Pollen Morphology of the Platycodonoid Group (Campanulaceae s.str.) and Its Systematic Implications

In this study, we examined the pollen morphology of the platycodonoid group in Campanulaceae s. str. using a scanning electronic microscope. We used pollen grains of 25 accessions representing 24 species of the Codonopsis complex （including Campanumoea, Cyclocodon, Leptocodon, and all three subgenera of Codonopsis）, which is extremely controversial among authors for taxonomic treatment. Pollen morphology of all the other genera in the group observed by previous authors is taken into account in our discussion. A total of nine pollen types with two subtypes in the group were recognized and named for the first time. Molecular and morphological data imply that each pollen type corresponds to a natural group at generic level, and thus the mergence of Leptocodon with Codonopsis and the restoration of Cyclocodon as a separate genus are justifiable, and Codonopsis subg. Pseudocodonopsis, subg. Obconicicapsula, and two species of Codonopsis subg. Codonopsis （C. purpurea and C. chimiliensis） may be better classified as three independent genera separate from the core Codonopsis.

Two New Sterols from Adenophora Stenanthina Subsp.Xifengensi

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宁城四道沟、大营子地区桔梗科植物整理

本文就宁城四道沟、大营子地区桔梗植物进行整理,并对有经济意义的种类阐明其经济价值。

Sesquiterpene glycosides from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula

Three new sesquiterpene glycosides,named codonopsesquilosides A C(1 3),were isolated from an aqueous extract of the dried roots of Codonopsis pilosula.Their structures including absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods.These glycosides are categorized as C_(15) carotenoid(1),gymnomitrane(2),and eudesmane(3)types of sesquiterpenoids,respectively.Compound 1 is the first diglycoside of C_(15) carotenoids to be reported.Compound 2 represents the second reported example of gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids from higher plants.The absolute configurations were supported by comparison of the experimental circular dichroism(CD)spectra with the calculated electronic CD(ECD)spectra of 13,their aglycones,and model compounds based on quantummechanical time-dependent density functional theory.The influences of the glycosyls on the calculated ECD spectra of the glycosidic sesquiterpenoids,as well as some nomenclature and descriptive problems with gymnomitrane-type sesquiterpenoids are discussed.

Codonopiloneolignanin A, a polycyclic neolignan with a new carbon skeleton from the roots of Codonopsis pilosula

A neolignan codonopiloneolignanin A（1） with a novel 2,9：20,9：7,70-tricyclo-8,90-neolignane skeleton was isolated from an aqueous extract of the Codonopsis pilosula roots. Its structure including the absolute configuration was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR and electronic circular dichroism calculation. The proposed biosynthetic pathway of compound 1 is also discussed.

Evolution of the platycodonoid group with particular references to biogeography and character evolution

The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau（QTP）is an important center of origin and diversification for many northern temperate plants.The hypothesis＂out‐of‐QTP＂suggests that the majority of northern temperate plants have originated and dispersed from the QTP and adjacent regions.An interesting question is whether the biogeographic history of the platycodonoids（Campanulaceae）,a group mainly distributed in the QTP and adjacent regions,coincides with the hypothesis＂out‐of‐QTP＂？Furthermore,how have the diagnostic characters of the platycodonoids evolved？In the present study,all 10genera of the platycodonoids were sampled for molecular phylogeny and dating analyses,and ancestral states of distribution and characters were reconstructed.The results do not support the platycodonoids as an＂out‐of‐QTP＂group,but instead they might have descended from Tethyan ancestors.The dispersal and diversification of the platycodonoids in Asia might have been driven by the uplift of the QTP.The present study highlights the importance of the Tethyan Tertiary flora for the origin of the Sino‐Himalayan flora and the influence of the uplift of QTP on diversification of northern temperate plants.In addition,character state reconstruction reveals that the inferior ovary,capsule,long‐colpate pollen,and chromosome number 2n=14 are probably ancestral states.

Acetylenes and fatty acids from Codonopsis pilosula

Four new acetylenes (1-4) and one new unsaturated to-hydroxy fatty acid (5), together with known analogues, were isolated from an aqueous extract of Codonopsis pilosula roots. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The new acetylenes are categorized as an unusual cyclotetradecatrienynone (1), tetradocenynetriol (2), and rare octenynoic acids (3 and 4), respectively, and 3 and 4 are possibly derived from oxidative metabolic degradation of 1 and/or 2. The absolute configuration of I. was assigned by comparison of the experimental circular dichroism (Cl)) spectrum with the calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of stereoisomers based on the quantum-mechanical time-dependent density functional theory, while the configuration of 2 was assigned by using modified Mosher's method based on the MPA determination rule of AoRs values for diols. (C) 2015 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier By.