AIM:To study the causal relationship between obesityrelated anthropometric traits and myopia and the mediating role of educational attainment(EA).METHODS:Univariable Mendelian randomization(UVMR)was performed to evalu...AIM:To study the causal relationship between obesityrelated anthropometric traits and myopia and the mediating role of educational attainment(EA).METHODS:Univariable Mendelian randomization(UVMR)was performed to evaluate the causal association between body mass index(BMI),height,waist-hip ratio(WHR,adjusted for BMI),and mean spherical equivalent(MSE).BMI was divided into fat and fat-free mass and included in multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)to explore the roles of different BMI components in the causal relationship between BMI and MSE.A mediation analysis based on two-step Mendelian randomization(MR)was carried out.Specifically,UVMR was conducted to estimate the causal effect of BMI on EA.The direct effect of EA on MSE was estimated from MVMR.The mediation effect of EA in the BMI-EA-MSE model was calculated by the product of coefficients method.Expression quantitative trait loci(eQTL)-MR,reverse MR,and Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression(LDSC)were performed to assess the robustness.RESULTS:Genetically predicted higher BMI had a positive total effect on MSE(βIVW=0.26 D,95%CI=0.14 to 0.37 D,P<0.001),whereas there was no significant association between height,WHR,and MSE.Fat mass was found to play a significant role in the effect of body mass on MSE(βIVW=0.50 D,95%CI=0.21 to 0.78 D,P=0.001),but there was no significant association between fat-free mass and MSE.The causal effect of BMI on EA was-0.14(95%CI=-0.16 to-0.11,P<0.001),and the direct effect of EA on MSE was-0.63 D(95%CI=-0.81 to-0.44 D,P<0.001).The mediating effect of EA in the BMI-EA-MSE model was 0.09 D(95%CI=0.06 to 0.12 D),with a mediation proportion of 33%(95%CI=22.1%to 44.6%).No reverse causal associations were detected except for BMI on EA.The results of eQTL-MR and LDSC were consistent with each MR analysis.CONCLUSION:Genetically predicted higher BMI decreases the degree of myopia with a 33%mediation proportion by EA,and fat mass provides a dominant protective role in body mass-myopia.As a supplement to previous observational studies,it provides strong evidence for the relationship between anthropometric traits and refractive errors and offers a theoretical basis for future measures to prevent and control myopia.展开更多
Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollutio...Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.展开更多
The promotion of education for all-round development,the new situation of teaching progress and the higher speed growth of technology,culture and economy put in a claim for all the teachers.English is the widespread l...The promotion of education for all-round development,the new situation of teaching progress and the higher speed growth of technology,culture and economy put in a claim for all the teachers.English is the widespread language all over the world,especially in the foreign affairs,whose effect is more and more important.So how to improve college English teachers'cultural attainment and how to raise the English level of college students need every teacher's endeavor.This thesis makes a discussion to reveal the component of college English teachers'cultural attainment,and then uncovers the inner relationship between college teachers'cultural attainment and the English teaching in university.展开更多
English as a popular foreign language in China is learned by many students.The attainment is often considered and talked.There are many factors which affect the learning outcomes. This essay will give a brief introduc...English as a popular foreign language in China is learned by many students.The attainment is often considered and talked.There are many factors which affect the learning outcomes. This essay will give a brief introduction of the aspects concerning the evidence for the relationship between attainment and learner variables.展开更多
Previous research suggests that planning interventions lead to increased goal attainment, while other researchsuggests that goal attainment leads to increased well-being. This research integrates these two sets of res...Previous research suggests that planning interventions lead to increased goal attainment, while other researchsuggests that goal attainment leads to increased well-being. This research integrates these two sets of researchfindings by investigating the effectiveness of one goal planning intervention, the SMART goal program, on goalattainment, and thus need satisfaction and well-being, in university students. An experimental design across aone-week period was employed to test whether participants in the experimental group, who received the SMARTgoal instructions, better obtained their goal in comparison to control group participants who did not receive thosespecific instructions. Findings indicated that the SMART goal program led to greater rated goal attainment andneed satisfaction, but not greater subjective well-being (SWB). Nevertheless, one component of SWB, positiveaffect, was greater in the Experimental group. Type of individually chosen self-concordant goal content hadno impact on whether participants attained their goal.展开更多
Beginning with various definitions of rhetoric, the paper gives a survey of some common English rhetoric figures found in College English intensive reading, such as metaphor, simile, transferred epithet, allusion, hyp...Beginning with various definitions of rhetoric, the paper gives a survey of some common English rhetoric figures found in College English intensive reading, such as metaphor, simile, transferred epithet, allusion, hyperbole, personification, metonymy, antithesis, onomatopoeia, double negative, inversion, rhetoric question, parady, transferred negation, and the like. By elaborating the functions of those rhetoric figures, the paper attempts to enhance the students’ rhetoric attainments and arouse their interest in learning English.展开更多
Based on the selected policy of Scotland Delivering Excellence and Equity in Scottish Education(2016a)with its context in related concepts and literature support.This essay will focus on the engagement of parents as a...Based on the selected policy of Scotland Delivering Excellence and Equity in Scottish Education(2016a)with its context in related concepts and literature support.This essay will focus on the engagement of parents as a part of narrowing the attainment gap with socio-economic and political factors and what is provided by schools to promote social commitment and achieving equity during the Scottish education process.Critically analysis and reflection of the policy implementation and the way to look forward.As for the main part,the author explains what attainment and attainment gap is,the aim of the policy and discusses the reasonable of the policy through offered evidence.Following the interpretation of“policy as discourse”approach,and whereby how will the Scottish Government and Education Scotland support children and families to closing the attainment gap in this policy.The theory of the forms of social justice will be addressed in this policy.For example,equity,redistribution,recognition,capabilities.After that,the challenges and struggles of the policy implementation will be indicated.Connecting with the practitioner's current situation and concentrates on the relevant skills that will be improved,applied as a practitioner for professional development and the way to cooperate with children’s parents in the context of early years setting.That is why this policy was chosen by the author.Finally,a conclusion with the critical points of the significance of parental involvement during the process of closing the attainment gap will be offered.展开更多
This paper deals with the development of sample characteristics of wage distribution in recent years in the Czech Republic by the highest educational attainment. Gross monthly wage is the variable investigated. We dis...This paper deals with the development of sample characteristics of wage distribution in recent years in the Czech Republic by the highest educational attainment. Gross monthly wage is the variable investigated. We distinguish the following scale of the highest educational attainment： primary and incomplete education, secondary education without GCSE, secondary education with GCSE, higher vocational and bachelor education and tertiary education. Forecasts of wage distribution have been developed for the next two years for all of these categories. Three-parametric lognormal curve formed the basis of the theoretical probability distribution. Parameter values of relevant three-parametric lognormal curves were then estimated using the method of L-moments of parameter estimation. Forecasts of sample values of L-moments were calculated using trend analysis of their past development and the parameters of three-parametric Iognormal curves for forecasts of wage distribution were calculated using the predicted values of the first three sample L-moments. We have obtained the forecasts of wage distribution by the highest educational attainment on the basis of these probability density functions.展开更多
This paper focuses on generalizing different theories towards the age effect on the ultimate attainment of second language learners since it has long been a controversial topic in researchers’mind.In this paper,it gi...This paper focuses on generalizing different theories towards the age effect on the ultimate attainment of second language learners since it has long been a controversial topic in researchers’mind.In this paper,it gives evidences on cases in favor of the Critical Period Hypothesis,which claimed the loss of language learning ability after puberty and presents counter-evidences on the successful acquisition of second language in adult learners.It has reached into a conclusion that consists the viewpoint drawn on previous analysis and confirmed the possibility in ultimate second language attainment for late learners.展开更多
基金Supported by Hubei Province Key Research and Development Program Project,Hubei Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.2022BCA044)Key Scientific Research Projects of Health Commission of Hubei Province in 2023-2024,Health Commission of Hubei Province(No.WJ2023Z006).
文摘AIM:To study the causal relationship between obesityrelated anthropometric traits and myopia and the mediating role of educational attainment(EA).METHODS:Univariable Mendelian randomization(UVMR)was performed to evaluate the causal association between body mass index(BMI),height,waist-hip ratio(WHR,adjusted for BMI),and mean spherical equivalent(MSE).BMI was divided into fat and fat-free mass and included in multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)to explore the roles of different BMI components in the causal relationship between BMI and MSE.A mediation analysis based on two-step Mendelian randomization(MR)was carried out.Specifically,UVMR was conducted to estimate the causal effect of BMI on EA.The direct effect of EA on MSE was estimated from MVMR.The mediation effect of EA in the BMI-EA-MSE model was calculated by the product of coefficients method.Expression quantitative trait loci(eQTL)-MR,reverse MR,and Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression(LDSC)were performed to assess the robustness.RESULTS:Genetically predicted higher BMI had a positive total effect on MSE(βIVW=0.26 D,95%CI=0.14 to 0.37 D,P<0.001),whereas there was no significant association between height,WHR,and MSE.Fat mass was found to play a significant role in the effect of body mass on MSE(βIVW=0.50 D,95%CI=0.21 to 0.78 D,P=0.001),but there was no significant association between fat-free mass and MSE.The causal effect of BMI on EA was-0.14(95%CI=-0.16 to-0.11,P<0.001),and the direct effect of EA on MSE was-0.63 D(95%CI=-0.81 to-0.44 D,P<0.001).The mediating effect of EA in the BMI-EA-MSE model was 0.09 D(95%CI=0.06 to 0.12 D),with a mediation proportion of 33%(95%CI=22.1%to 44.6%).No reverse causal associations were detected except for BMI on EA.The results of eQTL-MR and LDSC were consistent with each MR analysis.CONCLUSION:Genetically predicted higher BMI decreases the degree of myopia with a 33%mediation proportion by EA,and fat mass provides a dominant protective role in body mass-myopia.As a supplement to previous observational studies,it provides strong evidence for the relationship between anthropometric traits and refractive errors and offers a theoretical basis for future measures to prevent and control myopia.
文摘Introduction: The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) for the past many years has been reported to have many cities with highly polluted air quality. The state has been taking meticulous steps in combating air pollution in the form of action plans, introduced especially in its 17 non-attainment cities (NAC). To assess the progress and development of these action plans in UP, the present study has done an in-depth analysis and review of the state’s action plans and city micro action plans. Materials and Methods: In this research study, the analysis of the latest action plan reports, micro action plan reports as well as the recommendations for combating air pollution-related issues in the 17 NAC of the UP state has been well documented. Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) has prepared these reports to highlight the progress of the plans in response to the growing air pollution in these cities. The information present in the reports has been used to further study sector-specific, category-specific action plans, institutional responsibility, and the present status of the action plans. Results: On average, the highest weightage in action plans was given to sector-specific categories such as Road dust and construction activities (24%). It was also observed that Urban local bodies (~50%) were majorly responsible to implement the action points and 56% of the action points were jointly implemented by multiple agencies.
文摘The promotion of education for all-round development,the new situation of teaching progress and the higher speed growth of technology,culture and economy put in a claim for all the teachers.English is the widespread language all over the world,especially in the foreign affairs,whose effect is more and more important.So how to improve college English teachers'cultural attainment and how to raise the English level of college students need every teacher's endeavor.This thesis makes a discussion to reveal the component of college English teachers'cultural attainment,and then uncovers the inner relationship between college teachers'cultural attainment and the English teaching in university.
文摘English as a popular foreign language in China is learned by many students.The attainment is often considered and talked.There are many factors which affect the learning outcomes. This essay will give a brief introduction of the aspects concerning the evidence for the relationship between attainment and learner variables.
文摘Previous research suggests that planning interventions lead to increased goal attainment, while other researchsuggests that goal attainment leads to increased well-being. This research integrates these two sets of researchfindings by investigating the effectiveness of one goal planning intervention, the SMART goal program, on goalattainment, and thus need satisfaction and well-being, in university students. An experimental design across aone-week period was employed to test whether participants in the experimental group, who received the SMARTgoal instructions, better obtained their goal in comparison to control group participants who did not receive thosespecific instructions. Findings indicated that the SMART goal program led to greater rated goal attainment andneed satisfaction, but not greater subjective well-being (SWB). Nevertheless, one component of SWB, positiveaffect, was greater in the Experimental group. Type of individually chosen self-concordant goal content hadno impact on whether participants attained their goal.
文摘Beginning with various definitions of rhetoric, the paper gives a survey of some common English rhetoric figures found in College English intensive reading, such as metaphor, simile, transferred epithet, allusion, hyperbole, personification, metonymy, antithesis, onomatopoeia, double negative, inversion, rhetoric question, parady, transferred negation, and the like. By elaborating the functions of those rhetoric figures, the paper attempts to enhance the students’ rhetoric attainments and arouse their interest in learning English.
文摘Based on the selected policy of Scotland Delivering Excellence and Equity in Scottish Education(2016a)with its context in related concepts and literature support.This essay will focus on the engagement of parents as a part of narrowing the attainment gap with socio-economic and political factors and what is provided by schools to promote social commitment and achieving equity during the Scottish education process.Critically analysis and reflection of the policy implementation and the way to look forward.As for the main part,the author explains what attainment and attainment gap is,the aim of the policy and discusses the reasonable of the policy through offered evidence.Following the interpretation of“policy as discourse”approach,and whereby how will the Scottish Government and Education Scotland support children and families to closing the attainment gap in this policy.The theory of the forms of social justice will be addressed in this policy.For example,equity,redistribution,recognition,capabilities.After that,the challenges and struggles of the policy implementation will be indicated.Connecting with the practitioner's current situation and concentrates on the relevant skills that will be improved,applied as a practitioner for professional development and the way to cooperate with children’s parents in the context of early years setting.That is why this policy was chosen by the author.Finally,a conclusion with the critical points of the significance of parental involvement during the process of closing the attainment gap will be offered.
文摘This paper deals with the development of sample characteristics of wage distribution in recent years in the Czech Republic by the highest educational attainment. Gross monthly wage is the variable investigated. We distinguish the following scale of the highest educational attainment： primary and incomplete education, secondary education without GCSE, secondary education with GCSE, higher vocational and bachelor education and tertiary education. Forecasts of wage distribution have been developed for the next two years for all of these categories. Three-parametric lognormal curve formed the basis of the theoretical probability distribution. Parameter values of relevant three-parametric lognormal curves were then estimated using the method of L-moments of parameter estimation. Forecasts of sample values of L-moments were calculated using trend analysis of their past development and the parameters of three-parametric Iognormal curves for forecasts of wage distribution were calculated using the predicted values of the first three sample L-moments. We have obtained the forecasts of wage distribution by the highest educational attainment on the basis of these probability density functions.
文摘This paper focuses on generalizing different theories towards the age effect on the ultimate attainment of second language learners since it has long been a controversial topic in researchers’mind.In this paper,it gives evidences on cases in favor of the Critical Period Hypothesis,which claimed the loss of language learning ability after puberty and presents counter-evidences on the successful acquisition of second language in adult learners.It has reached into a conclusion that consists the viewpoint drawn on previous analysis and confirmed the possibility in ultimate second language attainment for late learners.
