Calcium in Red Fuji and Starkrimson apples during storage were fractionated by sequentextracting. Localization and distribution of calcium and influence of calcium nutritionon cell ultrastructure were observed by tran...Calcium in Red Fuji and Starkrimson apples during storage were fractionated by sequentextracting. Localization and distribution of calcium and influence of calcium nutritionon cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy combined within situ precipitation of calcium with an improved method of potassium pyroantimonatetechnique. Results indicated that spraying calcium solution on surface of young fruitsincreased contents of calcium in all forms. During storage, contents of soluble calciumand pectic calcium declined and those in calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and calciumsilicate increased. Calcium contents of Red Fuji in all forms were higher than those ofStarkrimson, indicating that calcium accumulating capability of Red Fuji fruits precededthat of Starkrimson. Under transmission electron microscopy, calcium antimonite precipitates(CaAP) was mainly distributed in cell wall, tonoplast, nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm,much more CaAP deposited in vacuole. Calcium deficiency during storage leads to decreaseof CaAP in locations mentioned above, disappearance of compartmentation, and entrance ofCaAP to cytoplasm. Transformation from soluble calcium and pectic calcium to calciumphosphate, oxalate and damages of biomembranes structuraly and functionally resultedfrom calcium deficiency during storage were the crucial causation of physiologicaldisorder.展开更多
In the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, single inhalable particle samples in non-heating period, heating period, dust storm days, and snowy days were collected and detected by SEM/EDS （scanning electron mic...In the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, single inhalable particle samples in non-heating period, heating period, dust storm days, and snowy days were collected and detected by SEM/EDS （scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry）. The particle morphology was characterized by the 6 shape clusters, which are： irregular square, agglomerate, sphere, floccule, column or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The irregular square particles are common in all kinds of samples; sphere particles are more, and column or stick are less in winter samples; in the wet deposit samples, agglomerate and floccule particles are not found. The surface of most particles is coarse with fractal edge, which can provide suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. New formed calcium crystal is found to demonstrate the existence of neutralized reaction, explaining the reason for the high SO2 emission and low acid rain frequency in Shijiazhuang. The three sorts of surface patterns of spheres are smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse, corresponding to the element of Si-dominant, Si-Al-dominant, and Fe-dominant, The soot particle is present as floccule with average size around 10 μm, considerably larger than the former reported results, but wrapped or captured with other fine particles to make its appearance unique and enhance its toxicity potentially. The new formed calcium crystal, the 3 sorts of sphere surface patterns, and the unique soot appearance represent the single inhalable particle＇s morphology characteristics in Shijiazhuang City.展开更多
文摘Calcium in Red Fuji and Starkrimson apples during storage were fractionated by sequentextracting. Localization and distribution of calcium and influence of calcium nutritionon cell ultrastructure were observed by transmission electron microscopy combined within situ precipitation of calcium with an improved method of potassium pyroantimonatetechnique. Results indicated that spraying calcium solution on surface of young fruitsincreased contents of calcium in all forms. During storage, contents of soluble calciumand pectic calcium declined and those in calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate and calciumsilicate increased. Calcium contents of Red Fuji in all forms were higher than those ofStarkrimson, indicating that calcium accumulating capability of Red Fuji fruits precededthat of Starkrimson. Under transmission electron microscopy, calcium antimonite precipitates(CaAP) was mainly distributed in cell wall, tonoplast, nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm,much more CaAP deposited in vacuole. Calcium deficiency during storage leads to decreaseof CaAP in locations mentioned above, disappearance of compartmentation, and entrance ofCaAP to cytoplasm. Transformation from soluble calcium and pectic calcium to calciumphosphate, oxalate and damages of biomembranes structuraly and functionally resultedfrom calcium deficiency during storage were the crucial causation of physiologicaldisorder.
文摘In the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang, single inhalable particle samples in non-heating period, heating period, dust storm days, and snowy days were collected and detected by SEM/EDS （scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry）. The particle morphology was characterized by the 6 shape clusters, which are： irregular square, agglomerate, sphere, floccule, column or stick, and unknown, by quantitative order. The irregular square particles are common in all kinds of samples; sphere particles are more, and column or stick are less in winter samples; in the wet deposit samples, agglomerate and floccule particles are not found. The surface of most particles is coarse with fractal edge, which can provide suitable chemical reaction bed in the polluted atmospheric environment. New formed calcium crystal is found to demonstrate the existence of neutralized reaction, explaining the reason for the high SO2 emission and low acid rain frequency in Shijiazhuang. The three sorts of surface patterns of spheres are smooth, semi-smooth, and coarse, corresponding to the element of Si-dominant, Si-Al-dominant, and Fe-dominant, The soot particle is present as floccule with average size around 10 μm, considerably larger than the former reported results, but wrapped or captured with other fine particles to make its appearance unique and enhance its toxicity potentially. The new formed calcium crystal, the 3 sorts of sphere surface patterns, and the unique soot appearance represent the single inhalable particle＇s morphology characteristics in Shijiazhuang City.
