Has the open surgical approach in colorectal cancer really become uncommon?

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world.Surgery is man-datory to treat patients with colorectal cancer.Can colorectal cancer be treated in laparoscopy?Scientific literature has validated the oncological quality of laparo-scopic approach for the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer.Randomized non-inferiority trials with good remote control have answered positively to this long-debated question.Early as 1994,first publications demonstrated technical feasibility and compliance with oncological imperatives and,as far as short-term outcomes are concerned,there is no difference in terms of mortality and post-operative morbidity between open and minimally invasive surgical approaches,but only longer operating times at the beginning of the experience.Subsequently,from 2007 onwards,long-term results were published that demonstrated the ab-sence of a significant difference regarding overall survival,disease-free survival,quality of life,local and distant recurrence rates between open and minimally in-vasive surgery.In this editorial,we aim to summarize the clinical and technical aspects which,even today,make the use of open surgery relevant and necessary in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer.

Dual primary gastric and colorectal cancer:The known hereditary causes and underlying mechanisms

In this editorial,I commented on the paper by Lin et al,published in this issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.The work aimed at analysing the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of synchronous and metachronous cancers in patients with dual primary gastric and colorectal cancer(CRC).The authors concluded the necessity for regular surveillance for metachronous cancer during postoperative follow-up and reported the prognosis is influenced by the gastric cancer(GC)stage rather than the CRC stage.Although surveillance was recommended in the conclusion,the authors did not explore this area in their study and did not include tests used for such surveillance.This editorial focuses on the most characterized gastrointestinal cancer susceptibility syndromes concerning dual gastric and CRCs.These include hereditary diffuse GC,familial adenomatous polyposis,hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer,Lynch syndrome,and three major hamartomatous polyposis syndromes associated with CRC and GC,namely Peutz-Jeghers syndrome,juvenile polyposis syndrome,and PTEN hamartoma syndrome.Careful assessment of these syndromes/conditions,including inheritance,risk of gastric and colorectal or other cancer development,genetic mutations and recommended genetic investigations,is crucial for optimum management of these patients.

Trends in colorectal cancer incidence according to an increase in the number of colonoscopy cases in Korea

BACKGROUND The incidence of colorectal cancer(CRC)and preinvasive CRC(e.g.,early colon cancer and advanced adenoma)is gradually increasing in several countries.AIM To evaluate the trend in incidence of CRC and preinvasive CRC according to the increase in the number of colonoscopies performed in Korea.METHODS This retrospective cohort study enrolled Korean patients from 2002 to 2020 to evaluate the incidence of CRC and preinvasive CRC,and assess the numbers of diagnostic colonoscopies and colonoscopic polypectomies.Colonoscopy-related complications by age group were also determined.RESULTS The incidence of CRC showed a rapid increase,then decreased after 2012 in the 50-75 year-age group.During the study period,the rate of incidence of preinvasive CRC increased at a similar level in patients under 50 and 50-75 years of age.Since 2009,the increase has been rapid,showing a pattern similar to the increase in colonoscopies.The rate of colonoscopic polypectomy in patients aged under 50 was similar to the rate in patients over 75 years of age after 2007.The rate of complications after colonoscopy and related deaths within 3 mo was high for those over 75 years of age.CONCLUSION The diagnosis of preinvasive CRC increased with the increase in the number of colonoscopies performed.As the risk of colonoscopy-related hospitalization and death is high in the elderly,if early lesions at risk of developing CRC are diagnosed and treated under or at the age of 75,colonoscopy-related complications can be reduced for those aged 76 years or over.

Efficacy of chemotherapy containing bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer according to programmed cell death ligand 1

BACKGROUND Bevacizumab,an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)monoclonal antibody,inhibits angiogenesis and reduces tumor growth.Serum VEGF-C,lactate dehydrogenase,and inflammatory markers have been reported as predictive markers related to bevacizumab treatment.Programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)could act upon VEGF receptor 2 to induce cancer cell angiogenesis and metastasis.AIM To investigate the efficacy of bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer(CRC)according to the expression of PD-L1.METHODS This analysis included CRC patients who received bevacizumab plus FOLFOX or FOLFIRI as first-line therapy between June 24,2014 and February 28,2022,at Samsung Medical Center(Seoul,South Korea).Analysis of patient data included evaluation of PD-L1 expression by the combined positive score(CPS).We analyzed the efficacy of bevacizumab according to PD-L1 expression status in patients with CRC.RESULTS A total of 124 patients was included in this analysis.Almost all patients were treated with bevacizumab plus FOLFIRI or FOLFOX as the first-line chemotherapy.While 77%of patients received FOLFOX,23%received FOLFIRI as backbone first-line chemotherapy.The numbers of patients with a PD-L1 CPS of 1 or more,5 or more,or 10 or more were 105(85%),64(52%),and 32(26%),respectively.The results showed no significant difference in progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival(OS)with bevacizumab treatment between patients with PDL1 CPS less than 1 and those with PD-L1 CPS of 1 or more(PD-L1<1%vs PD-L1≥1%;PFS:P=0.93,OS:P=0.33),between patients with PD-L1 CPS less than 5 and of 5 or more(PD-L1<5%vs PD-L1≥5%;PFS:P=0.409,OS:P=0.746),and between patients with PD-L1 CPS less than 10 and of 10 or more(PD-L1<10%vs PD-L1≥10%;PFS:P=0.529,OS:P=0.568).CONCLUSION Chemotherapy containing bevacizumab can be considered as first-line therapy in metastatic CRC irrespective of PD-L1 expression.

The diverse functions and therapeutic implications of cancerassociatedfibroblasts in colorectal cancer

In the development of colorectal cancer(CRC),cancer-associatedfibroblasts(CAFs)play a pivotal role in establishing tumor-permissive extracellular matrix structures,angiogenesis,and modulating the immune status of the tumor microenvironment(TME),thereby influencing tumor metastasis and resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.The pleiotropic effects of CAFs in the TME may be attributed to the heterogeneous origin and high plasticity of their population.Given the specificity of CAFs,they provide a variety of potential target molecules for future CRC treatment,which may play an indispensable role in CRC therapeutic strategies.This review summarizes the origin of CAFs and their roles in the CRC tumor microenvironment,including the interaction between exosomes and CAFs in CRC.Additionally,we discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting CAFs.

The combined detection of carcinoembryonic antigen,carcinogenic antigen 125,and carcinogenic antigen 19-9 in colorectal cancer patients

BACKGROUND Hepatic metastases are common and difficult to treat after colorectal cancer(CRC)surgery.The predictive value of carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),cancer antigen(CA)125 and CA19-9 combined tests for liver metastasis is unclear.AIM To evaluate predictive value of combined tests for CEA,CA125,and CA19-9 levels in patients with liver metastases of CRC.METHODS The retrospective study included patients with CRC alone(50 cases)and patients with CRC combined with liver metastases(50 cases)who were hospitalized between January 2021 and January 2023.Serum CEA,CA125 and CA19-9 levels were compared between the two groups,and binary logistic regression was used to analyze the predictive value of the combination of these tumor markers in liver metastasis.In addition,we performed receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis to assess its diagnostic accuracy.RESULTS The results showed that the serum CEA,CA125 and CA19-9 levels in the CRC with liver metastasis group were significantly higher than those in the CRC alone group.Specifically,the average serum CEA level in the CRC with liver metastasis group was 162.03±810.01 ng/mL,while that in the CRC alone group was 5.71±9.76 ng/mL;the average serum CA125 levels were 43.47±83.52 U/mL respectively.and 13.5±19.68 U/mL;the average serum CA19-9 levels were 184.46±473.13 U/mL and 26.55±43.96 U/mL respectively.In addition,binary logistic regression analysis showed that CA125 was significant in predicting CRC liver metastasis(P<0.05).ROC curve analysis results showed that the areas under the ROC curves of CEA,CA125 and CA19-9 were 0.607,0.692 and 0.586.CONCLUSION These results suggest that combined detection of these tumor markers may help early detection and intervention of CRC liver metastasis,thereby improving patient prognosis.

Comparative effectiveness of immunotherapy and chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer stratified by microsatellite instability status

BACKGROUND Immunotherapy have demonstrated promising outcomes in patients with high microsatellite instability(MSI)(MSI-H)metastatic colorectal cancer.However,the comparative effectiveness of Immunotherapy and chemotherapy for patients with low MSI(MSI-L),and microsatellite stable(MSS)metastatic colorectal cancer remains unclear.AIM To investigate immunotherapy vs chemotherapy for treatment of MSI-L/MSS metastatic colorectal cancer,and to evaluate the success of immunotherapy against chemotherapy in managing MSI-H metastatic colorectal cancer during a follow-up of 50 months.METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Cancer Database(NCDB)to evaluate the overall survival(OS)of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with immunotherapy or chemotherapy.The study population was stratified by MSI status(MSI-H,MSI-L,and MSS).Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between treatment modality and OS,adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTS A total of 21951 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer were included in the analysis,of which 2358 were MSI-H,and 19593 were MSI-L/MSS.In the MSI-H cohort,immunotherapy treatment(n=142)was associated with a significantly improved median OS compared to chemotherapy(n=860).After adjusting for potential confounders,immunotherapy treatment remained significantly associated with better OS in the MSI-H cohort[adjusted hazard ratio(aHR):0.57,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.43-0.77,P<0.001].In the MSS cohort,no significant difference in median OS was observed between immunotherapy treatment and chemotherapy(aHR:0.94,95%CI:0.69-1.29,P=0.715).CONCLUSION In this population-based study using the NCDB,immunotherapy treatment was associated with significantly improved OS compared to chemotherapy in patients with MSI-H metastatic colorectal cancer,but not in those with MSI-L/MSS metastatic colorectal cancer.Further studies are warranted to determine the optimal therapeutic approach for patients with MSI-L/MSS metastatic colorectal cancer.

Clinical Efficacy of Laparoscopic Radical Colorectal Cancer Treatment for Colorectal Cancer and Its Effect on Immune Function

Objective:To explore the therapeutic effect of laparoscopic radical colorectal cancer treatment in colorectal cancer patients.Methods:A total of 50 colorectal cancer patients treated between August 2018 and August 2023 were randomly divided into two groups:Group A underwent laparoscopic radical colorectal cancer surgery,while Group B received open surgery.Clinical indicators,inflammatory factors,immune function indicators,and complications were compared between the two groups.Results:Group A showed significantly shorter operation times,faster recovery times,and reduced hospital stays compared to Group B.Additionally,Group A had less abdominal drainage and intraoperative bleeding(P<0.05).Levels of interleukin(IL)-4,IL-6,ultrasensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)were lower in Group A compared to Group B(P<0.05).Furthermore,immune function indicators,including CD3+,CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+ratios,were better in Group A(P<0.05).The complication rate in Group A was also lower than in Group B(P<0.05).Conclusion:Laparoscopic radical treatment for colorectal cancer is efficient and feasible,causing minimal immune function impairment and inflammatory response.It also shortens postoperative recovery time.

Dual primary gastric and colorectal cancer:A complex challenge in surgical oncology

The intricate interplay of colorectal cancer(CRC)and gastric cancer(GC)as dual primary malignancies presents a significant challenge in surgical oncology.CRC is the most common secondary malignancy in GC patients,and vice versa,evidence highlighted by advances in diagnostic procedures and therapy modalities that impact patient survival.A recent study titled“Features of synchronous and metachronous dual primary gastric and colorectal cancer”explores this enigmatic dual malignancy,uncovering crucial insights into the clinical characteristics and prognostic distinctions between synchronous and metachronous presentations.Notably,metachronous cases with a second primary cancer discovered more than six months after the first diagnosis have a better outcome,emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment.This study underscores the prognostic role of GC stage in patient outcomes.It also sheds light on the complexities faced by synchronous cases,often presenting with unresectable CRC.Surgery-related procedures,like gastrectomy and colon resection,stand out as important predictors of increased survival,necessitating a reevaluation of current therapeutic approaches.A tailored and patient-centered strategy,considering the health of each patient individually and the feasibility of radical treatments,is essential.Continuous follow-up and monitoring are crucial as most second primary cancers arise within five years.In conclusion,early diagnosis,surgical intervention,and watchful surveillance are pivotal in managing dual primary gastric and colorectal cancer patients.Since the incidence of gastric and colorectal cancers continues to rise,the imperative need for further research,ideally with larger sample sizes,becomes evident in our pursuit of comprehensive insights that will refine clinical approaches for this intricate dual malignancy.

Stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer through diagnostic route:Who should be screened?

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a global health concern,with advanced-stage diagnoses contributing to poor prognoses.The efficacy of CRC screening has been well-established;nevertheless,a significant proportion of patients remain unscreened,with>70%of cases diagnosed outside screening.Although identifying specific subgroups for whom CRC screening should be particularly recommended is crucial owing to limited resources,the association between the diagnostic routes and identification of these subgroups has been less appreciated.In the Japanese cancer registry,the diagnostic routes for groups discovered outside of screening are primarily categorized into those with comorbidities found during hospital visits and those with CRC-related symptoms.AIM To clarify the stage at CRC diagnosis based on diagnostic routes.METHODS We conducted a retrospective observational study using a cancer registry of patients with CRC between January 2016 and December 2019 at two hospitals.The diagnostic routes were primarily classified into three groups:Cancer screening,follow-up,and symptomatic.The early-stage was defined as Stages 0 or I.Multivariate and univariate logistic regressions were exploited to determine the odds of early-stage diagnosis in the symptomatic and cancer screening groups,referencing the follow-up group.The adjusted covariates were age,sex,and tumor location.RESULTS Of the 2083 patients,715(34.4%),1064(51.1%),and 304(14.6%)belonged to the follow-up,symptomatic,and cancer screening groups,respectively.Among the 2083 patients,CRCs diagnosed at an early stage were 57.3%(410 of 715),23.9%(254 of 1064),and 59.5%(181 of 304)in the follow-up,symptomatic,and cancer screening groups,respectively.The symptomatic group exhibited a lower likelihood of early-stage diagnosis than the follow-up group[P<0.001,adjusted odds ratio(aOR),0.23;95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.19-0.29].The likelihood of diagnosis at an early stage was similar between the follow-up and cancer screening groups(P=0.493,aOR for early-stage diagnosis in the cancer screening group vs follow-up group=1.11;95%CI=0.82-1.49).CONCLUSION CRCs detected during hospital visits for comorbidities were diagnosed earlier,similar to cancer screening.CRC screening should be recommended,particularly for patients without periodical hospital visits for comorbidities.

Non-participation of asymptomatic candidates in screening protocols reduces early diagnosis and worsens prognosis of colorectal cancer

The Agatsuma et al’s study shows that despite the evidence of the benefits of an early colorectal cancer(CRC)diagnosis,through screening in asymptomatic subjects,up to 50%of candidates reject this option and many of those affected are diagnosed later,in advanced stages.The efficacy of screening programs has been well-established for several years,which reduces the risk of CRC morbidity and mortality,without taking into account the test used for screening,or other tools.Nevertheless,a significant proportion of patients remain unscreened,so understanding the factors involved,as well as the barriers of the population to adherence is the first step to possibly modify the participation rate.These barriers could include a full range of social and political aspects,especially the type of financial provision of each health service.In Japan,health services are universal,and this advantageous situation makes it easier for citizens to access to these services,contributing to the detection of various diseases,including CRC.Interestingly,the symptomatic CRC group had a lower early-stage diagnosis rate than the patients detected during follow-up for other comorbidities,and symptomatic and cancer screening groups showed similar early-stage diagnosis.

Biological factors driving colorectal cancer metastasis

Approximately 20%of colorectal cancer(CRC)patients present with metastasis at diagnosis.Among Stage I-III CRC patients who undergo surgical resection,18%typically suffer from distal metastasis within the first three years following initial treatment.The median survival duration after the diagnosis of metastatic CRC(mCRC)is only 9 mo.mCRC is traditionally considered to be an advanced stage malignancy or is thought to be caused by incomplete resection of tumor tissue,allowing cancer cells to spread from primary to distant organs;however,increa-sing evidence suggests that the mCRC process can begin early in tumor development.CRC patients present with high heterogeneity and diverse cancer phenotypes that are classified on the basis of molecular and morphological alterations.Different genomic and nongenomic events can induce subclone diversity,which leads to cancer and metastasis.Throughout the course of mCRC,metastatic cascades are associated with invasive cancer cell migration through the circulatory system,extravasation,distal seeding,dormancy,and reactivation,with each step requiring specific molecular functions.However,cancer cells presenting neoantigens can be recognized and eliminated by the immune system.In this review,we explain the biological factors that drive CRC metastasis,namely,genomic instability,epigenetic instability,the metastatic cascade,the cancer-immunity cycle,and external lifestyle factors.Despite remarkable progress in CRC research,the role of molecular classification in therapeutic intervention remains unclear.This review shows the driving factors of mCRC which may help in identifying potential candidate biomarkers that can improve the diagnosis and early detection of mCRC cases.

Preoperative blood markers and intra-abdominal infection after colorectal cancer resection

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer(CRC)has one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates among digestive tract tumors.Intra-abdominal infection(IAI)is a common postoperative complication that affects the clinical outcomes of patients with CRC and hinders their rehabilitation process.However,the factors influencing abdominal infection after CRC surgery remain unclear;further,prediction models are rarely used to analyze preoperative laboratory indicators and postoperative complications.AIM To explore the predictive value of preoperative blood markers for IAI after radical resection of CRC.METHODS The data of 80 patients who underwent radical resection of CRC in the Anorectal Surgery Department of Suzhou Hospital affiliated with Anhui Medical University were analyzed.These patients were categorized into IAI(n=15)and non-IAI groups(n=65)based on whether IAI occurred.Influencing factors were compared;general data and laboratory indices of both groups were identified.The relationship between the indicators was assessed.Further,a nomogram prediction model was developed and evaluated;its utility and clinical applic-ability were assessed.RESULTS The risk factors for IAI after radical resection of CRC were neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR),platelet-lymphocyte ratio(PLR),systemic immune-inflammation index(SII),and carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)levels.NLR was correlated with PLR and SII(r=0.604,0.925,and 0.305,respectively),while PLR was correlated with SII(r=0.787).The nomogram prediction model demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.968[95%confidence interval(CI):0.948-0.988]in the training set(n=60)and 0.926(95%CI:0.906-0.980)in the validation set(n=20).The average absolute errors of the calibration curves for the training and validation sets were 0.032 and 0.048,respectively,indicating a good model fit.The decision curve analysis curves demonstrated high net income above the 5%threshold,indicating the clinical practicality of the model.CONCLUSION The nomogram model constructed using NLR,PLR,SII,and CEA levels had good accuracy and reliability in predicting IAI after radical resection of CRC,potentially aiding clinical treatment decision-making.

Emerging role of liquid biopsy in rat sarcoma virus mutated metastatic colorectal cancer:A case report

BACKGROUND In patients with metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC),the treatment options are limited and have been proved to be affected by rat sarcoma virus(RAS)mutational status.In RAS wild-type(wt)patients,the combination of antiepidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)monoclonal antibodies with chemotherapy(CT)is more effective than CT alone.On the other hand,RAS-mutated patients are not eligible for treatment with anti-EGFR antibodies.CASE SUMMARY Eleven patients with initially RAS-mutated mCRC were followed from diagnosis to May 2022.At the time of cell-free DNA determination,five patients had undergone one CT line,five patients had undergone two CT lines,and one patient had undergone three CT lines(all in combination with bevacizumab).At the second and third treatment lines[second line(2L),third line(3L)],patients with neo-RAS wt received a combination of CT and cetuximab.In neo-RAS wt patients treated with anti-EGFR,our findings indicated an increase in progression-free survival for both 2L and 3L(14.5 mo,P=0.119 and 3.9 mo,P=0.882,respectively).Regarding 2L overall survival,we registered a slight increase in neo-RAS wt patients treated with anti-EGFR(33.6 mo vs 32.4 mo,P=0.385).At data cut-off,two patients were still alive:A RAS-mutated patient undergoing 3L treatment and a neo-RAS wt patient who received 2L treatment with anti-EGFR(ongoing).CONCLUSION Our case series demonstrated that monitoring RAS mutations in mCRC by liquid biopsy may provide an additional treatment line for neo-RAS wt patients.

Effect of colorectal cancer stem cells on the development and metastasis of colorectal cancer

The relevant mechanism of tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)in the treatment of colorectal cancer patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)is discussed,and the application prospects of TAMs in reversing the treatment tolerance of ICIs are discussed to provide a reference for related studies.As a class of drugs widely used in clinical tumor immunotherapy,ICIs can act on regulatory molecules on cells that play an inhibitory role-immune checkpoints-and kill tumors in the form of an immune response by activating a variety of immune cells in the immune system.The sensitivity of patients with different types of colorectal cancer to ICI treatment varies greatly.The phenotype and function of TAMs in the colorectal cancer microenvironment are closely related to the efficacy of ICIs.ICIs can regulate the phenotypic function of TAMs,and TAMs can also affect the tolerance of colorectal cancer to ICI therapy.TAMs play an important role in ICI resistance,and making full use of this target as a therapeutic strategy is expected to improve the immunotherapy efficacy and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.

Overcoming geographical and socioeconomic limitations in colorectal cancer screening

Despite colorectal cancer’s(CRC)high global incidence,residents of low-and middle-income countries,as well as low-income minorities in advanced economies have low screening rates.Observational studies demonstrate that in these groups higher incidence of CRC is observed,yet screening rates remain low for consistent reasons.Low income,low educational background,and lack of awareness in combination with inadequate social security of certain population groups impede access and compliance rates to CRC screening.On the other hand,despite the global availability of multiple screening approaches(colonoscopy,sigmoidoscopy,faecal occult blood test,faecal immunochemical test,computed tomography-colonography,etc.)with proven diagnostic validity,many low-income countries still lack established screening programs.The absence of screening guidelines in these countries along with the heterogeneity of guidelines in the rest of the world,demonstrate the need for global measures to tackle this issue comprehensively.An essential step forward is to develop a global approach that will link specific elements of screening with the incidence and available resources in each country,to ensure the achievement of at least a minimum screening program in low-income countries.Utilizing cheaper,cost-effective techniques,which can be carried out by less specialized healthcare providers,might not be equivalent to endoscopy for CRC screening but seems more realistic for areas with fewer resources.Awareness has been highlighted as the most pivotal element for the effective implementation of any screening program concerning CRC.Moreover,multiple studies have demonstrated that outreach strategies and community-based educational programs are associated with encouraging outcomes,yet a centrally coordinated expansion of these programs could provide more consistent results.Additionally,patient navigator programs,wherever implemented,have increased CRC screening and improved follow-up.Therefore,global coordination and patient education seem to be the main areas on which policy making needs to focus.

Prognostic and predictive role of immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC)represents a molecularly heterogeneous disease and one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide.The traditional classification of CRC is based on pathomorphological and molecular character-istics of tumor cells(mucinous,ring-cell carcinomas,etc.),analysis of mechanisms of carcinogenesis involved(chromosomal instability,microsatellite instability,CpG island methylator phenotype)and mutational statuses of commonly altered genes(KRAS,NRAS,BRAF,APC,etc.),as well as expression signatures(CMS 1-4).It is also suggested that the tumor microenvironment is a key player in tumor progression and metastasis in CRC.According to the latest data,the immune microenvironment can also be predictive of the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.In this review,we highlight how the immune environment influences CRC prognosis and sensitivity to systemic therapy.

Unraveling colorectal cancer prevention:The vitamin D-gut flora-immune system nexus

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in the world.Although environmental and genetic factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of CRC,extensive research has suggested that vitamin D may play a pivotal role in the development of CRC.Vitamin D,primarily obtained through sunlight exposure,dietary sources,and supplements,has long been recognized for its essential functions in maintaining health,including immune regulation.This article delves into the intricate relationship between vitamin D,the immune system,gut flora,and the prevention of CRC.It presents a synthesis of epidemiological data,experimental studies,and clinical trials,highlighting the mechanisms by which vitamin D influences immune cell function,cytokine production,and inflammation.By enhancing the immune system’s surveillance and antitumor activity,vitamin D may offer a promising avenue for CRC prevention.Furthermore,this comprehensive review delves into the prospective clinical applications of vitamin D supplementation and delineates the forthcoming avenues of research in this dynamic domain.Additionally,the paper tentatively outlines a spectrum of prophylactic impacts of vitamin D on CRC,emphasizing its significant potential in reducing CRC risk through shedding light on its mechanisms,encompassing antineoplastic mechanisms,influences on the immune system,and modulation of the gut microbiome.

Early colorectal cancer screening–no time to lose

In this editorial,we comment on the article entitled“Stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer through diagnostic route:Who should be screened?”by Agatsuma et al.Colorectal cancer(CRC)is emerging as an important health issue as its incidence continues to rise globally,adversely affecting the quality of life.Although the public has become more aware of CRC prevention,most patients lack screening awareness.Some poor lifestyle practices can lead to CRC and symptoms can appear in the early stages of CRC.However,due to the lack of awareness of the disease,most of the CRC patients are diagnosed already at an advanced stage and have a poor prognosis.

Evaluating combined bevacizumab and XELOX in advanced colorectal cancer: Serum markers carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 125, carbohydrate antigen 199 analysis

BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer ranks third and second among common and fatal cancers.The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC)is generally based on XELOX in clinical practice,which includes capecitabine(CAP)and oxaliplatin.Serum tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA),carbohydrate antigen(CA)125 and CA199 are prognostic factors for various tumors.AIM To investigate evaluating combined bevacizumab(BEV)and XELOX in advanced colorectal cancer:Serum markers CEA,CA125,CA199 analysis.METHODS In this retrospective study,a total of 94 elderly patients diagnosed with mCRC were recruited and subsequently categorized into two groups based on the distinct treatment modalities they received.The control group was treated with XELOX plus CAP(n=47),while the observation group was treated with XELOX plus CAP and BEV(n=47).Several indexes were assessed in both groups,including disease control rate(DCR),incidence of adverse effects,serum marker levels(CEA,CA125,and CA19)and progression-free survival(PFS).RESULTS After 9 wk of treatment,the serum levels of CEA,CA199 and CA125 in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).Moreover,the PFS of the observation group(9.12±0.90 mo)was significantly longer than that of the control group(6.49±0.64 mo).Meanwhile,there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions and DCR between the two groups during maintenance therapy(P>0.05).CONCLUSION On the basis of XELOX treatment,the combination of BEV and CAP can reduce serum tumor marker levels and prolong PFS in patients with mCRC.