Analysis for Effects of Temperature Rise of PV Modules upon Driving Distance of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaic Electric Vehicles

The development of vehicle integrated photovoltaics-powered electric vehicles (VIPV-EV) significantly reduces CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of VIPV-EV without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV-EV is affected by climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules. In this paper, detailed analytical results for effects of climate conditions such as solar irradiation and temperature rise of PV modules upon driving distance of the VIPV-EV were presented by using test data for Toyota Prius and Nissan Van demonstration cars installed with high-efficiency InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs 3-junction solar cell modules with a module efficiency of more than 30%. The temperature rise of some PV modules studied in this study was shown to be expressed by some coefficients related to solar irradiation, wind speed and radiative cooling. The potential of VIPV-EV to be deployed in 10 major cities was also analyzed. Although sunshine cities such as Phoenix show the high reduction ratio of driving range with 17% due to temperature rise of VIPV modules, populous cities such as Tokyo show low reduction ratio of 9%. It was also shown in this paper that the difference between the driving distance of VIPV-EV driving in the morning and the afternoon is due to PV modules’ radiative cooling. In addition, the importance of heat dissipation of PV modules and the development of high-efficiency PV modules with better temperature coefficients was suggested in order to expand driving range of VIPV-EV. The effects of air-conditioner usage and partial shading in addition to the effects of temperature rise of VIPV modules were suggested as the other power losses of VIPV-EV.

Effect of rapidly depressurizing and rising temperature on methane hydrate dissociation

Two methods, rapidly depressurizing to 0.1 MPa at a constant temperature and rising temperature under equilibrium P, T conditions, were used to study the dissociation of pure CH4 hydrate formed below the ice point. At a constant temperature with rapidly depressurizing to 0.1 MPa, CH4 hydrate dissociated rapidly at initial dissociation and then the dissociation rate gradually decreased. However, the dissociation of CH4 hydrate at temperatures of 261 to 266 K was much faster than that at temperatures of 269 to 272 K, indicating its anomalous preservation. Under an equilibrium P, T conditions, rising temperature had extensively controlling impact on dissociation of CH4 hydrate at equilibrium pressures of 2.31, 2.16 and 1.96 MPa. In this study, we report the effect of pressure on CH4 hydrate dissociation, especially the effect of equilibrium pressure on dissociation at various melting temperatures. And we find that the ice particles size of CH4 hydrate formed may dominant the CH4 hydrate dissociation. Dissociation of CH4 hydrate formed from ice particles of smaller than 250 μm may not have an anomalous preservation below the ice point, while particles larger than 250 μm may have more extensive anomalous preservation.

Influence of Particles on the Loading Capacity and the Temperature Rise of Water Film in Ultra-high Speed Hybrid Bearing

Ultra-high speed machining technology enables high efficiency, high precision and high integrity of machined surface. Previous researches of hybrid bearing rarely consider influences of solid particles in lubricant and ultra-high speed of hybrid bearing, which cannot be ignored under the high speed and micro-space conditions of ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing. Considering the impact of solid particles in lubricant, turbulence and temperature viscosity effects of lubricant, the influences of particles on pressure distribution, loading capacity and the temperature rise of the lubricant film with four-step-cavity ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing are presented in the paper. The results show that loading capacity of the hybrid bearing can be affected by changing the viscosity of the lubricant, and large particles can improve the bearing loading capacity higher. The impact of water film temperature rise produced by solid particles in lubricant is related with particle diameter and minimum film thickness. Compared with the soft particles, hard particles cause the more increasing of water film temperature rise and loading capacity. When the speed of hybrid bearing increases, the impact of solid particles on hybrid bearing becomes increasingly apparent, especially for ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing. This research presents influences of solid particles on the loading capacity and the temperature rise of water film in ultra-high speed hybrid bearings, the research conclusions provide a new method to evaluate the influence of solid particles in lubricant of ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing, which is important to performance calculation of ultra-high speed hybrid bearings, design of filtration system, and safe operation of ultra-high speed hybrid bearings.

Feasibility Research of Using Phase Change Materials to Reduce the Inner Temperature Rise of Mass Concrete

In order to evaluate the feasibility of using phase change materials to reduce the inner temperature rise of mass concrete, the interior temperature of normal concrete specimen under semi-adiabatic curing condition was measured. The effect of embedding phase change material(PCM) and replacing water with suspension of phase change material(SPCM) as cooling fluid were compared in the experiment. The cooling effect and the affecting factors were analyzed and calculated. The research results showed that the peak of inner temperature could be decreased obviously by the method of pre-embeding PCM in concrete, however, this method is only effective in the initial stage of cement hydration process. Besides, the volume of PCM is rather big and the PCM can not be used circularly, which means that this method can only be used under special condition and the feasibility is low. When SPCM was used as cooling fluid, the interior temperature rise of mass concrete was reduced more effectively, and the temperature grads peak around the cooling pipe was also reduced. Besides, both the SPCM consumption amount and the circulation time were decreased, and most important is that the SPCM is recyclable. The technical and economical feasibility of using SPCM to reduce the inner temperature rise of mass concrete is high.

Response of N_2O Emissions of Farmland Ecosystem on Temperature Rising

[Objective] The aim was to study on response of N2O emissions of farm- land ecosystem on temperature rising. [Methed] In farmland ecosystem in Huaibei City in Anhui Province, N2O emission by twelve varieties of crop on temperature was researched with DeNitrification-DeComposition （NDC）. [Result] Response of dry- land crop on temperature rising can be divided into three categories, as follows： The first category, N2O emission of crop changed little during the temperature increasing, for example, from 0 to 3 %;, the emissions by potatoes, cotton, maize and rapeseed increased little and decreased little when temperature changed from 1.5 to 3 ℃. Crops of the second category declined with temperature increasing in N2O emission, for example, N2O emission decreased by 8.1% with temperature increasing from 0 to 3 ℃, including sugar cane, tobacco, wheat, soybean and pea. In third category, N2O emission of crop grew with temperature increasing, for example, the emission of rice, vegetables and fruit trees increased by 22.8% when the temperature grew from 0 to 3 ℃. [Conclusion] The research indicated that N2O emission in ecosystem of drv farmland increased little with temoerature risina.

Estimation of Critical Rate of Temperature Rise for Thermal Explosion of First Order Autocatalytic Decomposition Reaction Systems by Using Non-isothermal DSC

A method of estimating the critical rate of temperature rise for the thermal explosion of first order autocatalytic decomposition reaction systems by using non-isothermal DSC is presented. The information was obtained on the increasing rate of temperature for the first order autocatalytic decomposition of nitrocellulose containing 13.86% nitrogen converting into the thermal explosion.

Auto-Test on Motor Temperature Rising in Electric Vehicles with Mutual MRAS

A new method to calculate the motor temperature rising in electric vehicle （EV） is proposed based on the stator resistance identification. The measure theory of the motor temperature rising with the stator resistance is discussed at first. An enhanced magnetism motor dynamic math model is built which is the research object. Then the resistance identification system model is built on the mutual model reference adaptive,system （MRAS） theory. The simulation diagram of the mutual MRAS model is constructed and the resistance identification performance is studied in different motor states. Simulation results indicate that the stator resistance identification model with the mutual MRAS is effective. At the same time, the identification of motor temperature rising is possible with the identification of the stator resistance.

Physical, Psychological, and Social Health Impact of Temperature Rise Due to Urban Heat Island Phenomenon and Its Associated Factors

The Urban Heat Island Effect（UHI）has now become a commonly observed phenomenon worldwide.Indeed,it has become a significant environmental effect of urbanisation.In Malaysia,research results showed that UHI effects are very evident in several cities such as Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.UHI effect has long been observed to cause temperature of cities.

Effects of rising temperature on growth and energy budget of juvenile Eogammarus possjeticus(Amphipoda:Anisogammaridae)

Growth and energy budget of marine amphipod juvenile Eogammarus possjeticus at different temperatures(20℃,24℃,26℃,28℃,30℃,32℃ and 34℃)were investigated in this study.The results showed that the cumulative mortality rate increased significantly with rising temperature(p<0.01),and exceeded 50%after 24 h when temperature was above 30℃.With the temperature increasing from 20℃ to 26℃,the ingestion rate and absorption rate increased,but decreased significantly above 28℃(p<0.01),indicating a decline in feeding ability at high temperatures.The specific growth rate increased with rising temperature,but decreased significantly(p<0.01)after reaching the maximum value at 24℃.Similarly,the oxygen consumption and ammonia emission rates also showed a trend of first increase and then decrease.However,the O:N ratio decreased first and then increased with rising temperature,indicating that the energy demand of E.possjeticus juvenile transferred from metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid to protein.In the energy distribution of amphipods,the proportion of each energy is different.With rising temperature,the ratio of the energy deposited for growth accounted for ingested gross energy showing a trend of decrease,while the energy lost to respiration,ammonia excretion,and feces accounted for ingested gross energy being showed a trend of increase.It seemed that rising temperature increased the metabolism and energy consumption of the amphipods and,meanwhile,decreased the energy used for growth,which may be an important reason for the slow growth and small body size of the amphipods during the summer high-temperature period.

The Method for Measuring the Loop Resistance and the Temperature Rise Calculation of GIS Conductor Pole

This paper studies the method for measuring the loop resistance of GIS conductor pole based on the super capacitor producing impulse current up to several thousand amperes. This method overcomes the limitations of conventional diagnostic method. Typical GIS conductor poles are chosen. Based on FEA and lab tests, the effect of different forms of current and contact condition, relationship between the temperature of contact and the loop resistance is researched. In full- scale testing under realistic operating conditions on the new 220 kV GIS using prototype instrumentation a very good sensitivity in an early stage was obtained.

Numerical analysis of temperature rise within 70MPa composite hydrogen vehicle cylinder during fast refueling

The numerical simulation model for predicting fast filling process of 70 MPa type Ⅲ(with metal liner) hydrogen vehicle cylinder was presented,which has considered turbulence,real gas effect and solid heat transfer issues.Through the numerical analysis method,the temperature distributions of the gas within the solid walls were revealed; adiabatic filling was studied to evaluate the heat dissipation during the filling; the influences of various filling conditions on temperature rise were analyzed in detail.Finally,cold filling was proposed to evaluate the effect on temperature rise and SoC(state of charge) within the cylinder.The hydrogen pre-cooling was proved to be an effective solution to reduce maximum temperature and acquire higher SoC during the filling process.

Analysis and Calculation for Heating and Temperature Rise of Magnetic Levitation Device

准确的热分析是磁悬浮系统电磁装置优化设计、防止过热的前提。提出了基于等效热路模型的电磁装置发热及温升计算方法,并与基于＂场＂的仿真分析结果进行比较,验证其正确性。首先,利用ANSYS软件建立电磁装置的瞬态温度场模型,并将装置中动铁心随大轴旋转时与空气产生的风摩擦损耗包含在模型中,通过仿真分析,得到电磁装置温度分布;然后,通过对散热路径的分析建立了电磁装置的等效热路模型,从＂路＂的角度计算出本电磁装置各位置的温升;最后,将基于＂路＂的计算结果与基于＂场＂的仿真结果进行了比较分析,各部分温升误差均在允许范围内,验证了等效热路模型计算电磁装置发热及温升方法的准确性和可行性。在基于＂场＂和＂路＂的两种分析中,均考虑了电阻率随温升的变化,散热分析中均计及了导热系数和对流散热系数随温度的变化。

A THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE RISE(TR) IN PIPELINE OF COOL-SUPPLY SYSTEM

In the design of cool-supply system, the temperature rise of cooling water pipeline is usually determined by experience, but not calculated. In gcnacral, the temperature rise is 1℃ for cooling water supply pipes and 0.5℃ for return pipes. The calculated results of TR according to classical approaches of thermodynamics are smaller than the tested data. This paper has analysed the causes that affect the temperature rise in detail. The heat transfer of pipe wall and the pressure drop in pipeline are two main factors. Besides, the paper gives another five factors as follows: 1. The heat radiation from the sun to pipelines; 2. The increased heat transfer due to the water condensation around the outer wall of pipelines; 3. For the underground pipelines, the existing unstable heat transfer; 4. The effects of insulation material as well as the installed quality of insulation layer; 5.The additional cool loss produced by the accessories, such as valves, brace etc. According to the above analysis, the paper

On-line Temperature Rise Measurement of Submersible Motors

A new approach to the on-line temperature rise measurement of submersible pump's motors is presented. A new method of power supply and signed transmission for the measurement device in the pump well is also put forward here. The design and some experimental results are given.

Multi-powder dam concrete with high performance and low adiabatic temperature rise

Based on the fluidity, strength, heat of hydration and loop crack resistance experiment of multi-powder paste, the components and proportion of multi-powder were optimized and the concrete properties were studied. The multi-powder consists of limestone powder, slag, fly ash and moderate heat Portland cement (PMH cement). The results show that the compressive strength of the multi-powder paste and mortar is close to those of PMH cement, fly ash paste and mortar currently used in dam concrete, yet the flexural strength is relatively higher. The multi-powder paste is featured by larger fluidity, lower heat of hydration and delayed cracking time. In comparison, less unit water consumption and cement is used in multi-powder concrete, and under premise of equal mechanical performance, deformation, thermal performance and durability, the adiabatic temperature rise at 28 d is reduced by 2 ℃. In this way, the crack resistance is improved and it is feasible both technically and economically to produce HPC for dam concrete.

Study on Carburizing and Temperature Rising of the Semi-Steel Melt with Plasma Heating

Experiments were carried out on carburizing and temperature rising of the semi steel melt in a plasma induction furnace.Influence of many factors, such as power supply mode,position of the plasma torch and bottom blown gas stirring,on heating efficiency and melt temperature distribution was studied. Melt temperature could be effectively controlled by plasma heating,and carbon content of semi steel melt increased from 1.92 % to 4.58 %, and the utilization rate of carbon reached up to 61.57 % during carburizing of the melt.

A MODIFIED THERMAL VISCOPLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE LAW INVOLVING THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE RISE RATE

At high temperature rise rate, the mechanical properties of 10 # steel were determined experimentally in a very wide range of temperature and strain rates. A new constitutive relationship was put forward, which can fit with the experimental results and describe various phenomena observed in our experiments. Meanwhile, some interesting characteristics about the temperature rise rate, strain and strain rate hardening and thermal softening are also shown in this paper. Finally, the reliability of the constitutive law and the correctness of the constitutive parameters were verified by comparing the calculation results with the experimental data.

Method of temperature rising velocity and threshold control of electron beam brazing

In order to accommodate electron beam to the brazing of the joints with various curve shapes and the brazing of thermo sensitive materials, the method of electron beam scanning and brazing temperature control was developed, in which electron beam was controlled to scan according to predefined scanning track, and the actual temperature rising velocity of the brazed seam was lim- ited in an allowed scope by detecting the brazed seam temperature, calculating the temperature rising velocity and adjusting the beam current during the brazing process; in addition, through the setting of the highest allowed temperature, the actual temperature of the brazed seam could be controlled not exceeding the threshold set value, and these two methods could be employed alone or jointly. It is shown that high precision temperature control in electron beam brazing could be realized and the productivity be increased by the proposed method.

Analysis of Temperature Rise in High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Traction Motors by Coupling the Equivalent Thermal Circuit Method and Computational Fluid Dynamics

To solve the problem of temperature rise caused by the high power density of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous traction motors,the temperature rise of various components in the motor is analyzed by coupling the equivalent thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics.Also,a cooling strategy is proposed to solve the problem of temperature rise,which is expected to prolong the service life of these devices.First,the theoretical bases of the approaches used to study heat transfer and fluid mechanics are discussed,then the fluid flow for the considered motor is analyzed,and the equivalent thermal circuit method is introduced for the calculation of the temperature rise.Finally,the stator,rotor loss,motor temperature rise,and the proposed cooling method are also explored through experiments.According to the results,the stator temperature at 50,000 r/min and 60,000 r/min at no-load operation is 68℃ and 76℃,respectively.By monitoring the temperature of the air outlets inside and outside the motor at different speeds,it is also found that the motor reaches a stable temperature rise after 65 min of operation.Coupling of the thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics is a strategy that can provide the average temperature rise of each component and can also comprehensively calculate the temperature of each local point.We conclude that a hybrid cooling strategy based on axial air cooling of the inner air duct of the motor and water cooling of the stator can meet the design requirements for the ventilation and cooling of this type of motors.

Three-Dimensional Mantle Flow and Temperature Structure Beneath the Shatsky Rise Ridge-Ridge-Ridge Triple Junction

The Shatsky Rise ridge-ridge-ridge triple junction is an ancient triple junction in the Western Pacific Ocean whose initial geodynamic process is poorly understood and can only be inferred based on indirect geological and geophysical constraints.In this paper,we present three-dimensional numerical models that simulate the Shatsky Rise triple junction and calculate its coupled mantle flow and temperature structure.The mantle flow velocity field shows several distinctive features:1)stronger mantle upwelling closer to the ridge axis and triple junction;2)greater upwelling velocity at the faster-spreading ridges;and 3)the most significant increase in upwelling velocity for the slowest-spreading ridge toward the triple junction.The calculated mantle temperature field also reveals distinctive characteristics:1)sharp increases in the mantle temperature with depth and increases toward the spreading ridges and triple junction;2)the faster-spreading ridges are associated with higher temperatures at depth and identical distances from the triple junction;and 3)the slowest-spreading ridge shows the greatest increase in the along-ridge-axis temperature toward the triple junction.Compared to many present-day triple junctions with slower spreading rates,the along-ridge-axis velocity and thermal fields of the Shatsky Rise are more altered due to the presence of the triple junction.