),which hindered dislocation movement and resulted in fewer crack initiation sites and less complex crack paths,thereby extending fatigue life.These findings underscore the effectiveness of LPB as a post-processing technique to enhance the fatigue performance of WA-DED-fabricated AZ31 Mg alloy components.Our study highlights the importance of LPB surface treatment on AZ31 Mg components produced by CMT-WA-DED to remove surface defects,enabling their widespread use in load-bearing applications.

Effects of roller burnishing process parameters on surface roughness of A356/5%SiC composite using response surface methodology

In this study, a simple roller burnishing tool was made to operate burnishing processes on A356/5%SIC metal matrix composite fabricated by electromagnetic stir casting under different parameters. The effects of burnishing speed, burnishing force and number of burnishing passes on the surface roughness and tribological properties were measured. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） graphs of the machined surface with PCD （insert-10） tool and roller burnished surface with tungsten carbide （WC） roller were taken into consider- ation to observe the surface finish of metal matrix composites. The mechanical properties （tensile strength, hardness, duc- tility） of A356/5%SIC metal matrix composites were studied for both unburnished samples and burnished samples. The results revealed that the roller burnished samples of A356/ 5%SIC led to the improvement in tensile strength, hardness and ductility. In order to find out the effects of roller bur- nishing process parameters on the surface roughness of A356/ 5%SIC metal matrix composite, response surface methodol- ogy （RSM） （Box-Behnken design） was used and a prediction model was developed relevant to average surface roughness using experimental data. In the range of process parameters, the result shows that roller burnishing speed increases, and surface roughness decreases, but on the other hand roller burnishing force and number of passes increase, and surface roughness increases. Optimum values of burnishing speed （1.5 m/s）, burnishing force （50 N） and number of passes （2） during roller burnishing of A356/5%SIC metal matrix com- posite to minimize the surface roughness （predicted 1.232 μm） have been found out. There was only 5.03% error in the experimental and modeled results of surface roughness.

热辅助超声滚压温度场参数影响激光熔覆涂层表面粗糙度研究

目的降低激光熔覆涂层的表面粗糙度。方法采用激光熔覆技术制备铁基激光熔覆涂层,采用超声温滚压耦合热处理工艺对熔覆层进行熔覆后强化加工,重点研究温度场参数对成形表面粗糙度的影响,通过方差分析(ANOVA)确立参数显著性,同时利用响应曲面法(RSM)构建温度场参数影响铁基涂层表面粗糙度的预测模型,并进行参数优化。结果加热温度和保温时间对成形试样表面粗糙度的影响显著。在实验参数范围内,试样的表面粗糙度与加热温度呈正相关,与保温时间呈负相关。实验结果表明,在相同保温时间下,在加热温度100、250、400℃条件下试样的表面粗糙度Ra分别为0.237、0.158、0.096μm;在相同加热温度下,在保温时间为0.5、1、2 h条件下试样的表面粗糙度Ra分别为0.156、0.164、0.170μm。可见与保温时间相比,加热温度对涂层表面粗糙度的影响更显著。参数优化分析结果表明,在实验参数范围内,在400℃加热温度和0.5 h保温时间条件下,试样具有最小的表面粗糙度Ra(0.089μm)。结论相较于车削及常温滚压工艺,采用超声温滚压耦合热处理工艺可进一步降低激光熔覆涂层的表面粗糙度,在实验参数范围内,加热温度400℃和保温时间0.5 h是最优的温度场参数组合。

6061铝合金棒滚压工艺及表面成形精度调控研究

目的针对6061铝合金棒滚压成形工艺,研究不同滚压工艺参数对影响表面成形精度的接触深度与回弹量的影响规律。方法基于弹塑性理论,通过耦合滚压力、滚压球半径、工件半径等关键工艺参数,建立修正Hertz接触预测数学模型,结合有限元数值模拟方法对接触深度与回弹量进行分析,并利用由滚压成形实验得到的塑性变形深度验证所构建预测数学模型的准确性。结果当滚压力为400、500、600 N时,塑性滚压深度为33.99、44.32、52.78μm;滚压速度的变化对塑性滚压深度的影响不大,当滚压速度从500 r/min增至700 r/min时,塑性滚压深度变化不足2μm。理论分析结果与仿真结果及实验结果的误差分别为11.1%及10.9%,验证了修正Hertz接触数学模型的准确性。结论滚压力的变化直接导致塑性滚压深度变化且塑性滚压深度与滚压力呈线性关系,滚压速度的增大对材料塑性滚压深度的影响甚小。通过修正后的Hertz接触预测数学模型能有效预测6061铝合金棒被滚压后的表面成形精度,且滚压力是影响6061铝合金棒成形精度的主要因素。

滚柱滚压工艺参数对TC4钛合金表面粗糙度的影响

钛合金是机械工程和航空航天等领域关键零部件的常用材料。在服役过程中,关键零部件除了受到稳定载荷作用外,还会受到交变载荷的作用,因而这些零部件表面极易造成裂纹的萌生,从而导致疲劳失效。为了满足关键零部件的表面性能和抗疲劳性能的要求,开展滚柱滚压TC4钛合金表面工艺性研究,选取压下量、滚压速度和行距3个工艺参数作为变量,以表面粗糙度为响应值,采用中心组合法进行试验设计,利用响应面法建立滚柱滚压表面粗糙度的回归预测方程。综合考虑加工效率和加工成本,选取表面粗糙度作为关键性能指标,对三项滚压工艺参数进行系统性优化。优化后的工艺参数为:滚压量为0.03 mm,行距为3 mm,进给速度为150 mm/min。在此参数组合下,滚压后表面粗糙度降低了67%。该试验结果可为钛合金滚柱滚压提供一定的实践借鉴。

缸体缸盖铸件机器人打磨的关键技术及其应用

简要介绍了缸体缸盖清理线工艺流程及人工打磨存在的问题,对机床打磨、机器人打磨两种主要的自动化打磨技术进行了对比,在此基础上,结合工厂实际情况,选择了机器人打磨方案。分析了铸铁缸体缸盖机器人打磨的主要难点和重点,阐述了机器人打磨工作站的整体方案、动作流程、系统组成,详细阐述了打磨工作站仿真、通过适应多品种缸体缸盖的浮动夹具、气浮式柔性电主轴、激光检测系统等关键技术手段来解决因铸件一致性差、待打磨部位一致性差对机器人打磨可靠性和打磨质量的难题。简要说明了应用情况,指出了机器人打磨辅以人工补清,是提高机器人打磨缸体缸盖类复杂铸件的可靠性、解决清理打磨用工问题突出的有效途径。

超声滚压Ti-6Al-4V微观组织对应力应变行为的影响

目的通过超声滚压提高Ti-6Al-4V的屈服强度。方法将超声振幅作为唯一变量,设置0、5、7、10μm4组试验,分析Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面及表面以下30~50μm处的应力应变行为。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)测试不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V的两相分布。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM),分析不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V表面层塑性变形程度。使用能谱仪(EDS)观察不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V表面层元素组成分布。通过万能试验机获得不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V的应力应变曲线。结果Ti-6Al-4V表面层塑性变形程度随着超声振幅的增大而增大。Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面的β相体积分数随着超声振幅的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势。当超声振幅为7μm时,Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面β相的体积分数最大(19.70%)。超声滚压Ti-6Al-4V表面层中β相的体积分数沿深度递减。Ti-6Al-4V表面层α相稳定元素Al和β相稳定元素V未出现明显与两相体积分数相同的变化趋势。Ti-6Al-4V材料的屈服强度随着超声振幅的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势。当超声振幅从5μm增至10μm时,Ti-6Al-4V的屈服强度依次为1.06、1.03、1.16 GPa,相较于在无超声加工下的Ti-6Al-4V屈服强度(0.91 GPa)分别提高了约16.48%、13.19%和27.47%。结论超声振幅的增大,可以增大滚压过程中Ti-Al-4V的塑性变形程度。合适的超声振幅,可以改变Ti-6Al-4V表面层两相分布。经超声滚压后,Ti-6Al-4V的屈服强度受到材料塑性变形和两相分布的共同影响,且Ti-6Al-4V的塑性变形程度对屈服强度的影响更大。

纳米金刚石在现代工业中的应用

纳米金刚石是一种兼具金刚石和纳米材料特性的新型材料,具有许多其他材料无法比拟的优异性质,在材料科学领域有着广阔的应用前景。文章分别从超精密抛光、金刚石基氮化镓(GaN)技术、纳米聚晶金刚石、纳米金刚石增强铁镍基复合材料、医疗领域、微电子工业中的应用以及改善尾气排放等方面对纳米金刚石的应用做了简单的阐述。目前纳米金刚石在现代科技中的应用只是冰山一角,更多的应用还需要进一步探索。

滚柱滚压表面光整机理的解析分析和实验验证

为深入了解滚柱滚压表面光整机理,解决目前滚压量选择完全凭经验和手感的不足,将滚柱滚压加工过程视为平面应变力学情形,利用Boussinesq-Flamant问题的求解并根据Von-Mises屈服准则得出了滚压局部发生微塑性变形的区域,根据Hertz接触理论得出了滚压接触压力分布及滚压过程中工件和工具的应力分布.考虑零件的粗糙表面形态,得出了构成滚压量的各因素如机床变形量、滚压工具变形量、工件整体变形量、工件滚压局部塑性变形量和弹性变形量以及粗糙表面变形量的滚压力参数方程,然后根据参数方程得出了滚压光整效果与滚压量的关系.最后,针对单滚柱式外圆滚压和复合滚柱式内孔滚压两种最典型的滚柱滚压形式,对比分析了各自的预测结果与实验结果,证明了推理假设和解析公式的有效性.

滚压对6061铝合金微动磨损性能的影响

应用一种恒力式滚压工具,依据Box-Behnken中心组合设计原理,以车削进给量、滚压力和滚压次数为自变量,以在SRV IV实验机上实现的100℃下的无润滑条件和润滑条件下的微动磨损体积为响应值,对6061铝合金进行滚压后的微动实验,推导出了非平面微动磨损体积的计算公式,并对微动实验中的摩擦系数、试样初始表面粗糙度和磨斑表面形貌进行了分析.结果表明:在无润滑条件下,滚压不能明显提高微动磨损性能;而在润滑条件下,滚压试样的平均微动磨损体积比未滚压试样的减少21.5%;在最优滚压参数(切削进给量为0.10mm/r,滚压力为60N,滚压1次)下,可以得到最小的微动磨损体积,仅为未滚压试样平均微动磨损体积的46.2%.

金属平面滚压塑性精加工的实验分析

对金属表面的滚压塑性精加工进行了实验研究。测试分析了初始表面粗糙度和纵向压下量、横向进给量、滚压速度、滚压道次等对表面粗糙度、硬度、金相组织形貌的影响。研究结果表明,滚压塑性精加工可以提高金属(特别是有色合金软金属)的表面硬度、致密性,降低表面粗糙度,与常规的磨削精加工相比具有更多的优点,如节省了砂轮和冷却液的消耗,消除了对环境的污染,提高了被加工材料表面的物理、机械性能等。

高强钢大直径内螺纹超声滚压强化技术

为改善高强钢内螺纹的表面质量,提升螺纹的疲劳寿命和可靠性能,将超声滚压强化技术应用于高强钢大直径内螺纹。采用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪、应力测试仪和疲劳试验机等仪器对滚压前后的螺纹试件表面的显微形貌、粗糙度、硬度、残余应力和疲劳寿命等进行分析。结果表明:超声滚压后螺纹表面残留的加工痕迹可基本消除,牙底表面粗糙度较未滚压降低约50%,较普通滚压降低约30%;超声滚压后表面硬度较未滚压提升17%,而较普通滚压提升约14%;超声滚压后表面残余压应力较未滚压提升60%,而较普通滚压提升约50%。超声滚压后工件疲劳寿命可达到未强化工件疲劳寿命的5倍以上。综上所述,超声滚压强化对于高强钢大直径内螺纹表面质量具有良好的提升效果。