Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar pure copper/1350 aluminum alloy butt joints by friction stir welding

The dissimilar friction stir welding of pure copper/1350 aluminum alloy sheet with a thickness of 3 mm was investigated. Most of the rotating pin was inserted into the aluminum alloy side through a pin-off technique, and sound welds were obtained at a rotation speed of 1000 r/min and a welding speed of 80 mm/min. Complicated microstructure was formed in the nugget, in which vortex-like pattern and lamella structure could be found. No intermetallic compounds were found in the nugget. The hardness distribution indicates that the hardness at the copper side of the nugget is higher than that at the aluminum alloy side, and the hardness at the bottom of the nugget is generally higher than that in other regions. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the dissimilar welds are 152 MPa and 6.3%, respectively. The fracture surface observation shows that the dissimilar joints fail with a ductile-brittle mixed fracture mode durin~ tensile test.

Wettability, microstructure and properties of 6061 aluminum alloy/304 stainless steel butt joint achieved by laser-metal inert-gas hybrid welding-brazing

Laser-metal inert-gas(MIG)hybrid welding-brazing was applied to the butt joint of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and 304 stainless steel.The microstructure and mechanical properties of the joint were studied.An excellent joint-section shape was achieved from good wettability on both sides of the stainless steel.Scanning electron microscopy,energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry indicated an intermetallic compound(IMC)layer at the 6061-T6/304 interface.The IMC thickness was controlled to be^2μm,which was attributed to the advantage of the laser-MIG hybrid method.Fe3Al dominated in the IMC layer at the interface between the stainless steel and the back reinforcement.The IMC layer in the remaining regions consisted mainly of Fe4Al13.A thinner IMC layer and better wettability on both sides of the stainless steel were obtained,because of the optimized energy distribution from a combination of a laser beam with a MIG arc.The average tensile strength of the joint with reinforcement using laser-MIG hybrid process was improved to be 174 MPa(60%of the 6061-T6 tensile strength),which was significantly higher than that of the joint by traditional MIG process.

Fatigue life analysis of SMA490BW steel welded butt joint for train bogie based on ABAQUS/FE-SAFE

Stress concentration has a significant effect on fatigue properties of welded butt joint of bogie.The influences of joint geometric parameters {weld edge transition arc radius r,weld toe inclination angle θ） on stress concentration coefficient Kt at weld toe and fatigue life N were studied based on the finite element software ABAQUS/FE-SAFE,and the parametric equations were founded based on regression analysis of Origin software.The results show that weld edge transition arc radius r plays the most important role in stress concentration coefficient Kt as well as weld toe inclination angle 0.For the same inclination angle θ,stress concentration coefficient Kt decreases gradually with transition arc radius r increasing.With inclination angle θ increases,the effect of transition arc radius r on stress concentration factor Kt is increasing continuously,also the effect of change in stress concentration coefficient Kt caused by r on fatigue life N is increasing continuously.While in the case of same weld edge transition arc radius r,stress concentration coefficient Kt increases with inclination angle θincreasing.With transition arc radius r increases,the effect of inclination angle θ on stress concentration factor Kt is decreasing constantly,the effect of change in stress concentration coefficient Kt caused by θ on fatigue life N is decreasing constantly.The associated parametric equations have important instructive significance for the improvement of stress concentration degree and fatigue life of welded butt joint for train bogie.

Experimental Study on the Bending Properties of Grouting Butt Joints Reinforced by Steel Plate Embedded in Bamboo Tube

The construction of grouting butt joints of bamboo tubes is simple and efficient.However,when the joint is bent,the low tensile strength of the mortar easily leads to cracking of the mortar prior to the failure of the bamboo tube.In this paper,a comparative test of the bending capacity was performed on grouting butt joints reinforced by nonperforated,fully perforated,and semiperforated steel plates embedded in bamboo tubes to obtain the loaddisplacement curves and ultimate bearing capacity of various specimens.The strengthening effect of CFRP pasted on bamboo tubes was also studied.The results show that the opening at the end of the steel plate is beneficial to resist the slip between the mortar and steel plate,while the complete section in the middle of the steel plate is conducive to making full use of the tensile strength of the steel plate.Therefore,it is best to insert the semiperforated steel plate with openings in the end and without openings in the middle into the mortar to enhance the bending properties of the grouting butt joint,which can make the failure mode of the joint change from brittle failure of mortar to ductile compression failure of bamboo tube.In addition,pasting CFRP sheets on the external wall of the bamboo tube helps to reduce the tensile stress of the mortar,while increasing the width of the steel plate can increase the bending moment of inertia of the mixture of the steel plate and mortar.These two complementary measures are very effective in delaying the cracking of the bamboo tube and improving the bending capacity of the joint.

Fatigue properties of friction stir welded butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy

The fatigue properties of friction stir welded （FSW） butt joint and base metal of MB8 magnesium alloy were investigated. The comparative fatigue tests were carried out using EHF-EM2OOK2-070-IA fatigue testing machine for both FSW butt joint and base metal specimens. The fatigue fractures were observed and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope of JSM-6063LA type. The experimental results show that the fatigue performance of the FSW butt joint of MB8 magnesium alloy is sharply decreased. The conditional fatigue limit （2 x 106） of base metal and welded butt joint is about 77.44 MPa and 49. 91 MPa, respectively. The conditional fatigue limit （2 x 106 ） of the welded butt joint is 64.45% of that of base metal. The main reasons are that the welding can lead to stress concentration in the flash area, tensile welding residual stress in the welded joint（ The residual stress value was 30. 5 MPa）, as well as the grain size is not uniform in the heat-affected zone. The cleavage steps or quasi-cleavage patterns present on the fatigue fracture surface, the fracture type of the FSW butt joint belongs to a brittle fracture.

Influence of geometric parameters on stress concentration factors of undermatched butt joint with single V-groove under three-point bending load

In order to improve the bending load-carrying capacity （BLCC） of undermatched butt joint under three-point bending load, the influence of joint geometric parameters on stress concentration factors （SCF） at the weld bottom center and the weld toe of uudermatched butt joint with single V-groove are studied respectively based on the finite element method in this paper. Results show that the reinforcement height and the cover pass width play decisive role in the BLCC for undermatched butt joint. BLCC of undermatched butt joint can be improved by choosing the appropriate joint geometric parameters.

Experimental investigation on tensile strength of butt welded joint post high temperatures

In order to investigate the laws of variation on tensile strength of butt welded joint post high temperatures, the wide plate tension tests for butt welded joint were conducted after cooling down from different high temperatures. The tests indicate that specimens appear ductile fracture at the steel plate during the tension tests after cooling down. The maximum temperatures undergone and the cooling pattern are major factors influencing tensile strength of butt welded joint post high temperatures. The tensile strength mostly reduces by 8% within 900℃. Based on the experimental results, the paper proposes the calculation formulas of tensile strength of butt welded joint post high temperatures. The conclusions of the paper supply references for evaluation damage and reinforcement of steel structure post fire.

The influence of joint geometric parameters on shape factor of butt joint with center through crack

In this research, the influence of such joint geometric parameters as weld width and reinforcement on shape ~actor of butt joint with center crack subjected to static loading was investigated by finite element analyses method. According to the analytical resuhs, a well fracture resistant joint shape of butt joint with center crack has been approved.

1.5μm Self-Aligned Spotsize Converter Integrated DFB Fabricated by Selective Area Grown MOVPE

High performance 1 57μm spotsize converter monolithically integrated DFB is fabricated by the technique of self aligned selective area growth.The upper optical confinement layer and the butt coupled tapered thickness waveguide are regrown simultaneously,which not only offeres the separated optimization of the active region and the integrated spotsize converter,but also reduces the difficulty of the butt joint selective regrowth.The threshold current is as low as 4 4mA.The output power at 49mA is 10 1mW.The side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is 33 2dB.The vertical and horizontal far field divergence angles are as small as 9° and 15° respectively,the 1dB misalignment tolerance are 3 6μm and 3 4μm.

Texture and mechanical properties of metal inert gas welded 6082-T651 aluminum alloy joints

Metal inert gas(MIG)welding was conducted with 12 mm thick 6082-T651 aluminum alloy plate to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joint.The microstructure and element distribution of weld seam were characterized by electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD)and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).The weld seam has typical cube texture({001}<100>)characteristics.The closer to the center of weld seam,the weaker the texture feature,the higher the proportion of high-angle grain boundaries.The average tensile strength of joint was 232 MPa which is up to 72%of 6082 aluminum alloy base metal,and the bending angle for the root bend test sample reached 90°without cracks.The lack of strengthening phase and the existence of welding pores and inclusions in the weld seam caused the degradation of mechanical properties of resultant joint.The microhardness increased from the weld center to the base metal,but the overaging zone caused by welding thermal cycle was softening part of the joint,which had lower hardness than the weld seam.

Four distributed feedback laser array integrated with multimode-interference and semiconductor optical amplifier

Monolithic integration of four 1.55-μm-range InGaAsP/InP distributed feedback （DFB） lasers using varied ridge width with a 4 x 1-multimode-interference （MMI） optical combiner and a semiconductor optical amplifier （SOA） is demon- strated. The average output power and the threshold current are 1.8 mW and 35 mA, respectively, when the injection current of the SOA is 100 mA, with a side mode suppression ratio （SMSR） exceeding 40 dB. The four channels have a 1-nm average channel spacing and can operate separately or simultaneously.

Improving fatigue performance of welded joints of X65 pipeline steel by UIT

Treating weld toes properly can improve the fatigue performance. Ultrasonic impact treatment （UIT） is a more effective and convenient method to enhance the fatigue strength of welded joints and suchlike structures. Fatigue tests were conducted on the specimens made of X65 pipeline steel. The test specimens were investigated on the fatigue strength and the fatigue life at the same stress range level by comparing the ones peened by UIT with the others without the treatment： the fatigue strength of the specimens as UIT, 90% of the fatigue strength of the base mental, is increased by 38% compared with that of as welded only; the fatigue life of the ones as UIT is prolonged by 11 multiples of the ones as welded only.

Study of closure welded joint between penstock and spiral case

In this paper, the closure-welded joint is studied through experiment after canceling telescopic joint of penstock in the hydropower station at dam toe. The closure-welded joint includes butt joint and lap joint and each has its own characteristics. According to calculation and experiment, these two joints can meet the requirements of design. There are little axial contraction and low restraint stress in the lap joint. Using some technologies, the restraint stress in butt joint can be reduced and cracks can be prevented. The lap joint has more complex stress distribution and higher stress concentration factor than butt joint. It is advantageous for safe running of penstock to use butt joint.

Fiber cladding SPR bending sensor characterized by two parameters

A fiber cladding surface plasmon resonance(SPR)bending sensor is realized by the cladding of the fiber structure.By employing coating film,the sensing zone is protected and the toughness of the sensor increases.Three different sensing probes are tested,the experiment results indicate that the two parameters(wavelength sensitivity and light intensity sensitivity)sensing performances of the eccentric butt joint structures are superior to that of hetero-core structure,and the SPR bending sensor based on hetero-core structure is stable and uneasy to damage.By employing hetero-core fiber and silver film,a fiber cladding SPR bending sensor with better stabilization and sensing performance is realized.The proposed fabricating method of sensing probe with coating film provides a new approach for fiber SPR-distributed bending sensor.

Assessment of mechanical properties of aluminium alloy welded joint using small punch test

The small punch test technique （SPT） was used to evaluate the mechanical properties of various materials and the basic method to test material tensile mechanics peqeormance from an inverse finite element （ FE） arithmetic with SPT was put forward. The research shows that specific tensile mechanical behavior and strain-stress distribution of each district of weld seam can be accurately determined by small punch test. Therefore, mechanical behavior of the inhomogeneous joint can be predicted by a numerical model. The simulation comes to good agreement with experimental data.

Study on fracture characteristic of welded high-density polyethylene pipe

Crack opening displacement(COD) was applied to characterize the fracture initiation of the tough high density polyethylene. Normal single side notched three point bend specimens and silica rubber replica techniques were used to study the characteristic COD of high density polyethylene pipe and its butt fusion joints including the weld fusion zone and heat affected zone at different temperature from -78 ℃ to 20 ℃ . Testing results show that the characteristic COD appears to depend on the structural features that are determined by welding process and the testing temperature. As the temperature is lowered, the characteristic COD of all zones studied decreases. Because the welding process significantly changes some structural feature of the material, characteristic COD of the weld fusion zone is the smallest one among those of the three zones. The results can be used for the engineering design and failure analysis of HDPE pipe.

Laser Beam Welding of 600 MPa Quenched and Tempered High-Strength Steel

Conventional fusion arc welding of high-strength quenched and tempered steel can be improved through the use of non-conventional laser beam welding. This article presents the investigations of autogenous bead on plate and butt CO2 Laser Welding (LW) of 7 mm thick high-strength quenched and tempered low alloy SM570 (JIS) steel plates. The influence of laser welding parameters, mainly welding speed, defocusing distance and shielding gas flow rate on the weld profile, i.e., weld zone penetration depth and width, microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints was determined. All welded joints showed smooth and uniform weld beads free from superficial porosity and undercuts. The selected best welding conditions were a laser power of 5.0 kW, welding speed of 500 mm/min, argon gas shielding flow rate of 30 L/min and a defocusing distance of -0.5 mm. It was observed that these conditions gave complete penetration and minimized the width of the weld bead. The microstructure of the welded joints was evaluated by light optical microscopy. The weld metal (WM) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) near weld metal achieved maximum hardness (355 HV). The tensile fractured samples showed the ductile mode of failure and ultimate tensile strength of 580 MPa.