Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbons from Palm Nut Shells: Effects of Calcination Temperature on Porosity and Chemical Properties

Activated carbons (ACs) calcined at 400˚C, 500˚C, and 600˚C (AC-400, AC-500, and AC-600) were prepared using palm nut shells from Gabon as raw material and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as a chemical activating agent. Prepared ACs were characterized by physisorption of nitrogen (N2), determination of diode and methylene blue numbers for studies of porosity and by quantification and determination of surface functional groups and pH at point of zero charge (pHpzc) respectively, for studies of chemical properties of prepared ACs. Then, effects of calcination temperature (Tcal) on porosity and chemical properties of prepared ACs were studied. The results obtained showed that when the calcination temperature increases from 500˚C to 600˚C, the porosity and chemical properties of prepared ACs are modified. Indeed, the methylene blue and iodine numbers determined for activated carbons AC-400 (460 and 7.94 mg·g−1, respectively) and AC-500 (680 and 8.90 mg·g−1, respectively) are higher than those obtained for AC-600 (360 and 5.75 mg·g−1, respectively). Compared to the AC-500 adsorbent, specific surface areas (SBET) and microporous volume losses for AC-600 were estimated to 44.7% and 45.8%, respectively. Moreover, in our experimental conditions, the effect of Tcal on the quantities of acidic and basic functional groups on the surface of the ACs appears negligible. In addition, results of the pHpzc of prepared ACs showed that as Tcal increases, the pH of the adsorbents increases and tends towards neutrality. Indeed, a stronger acidity was determined on AC-400 (pHpzc = 5.60) compared to those on AC-500 and AC-600 (pHpzc = 6.85 and 6.70, respectively). Also according to the results of porosity and chemical characterizations, adsorption being a surface phenomenon, 500˚C appears to be the optimal calcination temperature for the preparation of activated carbons from palm nut shells in our experimental conditions.

Numerical simulation of high temperature air combustion in aluminum hydroxide gas suspension calcinations

The high temperature air combustion(HiTAC) process in gas suspension calcinations(GSC) was studied by using a CFD software FLUENT that can simulate the three-dimensional physical model of GSC with the k-epsilon turbulent viscous model, PDF non-premixed combustion species model, P1 radiation model, thermal and prompt NO pollution model. The simulation vividly describes the distributions of the temperature, velocity and consistency fields. Finally, the optimal operation conditions and igniter configuration of particular fuel combustion are obtained by analyzing and comparing the simulation results. And the emission quantity of NOx, CO and CO2 deduced from computation can play a role as reference. These optimal and estimated values are beneficial to practical operation.

Properties and Hydration Mechanism of Cementitious Materials Prepared from Calcined Coal Gangue

The preparation of cementitious materials by replacing part of the cement with activated coal gangue is of great significance to the cement industry in terms of carbon reduction and coal-based solid waste utilization.For this paper,cementitious material was prepared by firing activated coal gangue under suspension conditions and batching it with limestone powder using Inner Mongolia coal gangue as raw material.The optimal ratio was determined by testing the strength changes of the cementitious material at 3,7,and 28 days of hydration,and the hydration process and mechanism were explored by combining the pore structure,heat of hydration,chemical composition,phase composition,and microscopic morphological characteristics of the hydration products.The results showed that the active materials formulated from activated gangue and limestone powder can be used to prepare cementitious materials with good performance at the level of 30%–50%replacement of cement.The optimal ratio was 30%replacement of cement,and the mass ratio of calcined gangue to limestone powder was 2:1.The 3 days compressive strength of this ratio was 28.8 MPa,which was only slightly lower than that of cement.However,the 28 days compressive strength of samples reached 67.5 MPa,which was much higher than that of the reference cement.In the hydration of this cementitious material,not only does the activated coal gangue react with the Ca(OH)_(2)formed by hydration to form C–S–H gel,but CaCO3 also participates in the reaction to form a new phase of carbon aluminate,and the two effects together promote the development of the later strength of the samples.This paper can provide a reference for carbon reduction in the cement production process and comprehensive utilization of coal gangue.

Effect of Calcinations Temperature on Crystallography and Nanoparticles in ZnO Disk

We proposed a good calcinations condition of the ZnO disk to control the crystallography and nanoparticles in ZnO disk. The crystallography of precursor powder and disk powder were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mean nanoparticles of ZnO disk was determinate by XRD results and observed by scanning electron microscope. The temperature ranges of 400℃ to 650℃ in air for 30 minutes were used calcinations ZnO disk. These temperature can be controlled the single phase, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystalline size, d-value, texture coefficient and bond lengths of Zn–Zn, Zn–O and O–O which correspond significantly the hexagonal crystal structure. The nanoparticles were small changed mean of 76.59 nm at the calcinations temperature range.

Hydration Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Materials Modified by Calcined Zeolite and Montmorillonite

Montmorillonite and clinoptilolite zeolite were used as representative materials to prepare calcined clay-cement binary cementitious materials in order to study the effect of calcination treatment on the activation of clay minerals and the activity difference between layered and framed clays in this research.The influence of different calcined clay content(2%,4%,6%,8%,10%)on the fluidity,compressive strength,microstructure,phase change,and hydration heat of cement-based materials were analyzed.The calcined clay improves the fluidity of cement-based materials as compared with the uncalcined group.The addition of calcined montmorillonite(CMT)improves the development of mechanical strength,and the optimal compressive strength reaches 85 MPa at 28 days with 8%CMT.However,the activity of calcined clinoptilolite zeolite(CZL)is weak with few reaction sites,which slightly reduced the mechanical strength as compared to the blank sample.The addition of CMT changes the microscopic morphology of hydration products such as C-S-H and C-A-H,leading to the formation and transformation of ettringite in the early stage.It promotes the gradual polymerization of Si-O bonds into Si-O-Si bonds simultaneously,which accelerates the early hydration process.However,CZL acts mainly as a filling function in the cementitious system.In brief,CMT as an admixture can improve the mechanical properties of cement,but CZL has little effect.This work provides a guideline for the applications of calcined clay in cement,considering the influence of clay type on workability and mechanical strength.

Production of an Eco-Cement by Clinker Substitution by the Mixture of Calcined Clay and Limestone, Songololo (DR Congo)

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is by mass the largest manufactured product on Earth, responsible for approximately 6% - 8% of global anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) and 35% of industrial CO2 emissions. On average 0.8 to 0.9 ton of CO2 is emitted to produce one ton of OPC. In this paper, partial substitution of clinker (30% - 35%) by the calcined clay-limestone mixture was investigated in order to produce an eco-cement (LC3). Analyzes by XRF, XRD and ATG/ATD have characterized different components, determined the calcination temperature and selected the right clay which can act as effective Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM). Mechanical tests on mortar carried out over a period of 90 days. The WBCSD/WRI “Greenhouse Gas Protocol” methodology then allowed the calculation of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Three types of clay are available in the Songololo Region. The kaolinite is the principal clay mineral and its content varies from 27% to 34%. The sum of kaolinite and amorphous phase which enable clay to react with cementitious material ranges from 57% to 60%. The SiO2 content ranges from 33% to 76%, the Alumina content from 12% to 20% so that the ratio Al2O3/SiO2 is on the higher side (0.17 - 0.53). The calcination window is between 750°C and 850°C and the best clay which can act as SCM identified. The clinker’s substitution reduced CO2 emissions from 0.824 ton of CO2 for one ton of OPC to 0.640 ton of CO2 for one ton of LC3, means 22% less emissions. The compressive strengths developed by LC3 vary from 8.91 to 57.6 MPa (Day 1 to Day 90), exceed those of references 32.5 cement and are close to 42.5 cement. In view of the results, LC3 cement can be considered for industrial trials.

A Comparative Study of Transesterification of Hydnocapus weightiana Seed Oil Using Calcined and Acid Activated Natural Heterogeneous Catalyst and Its Kinetic Study

The world’s total fossil fuel consumption has been significantly increasing with consequential increased environmental catastrophes. A hunt for an alternate energy source was stimulated. Biofuel is a plausible option in this pursuit due to its ideal qualities which included but are not limited to renewability and environmental friendliness. However, the pump price of biodiesel is still very high due mainly to the high cost of the production of the commodity which is influenced by the feedstock and the homogeneous nature of catalyst used. Heterogeneous catalyst was prepared by using Pila globosa sea snail shells prepared by calcination (CP8) and by acid activation (PTW1M). Hydnocapus weightiana seed oil (Non-edible feedstock) was extracted using the soxhlet extraction method and was used for biofuel production with a methanol oil ratio of 3:1. Agitation speed 800, 600 rmp, reaction temperatures of 70°C, 60°C, catalyst concentration (3.00, 2.00 wt%) and reaction time (70 and 60 min) was maintained for CP8 and PTW1M respectively. The rate of the reaction followed a reversible second-order reaction rate. Re-usability accessed. From TGA analysis, the best calcination temperature was 800°C. SEM results showed improved surface morphology after calcination, especially for CP8. FTIR analysis showed the elimination of volatiles and formation of CaO and CaO4Te after calcination. The reaction rate constant at different temperatures was 0.0287 at 30°C, 0.1200 at 50°C and 0.1142 at 70°C and activation energy of the ethyl ester was 49.49 KJ/mol. Using CP8. Most of the fuel properties met with ASTM 6751 standard. The result of the re-usability showed that the biodiesel yield declined as follows: 92, 86, 80, 73 and 69 % for CP8 and 85, 84, 81, 76, 65. For PTW1M. After the fifth regeneration cycle, both CP8 and PTW1M samples of Pila globosa sea snail shell catalyst proved effective in transesterification reaction of Hydnocapus weightiana seed oil using ethanol. It was observed that the calcined catalyst (CP8) showed a superior catalytic performance.

Orientational Separation of Sulfur in Petroleum Coke by Alkali Calcining and Reflux Washing

The application of high-sulfur petroleum coke after desulfurization in aluminum electrolysis anodes is an important development trend. However, removing sulfur from high-sulfur petroleum coke is still a significant challenge.This study proposes alkali calcining and reflux washing to examine the impacts of temperature, particle size, the mass ratio of Na_(2)CO_(3) to NaOH, and total sodium addition on the desulfurization efficiency and mechanism. The results show that the desulfurization rate increases with increasing temperature, increasing total sodium content, and decreasing particle size. The addition of alkali can significantly reduce the opening-ring reaction temperature of thiophene and convert organic sulfur into inorganic sulfur(Na_(2)S). Three washing methods were compared, and reflux washing was selected to separate inorganic sulfur(Na_(2)S) from calcined petroleum coke. The sulfur content in petroleum coke decreased from 7.29% to 1.90%, with a desulfurization rate of 80.13% under optimal conditions. The petroleum coke was analyzed before and after desulfurization using X-Ray diffraction(XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), Infrared Spectroscopy(IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry(TG-DSC), Gaschromatography-mass Spectrometry(GC-MS). The results show that thiophene and benzothiophene in petroleum coke are decomposed and converted into octane and ethyl cyclohexane. These new observations are expected to provide further understanding and guidance for the utilization of highsulfur petroleum coke.

集成化白云石悬浮煅烧引领镁产业变革

白云石煅烧作为硅热法炼镁的第一步,不仅是主要的能耗和碳排放环节,其煅烧产物的质量更是直接影响原镁的产率与品质。目前主流的回转窑煅烧工艺存在热效率低、能耗高、污染大、单线产能低、产品质量不稳定等问题,整个煅烧工序亟待技术革新。提出了利用悬浮态煅烧替代回转窑进行白云石煅烧,并对两种工艺进行了综合对比,悬浮煅烧呈现出显著的技术、环保及经济优势:理论上节能50%以上,CO_(2)减排超20%,生产成本较目前降低35%,而且可以有效避免“过烧”和“欠烧”,获得高质量、性能稳定性好的煅烧产物,为后续炼镁环节提供优质原料。还分析了用绿色、高效的集成化白云石悬浮煅烧技术替代目前的“分散式”煅烧的可行性及对整个镁产业可能产生的颠覆性影响。

Potential for Use of Iron Mining Tailings Calcined in a Flash Furnace as Pozzolanic Material

This paper presents a study of the potential use of iron mining tailings as artificial pozzolan (metakaolin) after their submission to thermal treatment via calcination in a flash furnace. The research consists of the characterization of the tailings before and after calcination, chemical, mineralogical, thermogravimetric, and mechanical strength analyses were conducted. The results were compared with those for commonly used pozzolans, metakaolin, and similarities were identified. The study of the morphology of the particles before and after calcination was conducted through analyses of images obtained by scanning electronic microscope. The pozzolanic activity of the fine mining tailings calcined with flash technology was evaluated in uniaxial compression trials, which showed excellent results.

煅烧凝灰岩对水泥水化产物和硬化体孔结构的影响

为探明煅烧凝灰岩对水泥水化产物的影响,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TG)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)等测试方法,分析了700℃下煅烧不同时间后凝灰岩的矿物组成及其对水泥水化产物和硬化体孔结构的影响.结果表明:煅烧后凝灰岩中的沸石水、结构水和吸附水被脱除,斜发沸石等沸石矿物架状结构发生破坏,形成无定形的SiO_(2)和Al_(2)O_(3);煅烧凝灰岩有助于水泥中的水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)、钙矾石(AFt)和单硫型水化硫铝酸钙(AFm)形成,且降低了C-S-H的钙硅比(n(Ca)/n(Si)),消耗了Ca(OH)_(2),水泥更易发生碳化;水化28 d后,煅烧凝灰岩水泥的孔隙率降低,孔径分布更细,从而提高了水泥强度.

磷建筑石膏矿渣水泥的水化过程与耐水性能

通过凝结时间、流动度、孔溶液pH值、抗折强度、抗压强度、吸水率、软化系数、水化热和水化产物分析测试,探究了磷建筑石膏(CPG)掺量对石膏矿渣水泥水化过程与耐水性能的影响.结果表明:随着CPG掺量的增加,石膏矿渣水泥的凝结时间缩短,流动度减小,吸水率与3 d水化累计放热量均增大;水泥净浆孔溶液的pH值在水化早期快速下降,56 d时保持不变;当CPG掺量从40%增加到70%时,56 d水泥净浆孔溶液的pH值从11.02减小到10.62,水泥胶砂的软化系数从0.98减小到0.91,主要水化产物均为二水石膏和钙矾石,并且钙矾石的含量随着CPG掺量的增加而减少.

氟化镧铈抛光粉的焙烧制备及抛光性能研究

采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子发射光谱仪(AES)等测试技术对氟化镧铈抛光粉产物进行理化性能表征,通过无机晶体结构数据库计算产物的空间结构,用接触角测量仪、表面缺陷检测仪测定了抛光粉体的润湿性能及抛光性能。结果表明,产物均为类球状——400,500,600,700,750℃焙烧温度下得到二氧化铈(CeO_(2))和氟化镧(LaF_(3))的混合产物(CeO_(2)+LaF3);800,850,900,950,1000,1050℃焙烧温度下,产物为二氧化铈(CeO_(2))和氟氧化镧(LaOF)的混合抛光产物(CeO_(2)+LaOF),通过计算获得不同晶型的抛光产物的XRD图及其空间结构。用接触角测量仪获得500,850,1000℃焙烧温度下的产物的润湿性能,用表面缺陷检测仪对500,850,1000℃焙烧温度下的产物对玻璃表面进行抛光,发现温度为850℃的抛光效果最好。

耐火材料热化学反应典型应用技术发展

高温工业的发展,与耐火材料的发展密切相关,其技术进步无一例外地都依赖于优质耐火材料的研发。耐火材料在制备及应用过程中,都和热化学反应息息相关。本文首先简要介绍了耐火材料的发展历程,其次以二氧化硅质、莫来石质耐火材料为例,介绍了上述耐火材料制备中的热化学反应过程;以莫来石-碳化硅、方镁石-尖晶石、镁碳质耐火材料为例,介绍了上述耐火材料在服役过程中的热化学侵蚀反应行为,并给出了热化学模拟在耐火材料与熔渣/气相反应中的应用情况;以氧化铝-碳质过滤器为例,介绍了其应用过程中的吸附夹杂机理。最后介绍了常用的耐火材料煅烧设备。

钼焙砂焙烧过程中杂质的可溶性转化机理

钼焙砂中杂质的去除因酸洗的取消而成为企业面临的新挑战,在焙烧过程中杂质矿物能否转化为可溶离子对当前水洗除杂具有重要意义。采用激光粒度仪、X射线衍射(XRD)等传统方法对钼精矿的粒度、孔径、元素等进行了分析,结合矿物解离分析仪(MLA)和Factsage热力学软件研究了钼焙砂生产过程中杂质元素的赋存形态变化,探索了杂质矿物转变为可溶性离子的具体路径。结果表明,钼精矿和钼焙砂都存在纳米级孔隙,会阻碍水洗除杂。铝钾矿物作为主要的不可溶性杂质对高纯钼产品生产有较大影响,且多以较大分子量的碱性矿物形式存在。钼精矿在焙烧过程中,白云母、正长石等含K矿物可部分转化为K+、Al3+等可溶性离子,再经水洗去除。加湿提高了正长石在焙烧过程中向可溶性离子的转化程度,有利于洗涤过程中杂质的去除。

钾长石混盐焙烧-浸出提钾过程研究

中国钾盐资源匮乏,而钾长石是一种重要的钾赋存形式。然而,钾长石的开发技术难度大、成本高,至今尚未实现工业化应用。为了解决钾长石开发利用过程中钾提取温度高、浸出率低等问题,该研究选取了贵州铜仁地区钾长石矿为研究对象,探究了钾长石-硫酸钠-碳酸钙混盐的焙烧-浸出过程,考察了钾长石-硫酸钠-碳酸钙的焙烧配比、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、浸取剂浓度等因素对钾长石中钾元素浸出率的影响。实验结果显示,在焙烧体系均匀混合、焙烧温度为800~900℃、焙烧时间为1 h、m(钾长石)∶m(硫酸钠)∶m(碳酸钙)为(1∶1∶6)^(1∶1∶8)条件下,以质量分数为5%NaOH溶液作为浸取液,钾的浸出率可高达99.79%。该研究提供了一条提高钾长石资源利用效率、解决钾盐资源供应问题的新途径,并为相关工业生产提供了有力的技术支持。

氢氧化铝低温焙烧技术研究

氢氧化铝焙烧是氧化铝生产中最后一道工序,能耗约占整个氧化铝厂能源消耗的30%左右,如何降低单位产品能源消耗对于降低运营成本和减少碳及其他污染物排放意义重大。本文通过对气态悬浮焙烧炉理论和现场应用情况的研究分析,重点研究了灼减(LOI)、失重率、颗粒直径、停留时间等与焙烧温度的关系,提出了在气态悬浮焙烧的基础上进一步降低焙烧温度,进而降低单位产品能耗,减少二氧化碳和氮氧化物排放的新型低温焙烧技术。

磷石膏煅烧-酸浸除杂增白实验

这是一篇冶金工程领域的论文。磷石膏产量及堆存量大,已成为制约磷化工行业绿色、健康发展的重要因素。磷石膏除杂增白是其高消纳综合利用的必经途径。对浮选除杂脱硅磷石膏进行分析发现其中仍存在少量的黑色有机物质,影响其白度。本文采用煅烧-酸浸法对其进行处理,在煅烧温度600℃、煅烧时间70 min、酸浸时间2 h、硫酸浓度1.5 mol/L、酸浸液固比5:1和酸浸温度90℃条件下,增白磷石膏的白度由51.5%增加到了92.7%,增白效果显著。增白磷石膏主要是CaSO_(4),并含有少量的CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O和CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O,颗粒呈15~20μm的不规则形状,且表面光滑。本研究对磷石膏规模化综合利用具有重要指导意义。

Gd^(3+)、Mo^(6+)共掺杂BiVO_(4)颜料的制备及表征

在炎热地区,将色彩艳丽的环境友好型高近红外反射颜料作为建筑外墙以及交通工具的外漆,可减少制冷所需要的空调能耗,可在满足人们视觉需求的同时,有效缓解城市“热岛效应”.离子掺杂是调和颜料的色彩的重要手段.研究采用固相煅烧法制备了钆离子和钼离子共掺杂的(Gd_(0.5)Mo)_(x)(BiV)_(1-x)O_(4)(x=0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5)近红外反射黄色颜料.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、紫外/可见/近红外分光光度计、色度仪和热重–示差扫描量热仪(TG–DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等对颜料样品的结构组成、反射特性、颜色及热稳定性等进行了测试表征.结果表明,制备的颜料样品为单斜白钨矿结构,Gd^(3+)和Mo^(6+)通过取代Bi^(3+)和V^(5+),成功进入BiVO4晶格.随着掺杂量的增加,样品颜色由暗黄向明黄转变,在700~2500 nm波段近红外反太阳光射率最高达到82.5%.所制备的颜料具有良好的热稳定性.因而,黄色(Gd_(0.5)Mo)_(x)(BiV)_(1-x)O_(4)可作为热反射隔热候选颜料用于建筑及交通工具等领域.

钼酸铵生产中杂质钾的浸出特征分析研究

在采用焙烧―氨浸法生产钼酸铵过程中,通过ICP、XPS、SEM等手段研究了钼焙砂氨浸过程中钾元素的浸出规律,并借助MLA和Factsage热力学软件考察了氨浸过程中钾元素的赋存形态变化。采用未反应核模型、抛物线扩散方程、双常数方程、Elovich方程及一级动力学方程等动力学模型探讨了钾释放的动力学规律。结果表明:钼焙砂氨浸过程中钾的浸出可分为2个阶段:前期为离子钾的浸出过程,主要发生KCl、K 2SiF 6的离子交换反应,浸出活化能较小,仅为4.79 kJ/mol,Elovich模型对该阶段的拟合效果最好;后期主要为矿物钾中钾的浸出过程,浸出活化能较大,为34.55 kJ/mol,最优动力学模型为双常数模型。浸出后期,钾的释放速率较慢,4种含钾矿物的释钾能力由弱到强顺序为:伊利石<钡铁云母<云母<正长石。