Virtual reality for preoperative patient education: Impact on satisfaction, usability, and burnout from the perspective of new nurses

BACKGROUND Traditional paper-based preoperative patient education is a struggle for new nurses and requires extensive training.In this situation,virtual reality technology can help the new nurses.Despite its potential benefits,there are studies on patient satisfaction but there is limited information on the usability of virtual reality(VR)technology for new nurses in giving preoperative education to patients.AIM To investigate the impact on satisfaction,usability,and burnout of a system using VR technology in preoperative patient education.METHODS The study involved 20 nurses from the plastic surgery ward and 80 patients admitted between April and May 2019.Each nurse taught four patients:Two using traditional verbal education and two using virtual reality.The System Usability Scale,After-Scenario Questionnaire,and Maslach Burnout Inventory(MBI)were employed to evaluate the impact of these education methods.RESULTS The VR education groups showed a statistically higher satisfaction than the traditional verbal education groups.Among the three subscales of the MBI,emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment improved statistically significantly.VR was also better in terms of usability.CONCLUSION This study suggests VR enhances usability and reduces burnout in nurses,but further research is needed to assess its impact on depersonalization and objective measures like stress and heart rate.

The Influence of Preschool Teachers’Social Skills on Job Burnout:A Moderated Mediation Model

Background:Teacher burnout is a serious issue in the field of education,particularly in early childhood education,where teachers face high levels of work stress and emotional labor,leading to emotional exhaustion and job burnout.However,past research has not sufficiently explored the mechanisms of social skills,empathy,and mindfulness in mitigating teacher burnout.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the relationship between preschool teachers’social skills,empathy,and mindfulness with job burnout,in order to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for reducing teacher burnout.Methods:This research utilized a convenience sampling approach to target preschool teachers for a questionnaire survey.A total of 1109 questionnaires were collected.To ensure the quality of the data,we excluded questionnaires that were not carefully filled out in terms of lie scale questions,those with abnormal demographic variables,and outliers identified based on response time.Ultimately,901 valid questionnaires were obtained,achieving a valid response rate of 81.2%.Participants’levels of social skills,empathy,mindfulness,and job burnout were assessed using the Social Skills Scale(SKS),Empathy Scale(Measure of Empathy,ME),Mindful Attention Awareness Scale(MAAS),and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Educators Survey(MBI-ES),respectively.Data analysis was conducted using SPSS.Results:After controlling for gender,age,teaching experience,educational level,grade taught,and location of the kindergarten,the study found:(1)There is a negative correlation between preschool teachers’social skills and the level of job burnout(r=−0.238);(2)Empathy has a dual-track effect on job burnout,where cognitive empathy negatively affects job burnout(r=−0.245),while emotional empathy has a positive effect(r=0.045);(3)Cognitive empathy partially mediates the relationship between social skills and job burnout(β=−0.124);(4)Mindfulness significantly impacts social skills,cognitive empathy,and job burnout(r=0.278;r=0.286;r=−0.539),and plays a moderating role in the mediation model(β=0.003;β=−0.023).Conclusion:These findings provide theoretical support for the development of burnout prevention and intervention strategies targeted at preschool teachers.They also point out new directions for future research and potential intervention targets,suggesting that enhancing preschool teachers’social skills and cognitive empathy,as well as increasing their mindfulness level,can help them cope with work-related stress and emotional labor,thereby alleviating job burnout.

Maternal Burnout: Prevalence and Associated Factors in Northern Benin (2023)

Introduction: Also known as maternal burnout syndrome, maternal burnout is a state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion generated by prolonged stress in the family environment. It is experienced by women in their role as mothers. Those affected can develop psychological disorders, sleep disturbances, etc., all of which impair their day-to-day lives, and thus their maternal role. The repercussions affect both the child and other family members. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate maternal burnout among female users of public and private health facilities in the commune of Parakou in 2023. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2022 to July 2023 among all mothers using public and private health facilities in the commune of Parakou. All healthy mothers with at least one biological or adoptive child fully dependent on them and living at home, who came for a consultation in one of the health facilities or for an appointment at the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) and gave their free and informed consent. Sampling was done for non-exhaustive convenience were included in the study. Burnout was assessed using the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) scale. Results: A total of 888 mothers meeting the inclusion criteria were surveyed. The prevalence of burnout calculated using the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) scale was 6.19%. The risk factors for maternal burnout were poor relationships with family and friends (OR = 8.90;p = 0.045), moderate (OR = 11.71;p = 0.020) and severe depression (OR = 40.85;p = 0.001), followed by the presence of repeated nocturnal awakening (OR = 5.14;p = 0.014). Conclusion: This is a subject that is almost never discussed in African society, but whose reality is revealed by the present study, which provided statistical data on maternal burnout. From now on, the risk of burnout will no longer be discussed solely in the family context. It will also need to be explored within the family unit to prevent its deleterious consequences for children and adults alike.

A Study of the Relationship between Emotion Regulation and Job Burnout among Junior High School Novice English Teachers

This study aimed to examine the relationship between junior high school novice English teachers’emotion regulation and job burnout.To achieve this purpose,a survey consisting of various scales was administered to 133 primary school teachers selected from Yunnan Province in China.Statistical analyses revealed gender differences in job burnout and emotion regulation among these teachers and highlighted the association between these two variables.The findings established that male novice English teachers in junior schools generally experience lower levels of job burnout and possess better emotion regulation skills compared to their female counterparts.Additionally,a strong negative correlation was identified between job burnout and emotional regulation skills,indicating that the stronger the emotional regulation skills,the less likely novice English teachers are to experience job burnout.The study further emphasized caution in the use of cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy,as it may have an adverse effect on mitigating job burnout.This study concluded with recommendations for providing junior high school novice English teachers with opportunities to develop and enhance their emotion regulation skills to reduce job burnout effectively.

The Influence of Swimming Athletes’ Burnout on Their Sports Participation Motivation in Hunan, China

Objective:This study aims to explore the effect of swimming athletes’burnout on their sports motivation in Hunan University,China.It seeks to understand how burnout influences various motivational factors,providing insights for optimizing swimming sports courses and enhancing student participation.Method:Employing random sampling,the study surveyed 260 swimming athletes from Hunan University.The research utilized a questionnaire divided into three parts:demographic information,the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire(ABQ),and the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory(IMI).Pearson’s r correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS to examine the relationships between burnout dimensions and motivational factors.Results:The study found significant correlations between a reduced sense of accomplishment and various motivational dimensions,including“interest/enjoyment,”“perceived competence,”“perceived choice,”and particularly“perceived tension.”Physical exhaustion showed a significant correlation only with“perceived tension,”indicating a strong link between psychological stress and physical fatigue.Sports devaluation was significantly correlated with“perceived tension,”suggesting that psychological stress impacts athletes’valuation of their sport.Conclusion:The findings highlight the complex interplay between burnout and motivation in swimming athletes.Psychological stress,as indicated by“perceived tension,”emerges as a key factor influencing both the physical and emotional aspects of burnout.The study underscores the need for holistic training approaches that balance physical training with psychological well-being,personalized coaching,and supportive environments to enhance intrinsic motivation and manage stress effectively.

An analysis of association of personality traits with job burnout among nurses working in hospital

Objective:The objective of the present study is to explore the effects of personality traits on job burnout among hospital nurses.Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional research was done during 2019-2020 at Kashan Shahid Beheshti Hospital.The data analysis procedures included descriptive statistics and the partial least squares-based structural equation modeling.The participants were 150 nursing professionals.A questionnaire indicating information on demographics,burnout(measured using the Maslach Burnout Inventory with three dimensions of depersonalization,emotional exhaustion,and personal accomplishment),and personality profile(measured employing the neuroticism extraversion openness five-factor inventory including extroversion,conscientiousness,agreeableness,neuroticism,and openness to experience dimensions)was used to gather the required data.Results:The results of the study showed that the validity and reliability of the measurement model were desirable(factor load higher than 0.5,the Cronbach’s alpha value and the composite reliability are>0.7).Structural model showed statistically drastic,negative relationship between the nurses’burnout levels and neuroticism(β=0.722)and openness to experience(β=0.437).However,the relationship was significantly positive between the nurses’burnout levels and conscientiousness(β=0.672),agreement(β=0.594),and extraversion(β=0.559)(P<0.03).Conclusions:The present study helped the recognition of burnout among nurses working in hospitals and approved the effects of personality features on the burnout experience.

Experiment and simulation on degradation and burnout mechanisms of SiC MOSFET under heavy ion irradiation

Experiments and simulation studies on 283 MeV I ion induced single event effects of silicon carbide(SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs) were carried out. When the cumulative irradiation fluence of the SiC MOSFET reached 5×10^(6)ion·cm^(-2), the drain–gate channel current increased under 200 V drain voltage, the drain–gate channel current and the drain–source channel current increased under 350 V drain voltage. The device occurred single event burnout under 800 V drain voltage, resulting in a complete loss of breakdown voltage. Combined with emission microscope, scanning electron microscope and focused ion beam analysis, the device with increased drain–gate channel current and drain–source channel current was found to have drain–gate channel current leakage point and local source metal melt, and the device with single event burnout was found to have local melting of its gate, source, epitaxial layer and substrate. Combining with Monte Carlo simulation and TCAD electrothermal simulation, it was found that the initial area of single event burnout might occur at the source–gate corner or the substrate–epitaxial interface, electric field and current density both affected the lattice temperature peak. The excessive lattice temperature during the irradiation process appeared at the local source contact, which led to the drain–source channel damage. And the excessive electric field appeared in the gate oxide layer, resulting in drain–gate channel damage.

Stress,Burnout,and Resilience:Are Teachers at Risk?

It is increasingly common to find alarming news related to tragic events occurring in schools around the world.Being able to deal with these situations without getting hurt is a task not suitable for everyone.In general,teachers are the ones who must deal with this type of situation in addition to other daily problems that appear in any classroom that make the level of stress to which they are subjected can become dangerous.This research aims to know the current situation of teachers in a region of southeastern Spain in terms of their level of work stress,resilience,and other associated variables,for which an ex post facto quantitative approach study was designed.For this purpose,an ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire,and questions based on the Teaching and Learning International Survey of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development,the Maslach Burnout Inventory,and the Brief Resilient Coping Scale were applied.The participating sample consisted of 470 teachers.The main findings were that 6%of teachers had burnout(high emotional exhaustion,high cynicism,and low professional effectiveness simultaneously).Resilience correlated inversely with stress,emotional exhaustion,cynicism,excessive teaching,and difficulty maintaining classroom discipline.In conclusion,knowing the needs of teachers allows us to reflect on what kind of prevention and intervention programs are necessary to improve the well-being of teachers and thus improve the quality of education.

Prevalence and Social Demographic Factors Associated with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Burnout and Compassion Satisfaction among Nurses at Selected Teaching Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia

Introduction: Nurses’ constant exposure to severe human suffering within constrained health care environments places them at risk for developing Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout. The current study therefore sought to establish the prevalence and social demographic factors associated with Secondary Traumatic Stress, Burnout and Compassion Satisfaction among Nurses working at selected Teaching Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. Methods: A correlational design employing a self-administered questionnaire adapted from version five of the Professional Quality of Life scale was used to collect data from 250 nurses drawn using proportional stratified sampling method. The resulting data were analyzed using version 23 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify predictors of Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout. Findings: Whilst the majority of respondents reported average levels of Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout, about a quarter reported high Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout scores at 23% and 26% respectively. Only 81 (32.4%) scored high on Compassion Satisfaction. Social demographic factors including;working in the main Intensive Care Unit, and being married accounted for the greatest variance in Secondary Traumatic Stress (R2 = 0.237, p Conclusion: Findings of the current study signify a need to institute measures to help nurses cope with the deleterious psychological effects of constant engagement with those in distress and to foster Compassion Satisfaction.

Occupational Burnout in Hospitals. A Population-Based Study among Health Professionals Working in Hellenic Red Cross Hospital

Occupational burnout, even though is a widespread subject of research, remains one of the factors that threaten the implementation and organizational structure of the provided health service. The aim of our study is to investigate the level of burnout among health professionals in Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, one of the biggest Public Hospitals in Athens, Greece. The study population included 116 health workers and was conducted in 2022. The present study, cross-sectional in nature, investigates burnout symptoms in the health-related professionals by measuring the three dimensions of burnout;emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal achievements. The overall findings show that people who provide health care services in hospitals are a vulnerable group to burnout syndrome. More specifically, it was found that emotional exhaustion moves at medium to high levels, as did depersonalization, while personal achievements are at moderate to low levels. The findings of the present study indicate that emphasis should be given to increasing the personal achievements of employees, which will in turn reduce emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Perhaps a more detailed study on this topic could enlighten us about the causes and treatment of burnout syndrome in health professionals.

A Survey on Pharmacists’ Job Burnout and Satisfaction during the COVID-19 Era

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak negatively impacted pharmacists who provided basic medical services by inducing anxiety and depression, thus, leading to medical errors. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the job burnout and satisfaction levels among hospital pharmacists during the period when China downgraded COVID-19 from a Category A disease to a Category B disease. Method: We selected pharmacists from several medical institutions in Yunnan Province as the subjects by using the general information questionnaire survey, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), and the Work Environment Scale-10 (WES-10). Results: After analyzing 461 questionnaires, the results showed that the age and marital status of the pharmacists displayed significant effects on their emotional exhaustion and sense of achievement, with younger pharmacists getting higher and lower scores for their tests on emotional exhaustion and sense of achievement, respectively (p Conclusion: Hence, it was concluded that the job burnout of pharmacists was at a low level during the period when China downgraded COVID-19 as a Category B disease from Category A.

“There Are Many Cases That You Carry with You That Leave Scars”: Burnout and Secondary Trauma among Pediatric Residents in Routine and Covid Times

The current research joins previous studies in examining post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and burnout among healthcare workers. The research focuses on the experiences of pediatric residents working in an emergency department both in normal times and during the Covid pandemic. Research conducted prior to and during the Covid pandemic outbreak shows negative psychological effects among healthcare workers. Most of that research was conducted within the positivistic-quantitative paradigm. The current study is qualitative and focuses on pediatric residents who provide medical services to a unique population in a peripheral region of Israel, namely the Bedouin-Arab population. The research questions are the following: What characterizes pediatric residents’ work, in general and during the pandemic? Do they show signs of burnout and secondary trauma? How do they perceive their work with the Bedouin-Arab population, especially during the pandemic? The study, conducted within the phenomenological genre, included 14 pediatric residents in a large hospital in Israel’s periphery. Semi-structured clinical interviews were employed, in addition to questionnaires that examined PTSD and burnout to enhance the reliability of the findings. The results show that all residents reported stressful incidents in which patients’ physical integrity was threatened. The residents described the special nature of the medical cases they treated in routine times and during the pandemic outbreak, which stems mostly from the specific characteristics the population of Israel’s periphery. While at the early stages of the pandemic, the residents experienced reduced work pressure, they reported substantial difficulties later in the crisis, which intensified their sense of physical and emotional stress. Most residents reported feeling inadequately prepared for dealing with traumatic events. According to the results, most residents displayed secondary trauma (12 participants in interviews and 11 in questionnaires), which can be classified into categories based on the DSM-5. In the interviews, all 14 participants reported various signs of burnout. The questionnaires indicated burnout symptoms among 10 participants. Giving a voice to pediatric residents, the study highlights the complexity of their routine work as well as their role during the Covid crisis. Based on the findings, recommendations have been made for policymakers. The study highlights the importance of raising awareness to the implications of the residents’ rough work conditions in routine and emergency times and to the need to develop social support and intervention programs that might improve their well-being during their professional work.

Burnout syndrome and anxiety among healthcare workers during global pandemics:An umbrella review

BACKGROUND Burnout syndrome and anxiety are two mental health symptoms experienced by healthcare workers(HCWs)that can be exacerbated during pandemics due to increased job demands and the global health workforce crisis.AIM To provide a comprehensive review and summary of evidence on burnout and anxiety in HCWs during previous global pandemics.METHODS A systematic search on electronic databases such as PubMed Central and MEDLINE was conducted to identify high-quality systematic review studies that reported on the prevalence of burnout and/or anxiety in HCWs during any previous global pandemic.RESULTS Twenty-four high quality systematic review articles were found to be suitable for inclusion.Twenty articles focused merely on Coronavirus disease 2019,while four articles examined multiple pandemics.Burnout was examined in nine articles,while anxiety was examined in the remaining 21 articles.Female HCWs and nurses were identified to be at a higher risk of developing burnout and anxiety during pandemic.We also observed a variation in the prevalence of burnouts and anxiety across different studies due to different mental health instruments were used in different studies.CONCLUSION Nurses and females HCWs had a high prevalence of burnout syndrome and anxiety during pandemic.More emphasis and attention should be paid to safeguarding the psychological well-being of these at-risk populations in the future pandemics.

The Influence of Self-esteem on College Students’Learning Burnout:A Mediation Model

We measured 324 college students’self-esteem,motivation for achievement,and learning burnout,and also we examined the inner mechanism of self-esteem’s influence on students’learning burnout.The results show:(1)There is a negative effect of self-esteem on college students’learning burnout;(2)Motivation of pursuing succeed plays partial mediating effect between self-esteem and learning burnout,but mediating effect of avoiding failure motivation between them is not significant.The study reveals that:the degree of learning burnout can be reduced by improving college students’level of self-esteem.

Burnout during pandemic COVID-19 in Saudi and non-Saudi nurses in King Abdulaziz hospital,Makkah

Background:COVID-19 put the global health system in a disastrous situation.Nursing plays a vital role in healthcare services.The ratio of burnout increased during this period.In the context of Saudi Arabia,nurses’whether these are Saudi or non-Saudi the burnout due to emotional exhaustion,depersonalization,and personal accomplishment,the situation of burnout could be there.It is,therefore,important to understand the phenomenon of nurse burnout and the factors that contribute to it.This study aims to understand burnout among nurses and the factors that affect nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods:The design of this study was quantitative cross-sectional and correlational.This study population included 255 nurses working in the King Abdulaziz hospital,Makkah,in 2021.Self-administered questionnaire(google forms)was distributed through email and WhatsApp.Statistical analysis system version 9.4 for data analysis and reporting.Result:Most of the nurse participants were in the age range 31-40,were females and were Saudi nationals.A Chi-square analysis showed a significant burnout level on the sub-scale of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment,while a partial burnout level was observed on the sub-scale of depersonalization.The level of burnout was higher and more significant among Saudi nurses compared to non-Saudi nationals.The impact of demographic variables on burnout showed that nationality,level of education,and duty type were the most influential and significant variables in burnout among Saudi and non-Saudi nurses.Conclusion:The findings indicated that nurses’burnout is higher during COVID-19 and is closely related to their working hours.In addition,when nurses are more nervous and depressed,a higher level of burnout will be witnessed.Since depression and frustration are influenced by working hours,attention should be given to this factor,focusing on interventions to alleviate the causes that lead to nurses’burnout.

A Study on the Factors Influencing Learning Burnout Among College Students in an Online Teaching Environment

With the advancement of economic globalization,mobile networks and media technology are developing rapidly.Media information is manufactured and spread at any time,and people can better understand global information with the help of the media.In the Internet era,college students,overwhelmed by complex information and a lack of information discernment,are susceptible to indulging in the curated online world presented by others.At the same time,negative information such as false,violent,and pornographic also spread rapidly in various media.These phenomena impact students’media literacy and affect their mental health,thereby leading to learning burnout.This study analyzes the current situation of learning burnout among university students,explores the effective path of improving online education of college students,and provides a theoretical basis for reducing the burnout of college students and assisting students in developing a positive mentality.

Analysis on the Reasons of Academic Burnout Among Chinese Adolescents(Revised)

Scholars have studied academic burnout and found that it negatively impacts students’mental health.The purpose of this paper is to explore the causes of academic burnout from both internal and external perspectives.Internal reasons include:the effect of perfectionism,individual mindfulness,and achievement goals hold by the students during their academic life.The external factors include parenting styles and the school environment.This paper concludes with suggestions to prevent academic burnout for future researchers and educators.

Is burnout a mediating factor between sharps injury and workrelated factors or musculoskeletal pain?

BACKGROUND Burnout,musculoskeletal pain,and sharps injuries(SIs)affect medical workers.AIM To establish a model between SIs,burnout,and the risk factors to assess the extent to which burnout affects SIs.METHODS This questionnaire was used for an observational and cross-sectional study,which was based on members at a hospital affiliated with a medical university in Taichung,Taiwan,in 2020.The valid responses constituted 68.5%(1734 of 2531).The items were drawn from the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and Copenhagen burnout inventory and concerned work experience,occupational category,presence of chronic diseases,sleep duration,overtime work,and work schedule.Factor analysis,chi-square test,Fisher exact test,Multiple linear,logistic regression and Sobel test were conducted.The present analyses were performed using SAS Enterprise Guide 6.1 software(SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC,United States),and significance was set at P<0.05.RESULTS Personal and work-related burnout ranks, sex, work experience ranks, occupationalgroups, drinking in the past month, sleep duration per day, presence ofchronic diseases, overtime work ranks, and work schedule were associated withSIs. Frequent upper limb and lower limb pain (pain occurring every day or once aweek) determined to be related to SIs. High personal burnout (> Q3) and highwork-related burnout (> Q3) mediated the relationship between SIs and frequentlower limb pain. Similarly, frequent lower limb pain mediated the relationship ofSIs with high personal and high work-related burnout. High personal and highwork-related burnout mediated the relationships of SIs with overtime work andirregular shift work. The mediating model provides strong evidence of anassociation between mental health and SIs.CONCLUSIONBurnout was determined to contribute to SIs occurrence;specifically, it mediatedthe relationships of SIs with frequent musculoskeletal pain, overtime work, andirregular shift work.

An Evaluation of Burnout among Foundation Doctors in Malta—A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Background: Postgraduate medical trainees are at an increased risk of burnout. Burnout has been defined as “a psychological condition of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment occurring in people persistently exposed to emotional and interpersonal stressors at work”. It can arise either from within the individual, from the medical profession itself or from healthcare organisations. Burnout is associated with mental health issues in trainees, impaired work performance and suboptimal patient outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the level of burnout among trainees of the Malta Foundation Programme. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study of three cohorts of the Malta Foundation Programme was conducted using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) to evaluate incidence of personal-, work-related and client related burnout. The cohorts were at 3 months, 1 year and 2 years of training respectively. The CBI was administered via Google Forms after ethical clearance. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric comparative statistics were used to analyse the results through SPSS v25.0. Results: A global response rate of 26.5% was achieved. CBI and its subscales showed good internal validity. High scores for burnout in all three scales were identified except for client-related burnout in First Year doctors. Burnout peaked midway through the 2-year period. High numbers reported “feeling “tired” and “physically exhausted”. Males reported more burnout than females. Conclusion: The high level of burnout so early in the career of Maltese postgraduate medical trainees is of concern. More studies are needed on the causality of this burnout and what factors are associated with burnout in this population.

No increase in burnout in health care workers during the initial COVID-19 outbreak:Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND For decades and before the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,for health care workers(HCWs)burnout can be experienced as an upsetting confrontation with their self and the result of a complex a multifactorial process interacting with environmental and personal features.AIM To literature review and meta-analysis was to obtain a comprehensive understanding of burnout and work-related stress in health care workers around the world during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS We performed a database search of Embase,Google Scholar and PubMed from June to October 2020.We analysed burnout risk factors and protective factors in included studies published in peer-reviewed journals as of January 2020,studying a HCW population during the first COVID-19 wave without any geographic restrictions.Furthermore,we performed a meta-analysis to determine overall burnout levels.We studied the main risk factors and protective factors related to burnout and stress at the individual,institutional and regional levels.RESULTS Forty-one studies were included in our final review sample.Most were crosssectional,observational studies with data collection windows during the first wave of the COVID-19 surge.Of those forty-one,twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis.Of the 27907 health care professionals who participated in the reviewed studies,70.4%were women,and two-thirds were either married or living together.The most represented age category was 31-45 years,at 41.5%.Approximately half of the sample comprised nurses(47.6%),and 44.4%were working in COVID-19 wards(intensive care unit,emergency room and dedicated internal medicine wards).Indeed,exposure to the virus was not a leading factor for burnout.Our meta-analytic estimate of burnout prevalence in the HCW population for a sample of 6784 individuals was 30.05%.CONCLUSION There was a significant prevalence of burnout in HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic,and some of the associated risk factors could be targeted for intervention,both at the individual and organizational levels.Nevertheless,COVID-19 exposure was not a leading factor for burnout,as burnout levels were not notably higher than pre-COVID-19 levels.