Temperature field distribution of burnt surrounding rock in UCG stope

In order to study temperature field distribution in burnt surrounding rock and to determine ranges of burnt surrounding rock, coal-wall coking cycle and heat influence in the underground coal gasification(UCG) stope, based on the Laplace transform and inversion formula, we studied the temperature analytical solution of one-dimensional unsteady heat conduction for multi-layer overlying strata under the first and the forth kinds of boundary conditions, and we also carried out a numerical simulation of twodimensional unsteady heat conduction by the COMSOL multiphysics. The results show that when the boundary temperature of surrounding rock has a linear decrease because of a directional movement of heat source in the UCG flame working face, the temperature in surrounding rock increases first and then decreases with time, the peak of temperature curve decreases gradually and its position moves inside surrounding rock from the boundary. In the surrounding rock of UCG stope, there is an envelope curve of temperature curve clusters. We analyzed the influence of thermophysical parameters on envelope curves and put forward to take envelope curve as the calculation basis for ranges of burnt surrounding rock, coal-wall coking cycle and heat influence. Finally, the concrete numerical values are given by determining those judgement standards and temperature thresholds, which basically tally with the field geophysical prospecting results.

Petrologic and REE Geochemical Characters of Burnt Rocks

The study of burnt rocks is beneficial to the discussion on the tectonic movement, paleoclimate and paleogeography that coal seams are subjected to after they were formed. In order to obtain the basic data on the features of the burnt rocks, a systematic study of petrology and REE geochemistry on burnt rocks in Shenmu, Northern Shaanxi Province has been done, using the methods of SEM, EDS, susceptibility measurements and ICP-MS. The burnt rocks are divided into two series in the section： the melted rocks and the baked rocks. SEM and EDS analyses reveal that all the minerals show burnt and melted traces, and there are no clay minerals except illite found in the burnt rocks. Susceptibility measurements reveal that the burnt rocks have abnormally high susceptibility values, whereas a geochemical analysis shows that the REE distribution pattern of burnt rocks is similar to that of sedimentary rocks （initial rocks）. In the longitudinal section, with increasing degree of burning （from baked rocks to melted rocks）, the ∑REE gradually decreases, and the total REE of melted rocks is obviously lower than that of baked rocks. Besides, the melted rocks show apparent negative Ce anomalies, while the baked rocks show no anomaly of Ce, and sometimes even show positive anomalies.

An improved algorithm for mapping burnt areas in the Mediterranean forest landscape of Morocco

The identification of burnt forests and their monitoring provide essential information for the suitable management and conservation of these ecosystems. This research focuses on the use of remote sensing with MODIS sensor data in a Mediterranean environment, precisely in the Rif region known for its high occurrence of forest fires and the largest burnt areas in Morocco. It mapped the burnt areas during the summer of 2016 using spectral indices from MODIS images, namely the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and the Burnt Area Index for MODIS (BAIM). Two field surveys were used to calibrate spectral indices and validate the maps. First, a monotemporal analysis using a single pre-fire image determined the appropriate threshold of the spectral indices (BAIM and NBR) for burn detecting. Secondly, a multitemporal method was applied based on dBAIM and dNBR images which represented pre-fire and postfire differences of the BAIM and NBR images, respectively. The results show that separate use of monotemporal postfire and multitemporal methods produced an overestimation of the burnt areas. Finally, we propose a new algorithm combining both methods for burnt area mapping that we name Burnt Area Algorithm. MCD45A1 and MCD64A1 MODIS burnt area products were compared to the proposed algorithm. Validation of the estimated burnt areas using reference data of the Moroccan High Commission for Water, Forests and Fight against Desertification showed satisfactory results using the proposed algorithm, with a determination coefficient of 0.68 and a root mean square error of 44.0 ha.

Adult with mass burnt lime aspiration: A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND Foreign body aspiration mainly occurs in children,which can cause a severe concurrent syndrome and even death without timely treatment.As a rare foreign body,aspiration of lime is seldom reported,and most cases involve a small amount of hydrated lime.Although the symptoms are usually severe,the prognosis is good after suitable treatment.Experience of treatment for lime aspiration is lacking,and this report provides novel evidence for treatment of mass burnt lime aspiration using bronchoscopy.CASE SUMMARY We report an adult with a large amount of burnt lime aspiration.Because of delay in clearance of the inhaled lime in the trachea and bronchus at the local hospital,he suffered several severe complications,including complete occlusion of the right primary bronchus,aeropleura,aerodermectasia,pneumomediastinum,secondary infection and hypoxemia at 4 d after injury.After transferring to our department,bronchoscopy was immediately carried out to clear the lime in the major airway,using foreign body forceps,biopsy forceps,puncture needle,and hairbrush.The patient’s condition recovered rapidly and at 3-months’follow-up,he demonstrated good recovery of the bronchus and lung parenchyma.CONCLUSION After mass lime aspiration,flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is suggested as early as possible,using clamping,flushing or cryotherapy.

Forest structure, diversity and regeneration in unburnt and burnt Anogeissus latifolia forests in Garhwal Himalayas

The present study was carried out at two different gradients of unbumt and burnt Anogeissus latifolia forest sites in the Garhwal region, India. At each gradient, the unburnt and burnt forest sites were further categorized into three different elevations, i.e., lower （700 m）, middle （850 m） and upper （1000 m）. At each elevation, the density of trees, saplings and seedlings was higher at the unburnt sites except for trees at the upper elevation which was higher at the burnt sites. The total basal area of each layer of for- est was also higher at the unburnt sites. The study revealed that the lower number of saplings and seedlings at the burnt forest sites might be due to the effect of fire. Most trees in the lower dbh classes were affected by forest fire at the burnt sites which reduced the total density and total basal area of the trees compared to the unburnt sites. The diversity of trees increased with increasing elevation. However, the diversity of saplings and seedlings reduced with increasing elevation.

Distributions of rare-earth elements in two Chinese coals and their burnt products

The concentrations of two fresh Chinese coals (lignitie and fatty coal ) from dif-ferent geological origin and the corresponding fly and bottom ashes were determined us-ing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). The ranges and means of concentrations of these elemennts were given. Based on the combustion simulating ex-periment in the one-dismensional boiler, the contents of REE (rare-earth element) of 18 samples in lignite, fatty coal and their fly and bottom ashes in different combustion condi-tion were determined, and geochemical feature of REE were analyzed.

民国初年百灵庙被焚考

在民国初年中国军队与外蒙古军队的战争中，内蒙古乌兰察布盟达尔罕旗的百灵庙被焚毁。关于起火原因及纵火者，至今众说纷纭。本文分析和研究了有关文献记载与故老忆述。

断路器合闸线圈、接触器烧毁现象分析及改进

断路器控制回路的合闸线圈、接触器烧毁现象是变电运行工作中经常遇到的普遍问题。在目前电网容量不断扩大、社会对电网安全可靠运行的要求日趋严格的情况下,此类问题易造成设备障碍、电气火灾事故以及对用户长时间、大面积的停电。通过对断路器合闸线圈、合闸接触器线圈烧毁现象的危害和原因进行分析讨论,从运行维护、设备检修等方面入手制定相应的防范和整改、技改措施,保证断路器操作的顺利进行。避免设备损坏和保证对用户的可靠、稳定供电。

因接地不良引起的二次设备烧毁事故

结合一起主变保护装置严重烧毁事故,对接地的重要性进行阐述。从事故现象入手,对断路器操作回路、保护装置电流回路、变电站接地网等进行细致的检查。综合分析上述回路和接地网出现的异常现象,经现场确认,得出结论:接地网出现脱焊造成主变地网与站地网解列运行,是导致二次设备严重烧毁的直接原因。

从产生火烧连营事故谈电网继电保护原理的问题

针对母线短路保护拒动和动作时间太长引起电站火烧连营事故,从高压电网的短路保护方式/保护整定时间/电流/灵敏度/选择性等方面,定量分析了目前继电保护原理以变压器后备过流保护作为短路主保护所存在的问题和症结。理出了应以瞬时速断为短路主保护,以短延时速断为短路后备保护,依据额定电流来整定消除保护死区,并举例说明。比目前国内外采用的三种母线短路保护方式都要简单经济和实用。

Enhanced strength in novel nanocomposites prepared by reinforcing graphene in red soil and fly ash bricks

Low-dimensional nanomaterials such as graphene can be used as a reinforcing agent in building materials to enhance the strength and durability. Common building materials burnt red soil bricks and fly ash bricks were reinforced with various amounts of graphene, and the effect of graphene on the strength of these newly developed nanocomposites was studied. The fly ash brick nanocomposite samples were cured as per their standard curing time, and the burnt red soil brick nanocomposite samples were merely dried in the sun instead of being subjected to the traditional heat treatment for days to achieve sufficient strength. The water absorption ability of the fly ash bricks was also discussed. The compressive strength of all of the graphene-reinforced nanocomposite samples was tested, along with that of some standard (without graphene) composite samples with the same dimensions, to evaluate the effects of the addition of various amounts of graphene on the compressive strength of the bricks.

Effect of fluxes on high iron and low silica sintering

Burnt lime and serpentine were incorporated into the sinter mix to improve high iron and low silica sinte-ring. Optimization of how to use burnt lime including dosage of burnt lime, moisture of sinter mix, hydrating andgranulation time was performed. Evaluations of sinter characteristics including sinter mineralogy, reducibility, lowtemperature reduction degradation, softening and melting down properties were carried out. Compared with the re-sults of traditional process in base case, the tumbling index (TI) is increased by 1.53%-2.33% through proportio-ning high ratio of burnt lime or adding serpentine in the sinter mix. It is shown that effective granulation, better per-meability and improved high temperature reactivity in the sinter bed are achieved, resulting in an increase in 3.13 %- 5.10% calcium ferrite occurring in acicular and columnar shape and decrease in glass phase, and with the reduc-ibility index(RI) being increased by 1.65%- 3.25%.

Fire-induced carbon emissions from tropical mixed broad-leaved forests of the Terai–Siwalik region,central Nepal

Forest fires are one of the major environmental issues globally.In Nepal,substantial amounts of forest biomass and carbon are lost due to fire.Nepal’s high value lowland forests are particularly vulnerable to fire.However,there are limited studies on the estimation of biomass loss and carbon emissions due to fire.Thus,this research addresses the information gap in the tropical mixed broad-leaved forests of Nawalparasi District.The forests were divided into three strata:Lower Tropical Sal Mixed Broad-leaved Forest,Hill Sal Forest and Riverine Forest,and from these four community-managed forests were selected for estimating above ground biomass.Ninety-two sample plots were set out for above ground biomass estimation in burnt and non-burnt areas.Forest fire incidences from 2001 to 2017 were acquired from the MODIS fire data.Forest biomass and carbon emissions were estimated using standard allometric equations.The fuel fraction consumed during the fire was estimated through field surveys during the forest fire season.The results show that every year,over 3158 ha of forests are burnt,resulting in some 1108 tons of carbon emissions,equivalent to approximately 4066 t CO_(2),2581 t CO and 1474 t CH4.Among the forests,the Hill Sal Forest was more vulnerable to fire.Forest management strategies,therefore,should include construction of fire lines and conservation ponds along with capacity building and raising awareness among local communities and stakeholders.

Disaster victim identification operations with fragmented,burnt,or commingled remains:experience-based recommendations

Human-made and natural disasters can result in severely fragmented,compromised,and commingled human remains.The related disaster victim identification(DVI)operations are invariably challenging,with the state of the remains potentially precluding some identifications.Practitioners involved in these DVI operations will routinely face logistical,practical,and ethical challenges.This review provides information and guidance derived from firsthand experiences to individuals tasked with managing DVI operations with fragmented human remains.We outline several key issues that should be addressed during disaster preparedness planning and at the outset of an operation,when incident-specific strategies are developed.Specific challenges during recovery and examination of fragmented remains are addressed,highlighting the importance of experienced specialists at the scene and in the mortuary.DNA sample selection and sampling techniques are reviewed,as well as downstream effects of commingling and contamination,which can complicate reconciliation and emphasise the need for rigorous quality control.We also touch on issues that may arise during communication with families.While recommendations are provided,they are not intended as proscriptive policy but rather as an addition to the general recommendations given in the International Criminal Police Organization(INTERPOL)DVI Guide,to inform preparative discussions between government officials,judiciary,police,and forensic specialists.

Preparation and Metallurgical Analysis of High Activity Burnt Lime for Steelmaking

Burnt lime is an important material in steelmaking and its activity degree is a key factor for liquid steel quality. The burnt lime was made by the calcination of limestone in a high pressure electric furnace. The burnt lime mineralogical phases and micro-morphologies were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and field emission scan- ning electron microscopy （FE-SEM）. The burnt lime activity degree was determined by acid-base titration, the burnt lime pore distribution was measured by mercury intrusion porosimetry （MIP）, and the thermal effect of a mixture of burnt lime and slag was measured by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. The results showed that the CaO grain size and pore size of burnt lime made under high pressure were larger than those of burnt lime made under atmos- pheric pressure. The CaO grain size and pore size increased and the laminate phenomenon also occurred clearly under high pressure. The activity degree of burnt lime made under high pressure was greater than that made under atmos- pheric pressure. The maximum activity degree was 437 mL for burnt lime made under a pressure of 0.4 MPa. For the same ratio of CaO to SiOz, the melting temperature, hemisphere temperature and fluidity temperature of slag decreased with increasing burnt lime activity degree. The higher the activity degree the burnt lime had, the better the slag forming occurred. It was advantageous for -2CaO · SiO2 and 3CaO · SiO2 forming at lower temperatures if the burnt lime activity degree was increased.

Burnt Rubber

Driving away Chinese tires has not benefited the U.S. tire industry, but has harmed their trade ties Two years after imposing punitive tariffs on Chinese-manufactured passenger vehicle and truck tires, the United States may launch a new round against truck and bus tires imported from China, reported 21st Century Business Herald based in Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong Province.

“江陵焚书”与《金楼子》几个问题的研究

历代史籍对梁元帝萧绎"江陵焚书"卷数的记载存在歧异,通过比较分析相关史料,认为"江陵焚书"十四万卷为确切之数。以此伸展分析,《梁书》、《南史》、《隋书》及《志》不载和散见《金楼子》是因为在唐史馆臣在编修贞观诸史时未见《金楼子》一书。《金楼子》复出的时间约在唐中、晚时期(约八至九世纪),两宋时期已入秘府收藏。探讨"江陵焚书"的卷数,还有助于明晰当代历史文献学对这一图书厄难史实的歧异。

Extreme fire weather is the major driver of severe bushfires in southeast Australia

In Australia,the proportion of forest area that burns in a typical fire season is less than for other vegetation types.However,the 2019-2020 austral spring-summer was an exception,with over four times the previous maximum area burnt in southeast Australian temperate forests.Temperate forest fires have extensive socio-economic,human health,greenhouse gas emissions,and biodiversity impacts due to high fire intensities.A robust model that identifies driving factors of forest fires and relates impact thresholds to fire activity at regional scales would help land managers and fire-fighting agencies prepare for potentially hazardous fire in Australia.Here,we developed a machine-learning diagnostic model to quantify nonlinear relationships between monthly burnt area and biophysical factors in southeast Australian forests for 2001-2020 on a 0.25°grid based on several biophysical parameters,notably fire weather and vegetation productivity.Our model explained over 80%of the variation in the burnt area.We identified that burnt area dynamics in southeast Australian forest were primarily controlled by extreme fire weather,which mainly linked to fluctuations in the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)and Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD),with a relatively smaller contribution from the central Pacific El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO).Our fire diagnostic model and the non-linear relationships between burnt area and environmental covariates can provide useful guidance to decision-makers who manage preparations for an upcoming fire season,and model developers working on improved early warning systems for forest fires.

Development and prospects of the fire space monitoring system in Kazakhstan

This article provides a brief description of the fire space monitoring system in Kazakhstan, including the GIS-technology incorporated in its structure. The system performs operative space monitoring of fire areas and burnt areas, mapping of large fire areas, analysis of seasonal and long-term dynamics of burnt areas, and estimation of fire risk zones. Examples of output information obtained from space monitoring of fires are given. Possible directions of development of fire space monitoring in Kazakhstan are specified.

WORLD

RUSSIA The burnt fuselage of an Aeroflot SSJ-100 passenger plane is seen on the tarmac at Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow on May 6. Forty-one deaths were reported after the plane caught fire before making an emergency landing.